PUZZLE
1. _ _ - preposition used to indicate inclusion within space, a place, or
limits.
2. _ _ - symbol of element no. 52 in the periodic table of elements.
3. _ - the 18th letter of the English alphabet.
4. _ _ _ _ - are small mammals adapted to a subterranean lifestyle.
5. _ _ - abbreviation of cuprum.
6. _ - 12th letter of the English alphabet.
7. _ _ - abbreviation of a southern U.S. state bordering the Mississippi
River. It's known for its abundant park and wilderness areas, with
terrain encompassing mountains, caves, rivers and hot springs.
8. _ _ _ - preposition used to indicate the place someone or something is
going to or toward.
9. _ _ - abbreviation of chemical and civil engineer.
10. _ - symbol of the monetary unit of the United States.
Chapter 1
“INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES OF
ATTRACTION
Objectives
• Differentiate intermolecular and
intramolecular forces of attraction
• Describe and differentiate the types
of intermolecular forces of attraction
• Determine the intermolecular forces
of attraction present in simple
molecules
What is the difference
between
INTRAmolecular force
and INTERmolecular
force?
Intramolecular Forces
Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Metallic Bond
- formed when there - electrons are - exist between
is a transfer of shared between two metals, mobile
electrons from a or more nonmetals electrons of one
metal to a nonmetal metal can form a
bond with the fixed
positive ion
Intramolecular forces – holds the atoms
of a molecule together
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES - forces
that exist between molecules.
What are the TYPES of
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES?
Intermolecular Forces
1. Ion-Dipole Force
• results from the interaction between an ion and a polar
molecule
• POLAR SUBSTANCES – those that possess a permanent
dipole moment attributed to the difference in
electronegativity of their component atoms and how these
atoms are arranged in space.
• becomes stronger when the charge on the ion increases and
when the magnitude of the dipole becomes stronger
• commonly found in solutions, especially for solutions of
ionic compounds in water
Example: NaCl molecule bonded to H2O
Intermolecular Forces
2. Dipole-Dipole Force
• exist between polar covalent molecules
• partial positive charge on one end of the molecule
becomes attracted to the partial negative end of
another molecule
+¿¿
*partial positive charge 𝛿 −- less electronegative atom
*partial negative charge 𝛿- more electronegative atom
• formed between neighboring molecules with
permanent dipoles
Example: HCl bonded to another HCl molecule
partial positive charge ¿ ¿when it sees a
partial negative(𝜹¿¿−)¿charge from a neighbor
molecule:
Intermolecular Forces
3. Hydrogen Bonds
• special type of dipole-dipole interaction that exists only
in molecules that contain a hydrogen atom bonded to a
small, highly electronegative atom such as F, O or N.
• The more electronegativity atom pulls the electron
toward itself and gains a relatively large partial
negative charge.
• In turn, the hydrogen acquires a similarly large partial
positive charge that strongly attracts the partial
negative charge of a neighbor electronegative atom.
• It is not real chemical bond.
Example: Hydrogen bond between water molecules
Intermolecular Forces
4. London Dispersion Forces
• an interaction between molecules with temporary dipoles
*Temporary dipole – results from a shift in the position of
the electrons where one end becomes more negative causing
the other end to be more positive
• forces acting in nonpolar molecules
• dispersion forces increase as the molar mass or atomic
size increases
• the greater the number of dipoles, the greater the
dispersion forces
• present between all molecules
Strength of Different Intermolecular
Forces of Attraction
Intermolecular Nature of Interaction Strength
Forces of
Attraction
Ion-dipole Interaction of an ion with the charge end of Strong
another molecule
Hydrogen Bond Special type of dipole-dipole formed between Medium
partially positive hydrogen and a neighboring
molecule with partially negative oxygen. This
is true for substances containing N-H, O-H and
H-F
Dipole-dipole An interaction between two polar molecules Weak
other than N-H, O-H and H-F
Dispersion Forces An interaction between molecules with Very Weak
temporary dipoles
HOW DO YOU
PREDICT THE
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCE PRESENT IN A
MOLECULE?
Electronegativity value difference and
their interpretation
Difference in Type of
Polarity
electronegativity compound
Greater than 1.8 IONIC POLAR
0.5 to 1.8 POLAR
COVALENT
Less than 0.5 NON-POLAR
Intermolecular Force Polarity
Ion-Dipole Force Ion and Polar Molecule
Hydrogen Bond Polar
H bonded to O, N or F
Dipole-Dipole Force Polar
Dispersion Force Non-Polar
Identify the main intermolecular force
present in each given molecule.
Dipole-Dipole; LDF
1. HCl
2. Kr LDF
3. HBr Dipole-Dipole; LDF
4. saline sol’n Ion-Dipole; Hydrogen
Bonds; LDF
5. HF Hydrogen Bonds; LDF
Ion-Induced Dipole
Dipole-Induced Dipole
SUMMARY
NON-POLAR POLAR POLAR
(partially positive H attached with
electronegative atom)
London Dispersion DOMINANT IMF: DOMINANT:
Forces Only Dipole-dipole forces Hydrogen Bond
IMF PRESENT
Secondary: London Secondary:
Dispersion Forces Dipole-dipole forces
Other:
London Dispersion
Forces
Identify the type of IMF/s present in each molecule
POLARITY:
NON-POLAR molecule
Dominant IMF:
London Dispersion Forces
Secondary IMF:
None
Identify the type of IMF/s present in each molecule
POLARITY:
POLAR molecule
Dominant IMF:
Dipole-dipole forces
Secondary IMF:
London dispersion forces
Identify the type of IMF/s present in each molecule
POLARITY:
POLAR molecule
Dominant IMF:
Hydrogen Bonding
Secondary IMF:
Dipole-dipole forces,
London dispersion forces
Identify the type of IMF/s present in each molecule
POLARITY:
Non-Polar molecule
Dominant IMF:
London Dispersion
Forces
Secondary IMF:
None
Identify the type of IMF/s present in each molecule
POLARITY:
Polar Molecule
Dominant IMF:
Dipole-dipole forces
Secondary IMF:
London dispersion
forces
Identify the type of IMF/s present in each molecule
POLARITY:
Polar Molecule
Dominant IMF:
H-bonding
(Hydrogen bonding)
Secondary IMF:
Dipole-dipole forces
London dispersion
forces
Identify the type of IMF/s present in each molecule
POLARITY:
Polar Molecule
Dominant IMF:
Dipole-dipole forces
Secondary IMF:
London dispersion
forces
Identify the type of IMF/s present in each molecule
POLARITY:
Non-Polar Molecule
Dominant IMF:
London dispersion
forces
Secondary IMF:
None
Identify the type of IMF/s present in each molecule
POLARITY:
Polar Molecule
Dominant IMF:
H-bonding
(Hydrogen bonding)
Secondary IMF:
Dipole-dipole forces
London dispersion
forces
