12
GRADE
San Fabian National High School
San Fabian, Pangasinan
MODULE
in
PHYSICAL
SCIENCE
Quarter 1 Week 3 Module 3
For queries, please contact us:
Name of Teacher Contact Number Messenger
Anthony Quiatchon
ANTHONY R. QUIATCHON 09129862007
KIMBERLY S. ABESAMIS 09565235594 Kim-Ferraro-Sendaydiego Ferrer-Abesamis
ARIAN AVNER DE GUZMAN 09509489086 Arian De Guzman
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What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the field of Physical Sciences. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you
are now using.
The module has two lessons, namely:
• Lesson 1 – Intermolecular Forces
• Lesson 2 – Properties of Substances in Relation to Intermolecular Forces
After going through this module, you are expected to:
MELCs:
1. Describe the general types of intermolecular forces (S11/12PS-IIIc-d-17); and
2. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances. (S11/12PS-IIId-e-19)
Specific objectives:
a. Explain the general types of intermolecular forces;
b. Determine the different types of intermolecular forces in different substances; and
c. Relate the intermolecular forces of substances to their properties.
Lesson
1 Intermolecular Forces
It is important that you can recognize whether a molecule in a substance is polar or non-polar
because this will determine what type of intermolecular forces there are. It is also important in
explaining the properties of the substance.
A simple review was prepared for you to refresh your mind. Let’s begin!
What’s New
Going through this lesson will help you understand the different intermolecular
forces of attraction. You will also learn from this module that the type of intermolecular
forces present in the substance is responsible for its properties. But first, let us determine the
difference between intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces.
Bonding forces (ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds) are classified as intramolecular forces,
forces that hold atoms together in a molecule. In contrast, intermolecular forces are attractions that
occur between molecules. Intramolecular forces are many times stronger than intermolecular forces
of attraction. Intermolecular forces are responsible for the condensed phases of substances.
Activity 1: What is the difference?
Part I. Directions: Complete the table below.
Intramolecular Forces Intermolecular Forces
Atoms or molecules
Strength of forces
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Distance between atoms
or molecules
Part II. Directions: Identify the kind of force and its strength.
Now that you already know the difference between intramolecular forces and intermolecular
forces, we are now proceeding to the types of intermolecular forces. But before that, try to answer
first the following activity. Let’s start!
Activity 2: Unjumble It!
Directions: Unjumble the letters to reveal what type of intermolecular forces is being described in
the statement.
1. __________ (Lnoodn dperission fescro) The weakest intermolecular force which is formed due to
temporary dipoles of a non-polar molecule.
2. __________ (Hdroynge bnod) It is a special type of dipole-dipole force between polar molecules
having an H atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (O, N or F) with lone electron
pairs.
3. __________ (Depoli-depoli fescro) These are attractive forces that occur between polar molecules.
4. __________ (Ino-dploie fescro) The forces of interaction that exist between charged particles called
ions and a polar molecule.
What is It
Read to Learn: General Types of Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that operate between molecules. They arise from
the interaction of positive and negative charges. Intermolecular forces are much weaker than
intramolecular in terms of energy involved. However, intermolecular forces are responsible for the
properties of molecules. These explain why substance exists as solid, liquid, or gas at room
temperature. The following are the types of intermolecular forces.
Ion-Dipole Forces
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Ion-dipole forces exist between an ion (charged particles)
and a dipole (polar) molecule. A positive ion will be attracted to the
negative pole of the polar molecule, while a negative ion will be
attracted to the positive pole of the polar molecule. This can be
seen when NaCl dissolves in water. The ions of NaCl (Na+ and Cl-)
become separated. Since water is a polar molecule, it has a
partially positive end and a partial negative end. Thus, the positive
sodium ion (Na+) will be attracted to the partially negative end of
the water molecule, while the negative chloride ion (Cl-) will also be
attracted to the partially positive end of the water molecule (See
figure 1).
Fig. 1. Ion-dipole forces in a sodium chloride
Dipole-Dipole Forces solution.
Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces that occur Source: https://chemistrybytes.com
between polar molecules. The partially positive end of one molecule
attracts the partially negative ends of other molecules. An example
is hydrogen chloride (HCl) which has a partially positive hydrogen
atom and a partially negative chlorine atom. A collection of many
hydrogen chloride molecules will align themselves so that the
oppositely charged regions of neighboring molecules are near each
other (see figure 2).
Fig. 2. Dipole-Dipole forces among HCl
Molecule
Hydrogen Bonds Source: https://www.emedicalprep.com
A hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole force
between polar molecules having an H atom covalently bonded to a
highly electronegative atom (O, N, or F) with lone electron pairs.
Hydrogen tends to be strongly positive due to the strong tendencies of
F, O, or N to attract the electron towards it. The highly electronegative
elements make hydrogen strongly positive.
The ability of water to form H-bond relates to its ability as a
universal solvent. H-bond prevents the water from evaporating quickly
into the atmosphere. It also causes ice to float in water since, at
freezing temperature, water molecules tend to form a crystal lattice as
it expands.
Fig. 3. Hydrogen bond in water
Source: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-
London Dispersion Forces level/topic-2-molecular-biology/22-water/hydrogen-
London Dispersion Force is present in all molecules. It is the bonding.html
only force present in nonpolar molecules. Although it is very weak and
acts in very small distances, they are strong enough to cause substances normally found as gases,
to liquefy at high pressures or low temperatures. London dispersion forces tend to be stronger in
a larger atom or molecule.
Dispersion force is formed due to the attraction between the positively charged nucleus of
an atom with the negatively charged electron cloud of a nearby atom. For example, the electron
cloud of a helium atom contains two electrons, and, when averaged over time, these electrons will
distribute themselves evenly around the nucleus. However, at any given moment, the electron
distribution may be uneven, resulting in an instantaneous dipole. This weak and temporary dipole
can subsequently influence neighboring helium atoms through electrostatic attraction and
repulsion resulting in the formation of another temporary dipole called an induced dipole.
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Fig. 4. London dispersion force in Helium
Source: https://byjus.com/chemistry/london-dispersion-forces/
So, did you understand the discussion? Let us have another activity to further understand
the lesson.
What’s More
Activity 3: Forces of Attraction
Directions: Identify the most probable intermolecular force of attraction in the following:
1. KCl------NH3 _______________________________
2. NH3------NH3 _______________________________
3. H2S------H2S _______________________________
4. CO2------CO2 _______________________________
5. CH3OH------CH3OH _______________________________
6. Br2------ Br2 _______________________________
7. Na2S------HCl _______________________________
8. H2------H2 _______________________________
9. HF------HF _______________________________
10. SbH3------SbH3 _______________________________
Lesson Properties of Substances in
2 Relation to Intermolecular
Forces
The types of intermolecular forces
that occur in a substance will affect its
properties due to its varying strengths. You
should remember from the kinetic theory of
matter that the phase of a substance is
determined by how strong the forces are
between its particles. The weaker the forces,
the more likely the substance is to exist as
a gas. This is because the particles can
move far apart since they are not held
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together very strongly. If the forces are very strong, the particles are held closely together in a solid
structure. The relative strength of intermolecular forces is illustrated in Fig. 5.
Did you enjoy answering the activity? Now, study how the properties of substances are related
to their intermolecular forces.
Read to Learn: Properties of Substances in Relation to Intermolecular
Forces
Enumerated and discussed below are the properties of substances that are related to the
intermolecular forces.
Surface Tension
Surface tension is a phenomenon caused by cohesive forces (intermolecular forces) between
molecules allowing liquids to create a thin film on its surface. This causes liquids to acquire a certain
shape when put on a container or dropped on surfaces.
Molecules within a liquid experience force of attraction equally in all directions. However, there
are no forces above the surface of the liquid, but there are normal forces below. Because of this
imbalance, forces of attraction tend to pull molecules toward the interior of the liquid. This creates
surface tension. Stronger intermolecular force equates to stronger surface tension.
Boiling and Melting Point
Boiling Point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the
applied pressure on the liquid.
Melting Point is the temperature at which a substance begins to change from solid to liquid.
In general, substances with weak intermolecular forces will have low melting and boiling points
while those with strong intermolecular forces will have high melting and boiling points. The strong
intermolecular force of the substance holds the molecules tightly thus making the bond hard to
evaporate and boil. Remember also that the temperature of a material affects the energy of its
particles. The more energy the particles have, the more likely they are to be able to overcome the
forces that are holding them together. This can cause a change in phase.
Vapor Pressure
Vapor pressure is a measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapor
state, and it increases with temperature. A liquid with weak intermolecular forces will evaporate easily
thus, has a higher vapor pressure while liquid with strong IMF will not easily evaporate thus will have
a lower vapor pressure.
Viscosity
Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. The more viscous a liquid is the thicker its
consistency. In layman's term, it is the measure of the thickness of a liquid. In general, stronger
intermolecular forces leads to higher viscosity.
After knowing the relative strength and properties of intermolecular forces, I think you are now
ready to answer the next activity. So, let’s begin!
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Grade Physical Science
Quarter 3- Module 3
12 Module Title: Intermolecular Forces
Subject Teacher:
Name: _______________________________________________________
Grade & Section: ________________________Strand: ________________
Barangay: ____________________________________________________
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. Direction: Read each item carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. What intermolecular forces can be found in a molecule of ethene?
A. London dispersion forces only
B. Dipole-dipole attraction and ionic bonding
C. London dispersion forces and hydrogen bonding
D. London dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding, and dipole-dipole attraction
2. Which of the following has the highest boiling point?
A. CH4 B. H2O
C. NaCl D. CH3CH2CH2OH
3. Which of the following is the strongest intermolecular force?
A. Ionic bonds
B. Covalent bonds
C. Ion-dipole forces
D. Dipole-dipole forces
4. What type of interparticle forces holds liquid N 2 together?
A. Ionic bonding
B. London forces
C. Hydrogen bonding
D. Dipole-dipole interaction
5. Which of the following compounds has the highest boiling point?
A. Ethane B. Ethanol
C. Dimethyl D. Methane
6. Which one of the following elements is least likely to participate in a hydrogen bond?
A. F B. N C. O D. S
7. Which one of the following represents the weakest interaction between two atoms or molecules?
A. Ionic bond B. Disulfide bond
C. Dispersion force D. Hydrogen bond
8. Which of the following boils at the highest temperature?
A. CH4 B. C2H6 C. C3H8 D. C5H12
9. Which of the following compounds is in the CORRECT order by the strength of their intermolecular
forces, from weakest to strongest?
I. H2O
II. CH4
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III. C2H6 IV. HBr
V. NaCl
A. I < II < IV < V < III B. II < III < I < IV < V
C. V < I < IV < III < II D. IV < V < I < II < II
10. Which the following statements is INCORRECT?
a. Molecular solids generally have lower melting points than covalent solids.
b. The metallic solid can be viewed as positive ions closely packed in a sea of valence electrons.
c. Metallic solids exhibit a wide range of melting points because metallic bonds cover a wide range
of bond strength.
d. The interactions among the molecules in molecular solids are generally stronger than those
among the particles that define either covalent or ionic crystal lattices.
B. Direction: In this activity, you are going to guess the correct answer to the riddles in Column
A. Write your answer in Column B.
A B
I could be the texture or color of an object. I am the characteristics
of an object that can be observed. What am I?
I am a state of matter. I have my own volume, but I take the shape
of the container I am in. Oil is an example.
What am I?
I happen to some substances, such as salt, when they are mixed
with a liquid. I happen faster in warm liquids.
What am I?
I am the small particles of matter in all solids, liquids and gases.
What am I?
C. Direction: Answer the following questions first by comparing the given substances in terms
of their structure or polarity.
1. Which has a higher viscosity, HBr or CH4?
2. Which is most likely a gas at room temperature, C2H6 or CH3Cl?
3. Which of the two easily dissolves in water, glucose (C6H12O6) or hexane (C6H14)?
4. Which evaporates faster, polar or nonpolar?
5. Which has a higher viscosity, polar or nonpolar?
