WIRELESS PLANNING AND

OPTIMIZATION TRAINING
PROGRAM (GSM_BASIC)

“The action of making the best or most effective use of resource”

TExA@2020
Wireless Optimization Training 1
 KNOWING EACH OTHER

Name and positions

What could be your expectations

regarding the program?

One thing that is important for you when working with others
Wireless optimization training 2

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 OBJECTIVES

• Understand GSM Network Architecture, Elements and

Functions

• Understand Fundamentals of GSM Planning

• Understand Fundamentals of GSM Optimization

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Learning alliance

Trust
Thirst for self
improvement
Sharing
Focus
Open mind
fun
Challenge
Investment

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 FLIGHT PLAN

Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5

 GSM • GSM protocol  GPRS/EDGE  GSM Network

Fundamentals stack overview  Capacity
Planning and
• GSM Overview  GSM Functions dimensioning
 GSM Cells Optimization • TCH Capacity
• Network • Radio resource • Requirement
Architecture management  GSM Frequency Planning
Analysis • SDCCH
• GSM addressing • Mobility • Initial Planning
Planning Capacity
 GSM Air management • Detailed
interface • Connection • Reuse density Planning
Planning • GSM
• Multiple Access management RF
• Normal frequency • Coverage
Technologies • GSM user Optimization
dimensioning • Common
• Voice signal services, Reuse • Link Budget
processing security and Problems and
• Tighter frequency • Propagation
• Radio Channels billing Solutions of
model
Reuse Optimization

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The organisation of the sessions

9:00 class starts

10:30 AM – 10:45 AM :Tea Break
12:30 PM – 13:30 PM : Lunch
15:30 PM – 15:45 PM : Tea Break
17:00 PM : End Of The Day

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 Pre - Test

Wireless optimization training UMTS part 7

 GSM Fundamentals – GSM Overview

Wireless optimization training 8

 Brain Storming

1. What is GSM ?

2. Describe the evolutions of cellular network ?

3. Why evolution?

Basics of Cellular Network Training Program

 GSM OVERVIEW

Evolution of Cellular network

1G Technology

Developed in 1980s & completed in early 1990s

• Based on analog system

• Speed up to 2.4 kbps

• Allows user to make voice calls in single country

• FDMA (Frequency Division Multiplexing Technique)

e.g AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) & NMT (Nordic Mobile

Telephone)
1992 2004 2012 2019
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 GSM OVERVIEW

Evolution of Cellular network

Drawbacks of 1G

• Poor Voice Quality

• Poor Battery Life

• Large Phone Size

• No Security

• Limited Capacity

• Poor Handoff Reliability

1992 2004 2012 2019

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 GSM OVERVIEW

Evolution of Cellular network

2G Technology

Appeared in 1990s with the first digital cellular networks

• commercially launched on GSM standard in 1991

• TDMA and CDMA technologies introduced

• Speed up to 64 kbps

• Services such as digital voice & SMS with more clarity

• Semi global facility

1992 2004 2012 2019

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 GSM OVERVIEW

Evolution of Cellular network

Drawbacks of 2G

• requires strong digital signals to help mobile phones work.

• unable to handle complex data such as Videos.

1992 2004 2012 2019

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 GSM OVERVIEW

Evolution of Cellular network

3G Technology

• Developed between late 1990s & early 2000s

• It is based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) family of standards under the

International Mobile telecommunications program, IMT-2000

• standards include - CDMA 2000, WCDMA, TSCDMA and FDMA/TDMA,

• Transmission speed is from 128 kbps to 2 Mbps

• Global roaming

•Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming , TV Streaming/ Mobile TV

1992 2004 2012 2019

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 GSM OVERVIEW

Evolution of Cellular network

Drawbacks of 3G

• Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services

• It was challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G

• High Bandwidth Requirement

• Expensive 3G Phones

1992 2004 2012 2019

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 GSM OVERVIEW

Evolution of Cellular network

4G Technology

• Developed in 2010

• Faster & more reliable

• Speed up to 100 Mbps

• High performance

• Easy roaming

• Low cost

1992 2004 2012 2019

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 GSM OVERVIEW

Evolution of Cellular network

Drawbacks of 4G

• Battery use is high

• Need complicated hardware

• Expensive equipment

1992 2004 2012 2019

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 GSM OVERVIEW

Evolution of Cellular network

5G Technology

• 10 times more capacity than others

• Expected speed up to 1 Gbps

• More faster & reliable than 4G

• Lower cost than previous generations

1992 2004 2012 2019

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 GSM OVERVIEW

• GSM stands for – Global System for Mobile Communication

• Second Generation for Mobile System.

• A fully Digital System.

• Efficient Use of the Spectrum.

• Speech privacy and security.

• Better resistance to interference (Introducing the frequency Hopping)

• Efficient use of the power battery (Introducing the power control)

• GSM Networks are called PLMN(Public Land Mobile Networks) i.e. the Radio Sites are located

on land, not using satellites

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 GSM OVERVIEW

• Guard band - difference between the uplink upper frequency and the downlink lower frequency

• Bandwidth - Total amount of the available spectrum

• Carrier separation - difference between two consecutive frequencies

• Number of carriers - total number of frequencies in the band

- Calculated as [(Bandwidth/carrier separation)-1]

Frequency Band Frequency Band Duplex Carrier Number of

System Downlink Uplink Bandwidth Distance Separation Carrier
E-GSM 35 MHz 45MHz 200KHz 174
925 – 960 MHz 880 – 915 MHz
(Extended GSM)
P-GSM900 25 MHz 45MHz 200KHz 124
(Primary GSM) 935 – 960 MHz 890 – 915 MHz

GSM1800(DCS) 1805 – 1880 MHz 1710 – 1785 MHz 75MHz 95MHz 200KHz 374
GSM1900(PCS) 1930 – 1990 MHz 1850 – 1910 MHz 60 MHz 80 MHz 200 KHz 299

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 GSM Fundamentals – Network Architecture

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Group Exercise

15 minute

Form group and discuss on the following

1. What are the main components of GSM network architecture ?

2. Explain the functions of each network elements ?

Basics of Cellular Network Training Program

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 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

GSM Network Elements

• A GSM network consists of the following network components: Network
Management
 Mobile station (MS) Mobile Station BSS NSS

 Base Station Subsystem(BSS)

• Base transceiver station (BTS)

• Base station controller (BSC)

 Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
• Authentication Center (AuC)
• Home Location Registers (HLR)

• Visitor Location Registers (VLR)

• Equipment Identification Register (EIR)
 Network Management System(NMS)
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 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Mobile Station
• The mobile station (MS) is the starting point of a mobile wireless network.
• The MS consists of two components:
• Mobile Equipment and

• Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

• Mobile equipment common functions

• Encoding/Decoding
• Ciphering/De-ciphering
• Modulation/Demodulation
• Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) common functions
• A microchip that stores data for operator and subscriber
• Authentication, subscriber profiling, security

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 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Base Station Controller(BTS): Houses the radio transceivers
that define a cell and handles the radio link protocols with the MS.
• Each BTS has between 1 and 16 transceivers, depending on
the density of users in the cell
• BTS functionalities
o Encoding, encrypting, multiplexing, modulating, and
feeding the RF signals to the antenna
o Transcoding and rate adaptation
o Time and frequency synchronizing
o Voice through full- or half-rate services
o Decoding, decrypting, and equalizing received signals
o Random access detection
o Timing advances
o Uplink channel measurements
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 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Base Station Controller:

One BSC controls several BTS in a network

• BSC is responsible for radio resource management and configuration:

o Channel assignments,

o Handover control

o Power control

o Frequency hopping and encryption management

• BSC located at BTS site, its own site or at MSC site

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 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Network switching system (NSS)

• NSS Manage the communications between the mobile users and other users

(ISDN and fixed telephony users)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
• Call switching – Control calls between BSS and other networks (PSTN, PLMN)
• One or more MSC for a network

Gateway MSC
• is a node interconnecting two mobile networks and also PSTN
• co-located with MSC in the same machine

Home Location Register (HLR)

• Database that contains information of operators own subscribers – IMSI, Kind of subscription, Services to be
used, Subscriber location
• Fixed until the validity of the subscriptions

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 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

• Database that contains information of visiting subscribers.

• Dynamic and interacts with HLR for recording

• There is one VLR per MSC

Authentication Center (AUC)

• Policing actions: Avoid false subscribers and protects calls of true subscriber

• Authentication and encryption keys to authenticate and encrypt mobile users

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

• An optional entity that contains list of authorized International Mobile

Equipment Identity (IMEI) numbers

• Facilitate equipment verification

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 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Network Management System (NMS)

• Subscriber information management
• Billing

• Ensure smooth running of the network

• Monitors performance of the network

• Generates relevant alarm if there is fault

• Corrects some faults while others may require visit
• Collect and analyze network performance data
• Input for optimization decisions
Interfaces
Interface Name Description

Air/radio/Um Located Between MS and BTS, Specified well in

interface standard
Abis interface Between BTS and BSC

A interface Between BSC and MSC

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 GSM Fundamentals – GSM Addressing

Wireless optimization training 30

 GROUP EXERCISE

Make group of two and discuss on the following 20 minute

1. What are the addresses and identifiers in GSM ?

2. Explain their usage ?

Basics of Cellular Network Training Program

GSM ADDRESSING

GSM Addressing:
• GSM treats the users and the equipment in different ways
• Vital addresses and identifiers that are used in GSM are

IMEI=International Mobile Station Equipment Identification

TAC FAC SNR SP

IMEI
TAC= Type approval code , 6 bit ,determined by the type of approval center
FAC=Final assembly code, 2 bit. It is determined by the manufacturer
SNR=Serial Number , 6 bits , It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS
uniquely identifies the apparatus
SP = Spare bit 1 bit , Not used
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GSM ADDRESSING

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

• Every registered user has an original International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) with

a valid IMEI stored in their Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).

Not more than 15 digits
3 digits 2 digits

MCC MNC MSIN

NMSI
IMSI

MCC: Mobile Country Code .The MCC of Ethiopia is “636" 。

MNC: Mobile Network Code ， : The MNC of Ethio Telecom is "01"
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. For example: 135 -4253004
NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identification . MNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 636-01-135-4253004
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GSM ADDRESSING

Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)

• MSISDN is the authentic telephone number of a mobile station

Not more than 15 digits

3 digits 2 digits

CC NDC SN

National(significant)
Mobile number)
Mobile station international
ISDN number

CC: Country Code .The CC of Ethiopia is “251" .

NDC: National Destination Code only ethiotelecom is available

SN: Subscriber Number For example: 0911xxxxxx.

For Example of IMSI : +251-911-xxxxxx

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GSM ADDRESSING

Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)

• temporary identity which is assigned during the establishment of a call to a roaming subscribers.

• assigned to a mobile station by a regionally responsible Visitor Location Register (VLR).

• The MSRN has the same structure as the MSISDN

3 digits 2 digits

CC NDC SN

MSRN

SN is Servicing Node the address to servicing MSC/VLR.

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GSM ADDRESSING

Location Area Identity (LAI)

• Uniquely identifies a Location Area (LA) within a mobile network and keeps track of the mobile subscriber.

MCC MNC LAC

Location Area Identification

The LAI is the international code for a location area.

MCC: Mobile Country Code. The MCC of Ethiopia is “636"

MNC: Mobile Network Code. The MNC of Ethiopia Mobile is "01"
LAC: Location Area Code ， It is a two bytes hex code.
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 636-01-0011

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GSM ADDRESSING

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

• The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber authentication.

• The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and notifies them to the HLR.

• TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber

on the air interface is kept secret.

• The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by the operator.

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GSM ADDRESSING

Local Mobile Subscriber Identity (LMSI)

• A temporary ID assigned to a visiting mobile station

• Assigned when MSRN is allocated on a call-by-call basis for speeding up the subscriber data

searching

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GSM ADDRESSING

Cell Global Identity

CGI: Cell Global Identification

MCC MNC LAC CI

LAI
CGI

The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell

The format is LAI+CI

LAI: Location Area Identification

CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to

identify the cells within an LAI.

For example : 636-01-0011-0001 39

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GSM ADDRESSING

BSIC
BSIC (Base Station Identification Color Code
• enables MS's to distinguish between different base stations sending on the same frequency

NCC BCC

BSIC

NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows various

neighboring PLMNs to be distinguished.

BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to distinguish different cells

assigned the same frequency!

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GSM ADDRESSING

Geographical area of GSM network

• Cell represents BTS and identified by CGI

• Location Area represents a group of cells served a single MSC/VLR and identified

by LAI

• MSC/VLR Area represents a group of location areas under the same MSC/VLR

• A Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is the area served by one network

operator.
PLMN AREA
MSC/VLR AREA

LOCATION AREA
CELL

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 GSM Air interface – Voice Signal Processing

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Group Exercise

20 minute
1. Why does voice signal is processed ?

2. Explain voice signal processing steps?

Basics of Cellular Network Training Program

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 VOICE SIGNAL PROCESSING

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 VOICE SIGNAL PROCESSING

Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion

• One of the primary functions of an MS is to convert the analog

speech information into digital form

• The A/D conversion is performed by using a process called Pulse

Code Modulation (PCM). PCM involves three main steps:

Sampling

Quantization

Coding

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 VOICE SIGNAL PROCESSING

Speech Signal
Segmentation
• Divide the converted voice signal by 20 ms
blocks
• 104 kbps * 20 ms = 2080bits 20ms
Speech Coding
• Compresses 2080 bits 01100011000111110011100
• 244bit(EFR)/20ms = 12.2Kbits/s
• 260bit(FR) /20ms = 13kbits/s
• 112 bit(HR) /20ms = 5.6kbits/s
Channel Coding
• Redundancy bits are added for error detection and
correction
• 260 bits+ additional bits= 456 bits
• Bit rate= 466bits/20ms= 22.8kbits/s

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 VOICE SIGNAL PROCESSING

Interleaving - is the reordering of data that is to be transmitted so that consecutive bytes of data
are distributed over a larger sequence of data to reduce the effect of burst errors

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 VOICE SIGNAL PROCESSING

Encryption/Ciphering
• To encode the burst so that it cannot be interpreted by any
other device than the intended receiver..
• The ciphering algorithm in GSM is called the A5 algorithm

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 VOICE SIGNAL PROCESSING

Burst Formatting
• Every transmission from an MS/BTS must include some extra information
• 26 training sequence bits,
• 2 flag bits and
• 6 tail bits.
• The process of burst formatting is to add these bits to the basic speech/data
Burst types:
• Normal
• Frequency Synchronization
• Synchronization
• Access and Dummy

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 VOICE SIGNAL PROCESSING

Modulation: GMSK
• Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

 A power efficient continuous-phase

FSK modulation

 Channel bit rate 270.833 kbit/s (bit

duration T=3.692 μs)

 Improved spectral efficiency

 Good BER performance

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 GSM Air interface – Multiple Access Scheme

Wireless optimization training 51

Group Exercise

Make group of two and discuss on the following 20 minute

1. Define Multiple Access Scheme ?

2. Why do multiple access technology is implemented in GSM?

3. List Multiple Access Technologies adopted for GSM ?

Basics of Cellular Network Training Program

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 MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEME

• Defines how different simultaneous communications, between different users situated in different cells, share
the GSM radio spectrum.
• GSM adopted a mix of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA)
• Carrier – 200KHz
• TDMA scheme divides each carrier into 8 bursts

+¿ ¿

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Group Discussion

Make group of two and discuss on the following 25 minute

1. What is time slot ?

2. Explain the difference between TDMA frame and slot?

Basics of Cellular Network Training Program

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 MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEME

Time Slot and Frame Structure

• A burst is the unit of time in a TDMA system, and it
lasts approximately 0.577 ms.
• A TDMA frame is formed with 8 bursts and lasts,
consequently, 4.615 ms.
• Each of the eight bursts, that form a TDMA frame, are
then assigned to a single user
• The time and frequency window it occupies is called
slot.

1)The time a slot occupies is called a time slot

2)The frequency bandwidth it occupies is called a
frequency slot.

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 GROUP DISCUSSION

Make group of two and discuss on the following 25 minute

1. What is burst?

2. How many types of burst are there ?

Basics of Cellular Network Training Program

 MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEME
Burst
• Five burst types: Frequency correction, Synchronization, Access, Normal, and Dummy

 Normal Burst (NB) – Used for normal data transmissions

TB – 3 Data – 57 F–1 Training Sequence – 26 F–1 Data - 57 TB – 3 GP – 8.25

 Tail Bit(TB) : 2xTB three tail bits set to 000

•Start and stop bits to ramp modulation up & down

 Data: 2x57 data bits (voice or signaling)

 Flag(f) : 2x1 indicates the type of data in the previous field.

 Training sequence , 26 bit

• For time synchronization for same frequency cells

• Guard period : prevent transmitted bursts from different mobiles overlapping.

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 MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEME

Frequency Correction Burst (FB) consists of a constant frequency carrier .

TB – 3 Fixed Bit Pattern – 142 (all 0s) TB – 3 GP – 8.25

 the information in the burst all set to zeros,

 Allows an MS to keep in sync with reference frequency

Synchronization Burst (SB) – used for synchronizing to the timing of the BS

TB – 3 Sync Data – 39 Training Sequence – 64 Sync Data – TB – 3 GP – 8.25

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• Longer training sequence
• The first sequence an MS need to demodulate
• Data field:
• Contains all the information to synchronize the frame
• Contains the BSIC
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 MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEME
Burst
Access Burst (AB) – used for MS Random Access

TB – 8 Training Sequence – 41 Data – 36 TB – 3 GP – 68.25

• Much longer Guard Period available – ensure that it fits in the time slot regardless of any severe timing
problems
• Drawback: much less space for useful information
• Timing Advance not available on RACH

Dummy Burst (DB) – Used to fill inactive bursts on the BCCH

TB – 3 Fixed bit pattern – 58 Training sequence – 26 Fixed bit pattern – 58 TB – 3 GP – 8.25

• Guarantees more power on BCCH than that on other channels

•Important when MS needs to find BCCH

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 MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEME

Frame Structure
 Bit Burst TDMA-frame Multiframe Superframe Hyperframe
 Bit period is 48/13 = 3.69 μs (channel bit rate 270.833 kHz)
 A burst is transmitted in a time slot
• Burst length 15/26 ms = 0.577 ms
 A TDMA-frame consists of 8 bursts, 60/13 = 4.615 ms
 A logical channel structure is periodically repeated in a multiframe
• Traffic channel structure repeats every 26 frames (120 ms)
• Control & broadcast channel structure repeats every 51 TDMA frames (235.38 ms)
 In a super-frame the entire channel structure is repeated
• Every 26x51 TDMA frame (6.12 s): traffic and control & broadcast channels in synch
 In the Hyper frame of 2048 super frames (3.48 h) the encryption sequence and frequency hopping sequence
are repeated

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 MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEME

1hyper frame=2048 super-frame=2715648 frames

0 1 2 3 4 5 … 204 2044 2045 2046 204

Hyper-frame 3 7

1superframe=1326TDMA frame

Super-frame 0 1 2 3 … 50 0 1 2 3 … 25

1multiframe=26TDMA frame(120ms) 1multiframe=51TDMA frame(235ms)

Multi-frame 0 1 2 3 … 25 0 1 2 3 … 50

1TDMA frames=8 timeslots

Frame 0 7

1TS= 156.25bits=.577ms

Slot 3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25

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 GSM Air interface – Radio Channels

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Group Exercise

20 minute
1. How many types channels are there in GSM ?

2. Explain briefly the functions of each channels?

Basics of Cellular Network Training Program

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 RADIO CHANNELS

Physical and Logical Channels

• Each TDMA frame contains eight time slots

• These time slots are called physical channels

• Logical channels are the contents in the physical channel

• In GSM, the logical channels can be divided into

o Common channels

o Dedicated channels

Common channels – are used for broadcasting different information to mobile stations and for setting up

signaling channels between the MSC/VLR and the mobile station

Dedicated channels – are used to facilitate the discussions between the mobile station and the BTS, BSC

and MSC/VLR

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 RADIO CHANNELS

FCCH
SCH
Logical Common Broadc BCCH
PCH
Channels ast
Commo RACH
AGCH
Channels Channe
n
ls
Control
Channe
Dedicated ls
Dedicat SDCCH
FACCH
SACCH
Channels ed
Traffic TCH/H
TCH/F
TCH/EFR
Control
Channe AMR/HR/
Channe
ls FER
l

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 LOGICAL CHANNEL TYPES

Logical channel

Common Dedicated
channel (CCH) channel (DCH)

Broadcast Common
control Dedicated Voice Channel
control
channel Control (TCH)
channel
(CCH) Channel
(CCH)

FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH SDCCH SACCH FACCH TCH/F

AGCH TCH/H
(system
information )

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 RADIO CHANNELS
Broadcast Channels
• Among many, base station uses only one TRx for carrying common channels
• Downlink point to multipoint channel
• Contain general information about the network and the broadcasting cell
• Kinds of broadcast channels
1. Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
o Bursts consist of all 0’s that transmitted as a pure sine wave
o This acts like a flag for the mobile stations and enables them to find the TRX
among other TRXs
2. Synchronization Channel (SCH)
o Contains the Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) and a reduced TDMA frame
number
o TDMA frame number is required for speech recognition
o Time synchronization (Burst synchronization, frame numbe information)
3. Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Wireless optimization training

o Contains detailed network and cell specific information 67

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 RADIO CHANNELS

Cell specific information Detail

Frequencies Frequencies used in the particular cell and neighboring cells

Frequency Hopping Sequence • The order in which the mobile station should change the frequencies
• Is designed to reduce the negative effects of air interface
• Enables the mobile station to transmit information on different
frequencies within one cell
Channel Combination • All logical channels except Traffic are mapped into timeslot 0 & 1 of
the broadcasting TRX
• Informs the mobile station about the mapping method used in the
particular cell
Paging Groups • A group of mobile stations listening to a particular paging channel
• There are multiple paging channels in a cell and paging group
prevents mobile from listening all
Information on surrounding cells • Enables the MS to know the neighboring cells of the serving cell and
the frequencies they operate on

• All the above information is sent over as SYSTEM INFO messages on BCCH timeslot

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UPLINK LOGICAL CHANNELS

Common
RACH CCCH Channel

SDCCH
SACCH DCCH Dedicated
Channel
FACCH

TCH/F
TCH
TCH/H

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 RADIO CHANNELS

Common Control Channel

• Used for setting up a point to point connection

• There are three types of CCCH

1. Paging Channel (PCH) – a downlink channel broadcast by every BTS in the location area

2. Random Access Channel (RACH)

• The only uplink and the first one to one common control channels

• It is used to initiate a transaction or respond to a Paging

3. Access Grant Channel (AGCH)

• A downlink point to point channel

• Is the answer to RACH

• Used to assign a mobile Stand alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH)

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DOWNLINK LOGICAL CHANNELS

Common Channels

FCCH
SCH BCCH
BCCH Common
Channel
PCH
CCCH
AGCH

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 RADIO CHANNELS

Dedicated Control Channel

• Used for call set up, sending measurement reports and handover

• Are all bi-directional and point to point channels

• There are three kinds

1. Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCH)

o Is used for system signaling – call set-up, authentication, location update, assignment of traffic channels and

transmission of short messages

2. Slow Associated Control Channels (SACCH)

o Is associated with each SDCCH and Traffic channels

o Used to transmit measurement report, power control and time alignment

o Sometimes for transmitting short messages

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DOWNLINK LOGICAL CHANNELS …

Dedicated Channels

SDCCH

SACCH DCCH
FACH
Dedicated
Channel
TCH/F TCH
TCH/H

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 RADIO CHANNELS

3. Fast Associated Control Channels (FACCH)

• Used primarily during handover

• Mapped on to a TCH and replaces 20ms of speech

4.Traffic Channel (TCH)

Transfer user speech or data, which can be in the form

o Half rate traffic (5.6Kbps)

o Full rate traffic (13 Kbps)

o Enhanced Full rate traffic (12.2 Kbps)

o Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR)

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FUNCTIONS OF LOGICAL CHANNELS

Search for frequency correction burst FCCH

Power-on
Search for synchronous burst SCH

Listen to system information BCCH

Monitor paging message PCH

Idle mode
Send access burst RACH

Allocate signaling channel AGCH

Dedicated Set up the call SDCCH

mode
Allocate voice channel SDCCH

Conversation TCH
Idle mode Release the call FACCH

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 Day 1 Summary

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 THANK YOU

Wireless optimization training

 DAY 2

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 Day 1 recap

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 FLIGHT PLAN

Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5

 GSM • GSM protocol   GSM Network

GPRS/EDGE  Capacity
Fundamentals stack Planning and
• GSM Overview  GSM Functions overview dimensioning
Optimization • TCH Capacity
• Network • Radio resource  • Requirement
GSM Cells Planning
Architecture management Analysis
• GSM addressing • Mobility  GSM Frequency • SDCCH
• Initial Planning
 GSM Air management Capacity
Planning • Detailed
interface • Connection Planning
Planning • GSM
• Multiple Access management • Reuse density RF
• Coverage
Technologies • GSM user Optimization
• Normal frequency dimensioning • Common
• Voice signal services, • Link Budget
processing security and Reuse Problems and
• Propagation
• Radio Channels billing Solutions of
• Tighter frequency model
Optimization
Reuse

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 GSM Air Interface – Protocol Stack

Wireless optimization training 81

 Brain Storming

1. what is protocol?

2. What is the role of protocol in GSM network?

Basics of Cellular Network Training Program

 PROTOCOL STACK
MS BTS BSC MSC

CM CM

MM
MM
Layer 3
BSSMAP BSSMAP

RRM RRM BTSM BTSM SCCP SCCP

LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD MTP MTP

Layer 2
FDMA/TDMA FDMA/TDMA 64kbps 64kbps 64kbps 64 kbps
Layer 1
Um interface Abis interface A interface

BSSMAP= BSS Management Application Part BTSM= BTS Management

SCCP= Signaling Connection Control Part LAPDm= Link Access Protocol in the D channel

MTP= Message Transfer Part

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 PROTOCOL STACK

Based on the interface, the GSM signaling protocol is assembled into three general layers:

• The physical layer (Layer 1): It uses the channel structures over the air interface

• At Mobile Switch – FDMA/TDMA is used

• BTS converts it to 64kbps format for the digital link and interfaces with BSC

• BSC communicates MSC with the same format

• The Data Link Layer (Layer 2):

 Has the following main functions

• Flow control

• Error detection

• Work on the layer 3 frames

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 PROTOCOL STACK

At this layer LAPD, LAPDm and MTP are used

• LAPD – is the ISDN protocol for D channel and used between BTS and BSC

• LAPDm – is the modified version of LAPD for mobile station

• MTP – provides reliable communication between BSC and MSC

LAPD at BTS converts potentially unreliable physical link of MS into reliable link

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 PROTOCOL STACK
Layer 3:

Radio Resource Connection Mobility Management

Management Management • Takes care of
• Takes care of radio • Takes care of call location update,
channel and handover setup, call registration, security
functionalities. maintenance and call and authentication
• Assign, maintain and termination functions functionalities of
release radio of end devices mobile station with
frequency the GSM network
carriers/channels

BTS Management Mobile Application Signaling Connection

• Takes care of BTS Part Control Part
admin and • Takes care of • Provides extended
management functions signaling between routing, flow control,
under BSC control various network segmentation,
entities connection-orientation,
and error correction
facilities in SS7
telecommunications
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 GSM Functions

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 GSM FUNCTIONS

In GSM four functions can be defined

1. Transmission

2. Radio Resource Management (RRM)

3. Mobility Management (MM)

4. Communication Management (CM)

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 GSM Functions-Transmission

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 GSM FUNCTIONS

1. Transmission

• Has two sub functions for the transmission of

 User information, and

 Signaling information

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 GSM Functions-RRM

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 GSM FUNCTIONS

2. Radio Resource Management

• Establish, maintain and release communication links between MS and MSC

• Handles
• Assignment, allocation and administration of radio resources
• Acquisition of system information from broadcast channels (BCCH) and
• Selection of the cell with the best signal reception

Main RR procedures that assure its responsibilities

• Channel assignment, change and release

• Frequency hopping
• Discontinuous transmission
• Timing advance

• Power level control

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 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Channel assignment, change and release

MOC
MS Network

Channel request

Immediate Assignment

Service Request -CM

Authentication Request

Authentication Response

Ciphering mode command

Ciphering Mode Complete

Setup
Call proceeding
Assignment Command

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 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Frequency Hopping

Why FH ?

• During a call, a number of physical effects influence the radio environment

between a MS and BTS .

• One such effect is multipath fading, which means that transmitted signals reach

the receiver via multiple paths.

• Another effect is various types of interference. co-channel interference, and

adjacent channel interference,

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 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Frequency Hopping
Frequency

• Each call hops between a defined set of frequencies. f6

f5
• poor signal quality on any specific frequency affects only a

small portion of the transmission. f4

f3

• Benefits of FH f2

• Improve signal level (since fades are frequency f1

dependent)
Time
• Tolerate more co-channel interference
• Each block of TDMA frame is transmitted in different
• Security frequencies

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 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Timing Advance (TA)

• Used to compensate for the propagation delay as the signal travels between the

Mobile Station and Base Transceiver Station

• 64 steps (0-63); each step advances the Timing by one bit duration ie 3.7μs.

TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
BTS frame
0 1 2 3 0 0 0
reference

Propagation
delay
M2 D2 D1 M1
MSs transmit Bits Overlapping

D1>D2
ranges between 0~63 (0~233μs  )

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 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)

• Suspends radio transmission during silence periods Without DTX

• Reduce interference b/n different cells

and extend battery life
Two main features
1)Voice Activity Detection(VAD) With DTX

•determines whether the sound is speech or noise

•the transmitter is turned off if the signal is noise
2)Comfort noise
Comfort
• during silence periods , the receiver assumes the Noise
connection is dead
• comfort noise eliminates the impression that the
connection is dead

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 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Benefits of DTX

• Uplink:

• System interference reduction

• Lower battery consumption

• Downlink

• System interference reduction

• Reduction of the inter-modulation products

• Lower power consumption

• Downside of DTX usage

• MAHO measurements are less accurate

• Voice quality is degraded due to slowness of VAD

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 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Power level control.

• Based on measurement reports of BTS and MS, Adjust the

transmitting power of BTS and MS when needed

• Purpose

• Save the power of BTS and MS

• Reduce the interference of the network

• Increase the quality of the network

• In GSM uplink and downlink power control are performed

independently

• Uplink power control: Adjust TX power of MS

• Downlink power control: Adjust BTS TX power

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 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Power level control.

Process of power control commands
• It takes 3 measurement report periods(480ms/period) from command sending to getting the feedback.

BTS receives
BTS sends power SACCH report period26 × measurement
control command 4=104 frames(480ms) report

1 MR period

MS adjusts Tx MS sends the

Power feedback

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 GSM Functions – Mobility Management

Wireless optimization training 101

Group Exercise

15 minute
Form three group, discuss on the following

1. Explain mobility in GSM network

2. Mention the types of handovers between network elements ?

Basics of Cellular Network Training Program

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 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
• Is used to track where the subscribers are across the GSM network area
GSM Network Area

• The radio coverage area • LA is a group of cells • Part of the • An area served by one network
served by one BTS • The area in which the GSM operator
• Each cell is identified by subscriber is paged network area • Identified by a three digit Mobile
Cell Global Identity • Each LA is identified with covered by Network Code (MNC) number
• CGI=MCC+MNC+CI Location Area Identity one MSC • CI uniquely identifies a cell in the
(LAI) PLMN
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 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
• Functions of MM

1. Registration

2. Paging

3. Location Update

4. Handover

• Registration

• Combining with Authentication, informs network which device is used and that is ready to receive request

• Occur during the first attach or when MS is visiting a new location

• Also called IMSI Attach

• Happens when the mobile is switched on and attempts to register towards the network via BSC

• Mobile registers rs only entering a location area, it doesn’t register when moving between paging areas of

one location area

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 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Paging – is used to find the cell a device is located at

 Is initiated by the NSS and is based on the location registration

information the mobile subscriber has supplied when performing

registration

 The paging message is broadcast using PCH over LA

 Paging message types

• Type 1: can address up to 2 mobiles using either IMSI or

Location Area
TMSI

• Type 2: can address up to 3 mobiles, one by IMSI and the

other 2 by TMSI

• Type 3: can address up to 4 mobiles, using the TMSI only

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 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

• Location Update – triggered by movement or timer and informs the network

of new locations of the device

• MS reads LAI from the BCCH and compares with LAI stored in its SIM

• If different starts location update procedure

• Location update types

Channel Request on RACH
• Normal: used when an MS reaches a new location
Assign SDCCH via AGCH message
area; also called Forced Registration
LU request + ID ( IMSI or TMSI )
• Periodic: used to prevent mobiles from becoming
Assign a new TMSI to MS
accidentally detached from the system
Acknowledge and Release SDCCH
• IMSI Attach: used when a mobile is switched on

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 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Handover –mobile communications in which a connected cellular call or a data session is transferred from one

cell site (base station) to another without disconnecting the session.

Purpose s of HO

• To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS

• To improve network service performance

• To reduce the call drop rate

• To reduce the congestion rate

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 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Types of Handover
1. Intra BTS handover
2. Inter BTS intra BSC handover
3. Inter BSC handover
4. Inter MSC handover

Intra BTS handover

• Occurs if it is required to change the frequency or slot
being used by a mobile because of interference, or
other reasons.
• In this form of GSM handover, the mobile remains
attached to the same base station transceiver, but
changes the channel or slot.

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 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT

Inter BTS intra BSC handover

• when the mobile moves out of the coverage area of one BTS but into another

controlled by the same BSC.

• BSC is able to perform the handover and it assigns a new channel and slot to the mobile .

Inter-BSC handover
• mobile moves out of the range of cells controlled by one BSC,

• handing over not only from one BTS to another but one BSC to another.
• this type of handover is controlled by the MSC.

Inter-MSC handover
• occurs when changing between networks.

• two MSCs involved negotiate to control the handover.

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 GSM Functions – Connection Management

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 CONNECTION MANAGEMENT

Connection management is subdivided into three protocol entities:

• Call Control management (CC)
• Supplementary Services management (SS), and
• Short Message Service management(SMS)
Call Control (CC)
• The CC is responsible for call establishing, maintaining and releasing as well as for selecting the
type of service.
Procedures in Call Control
• Call establishment for mobile-originated and mobile terminated calls

• Changes of transmission mode during ongoing call (in call modification)

• Call reestablishment after interruption of an MM connection

• Dual tone multi frequency (DTMF) control procedure for DTMF transmission

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 CONNECTION MANAGEMENT

• Call Routing Procedure (Fixed Network) – One of the most important functions of the CC

User dials MSISDN

GMSC asks HLR for information

HLR asks the serving VLR

VLR allocates MSRN

HLR forwards MSRN to GMSC

MSC pages in the current LA

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 GSM Functions – User services, Security and
Billing

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 USER SERVICES

GSM offers three basic types of services:

1) Telephony services or tele services Video ,Text

Telephony
and
Facsimile
(Speech)
2) Data services or bearer services Tele
Services
3) Supplementary services

Short Emergency
.
Message calls
Service (SMS) (Speech)

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 USER SERVICES

Bearer
Services

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 USER SERVICES

Conferencing

USSD Call Baring

Supplementar
Closed y Call Waiting
User Group Services

Advice of Call Hold

Charge
Call
Forwarding

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 GSM SECURITY

Attack Types

1. Passive attacks
• Eavesdropping –undetected interception and recording of
communications by non authorized persons.
• Traffic Flow analysis – By observing transmitted messages Conclusions
about behavior, interest and habits of users
2. Active attacks
• Masquerading – falsifying of identity
• Tampering – Unnoticed manipulation of messages during transmission
• Replay – Storage of messages and later (un manipulated)
retransmission
• Denial of Service – Prevention of users from using a service by
overload- or interference attacks.

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 GSM SECURITY

• GSM offers several security using information GSM Security

Access Control Authentication
stored in the AuC and in the individual SIM

Confidentiality (encryption)
• Three algorithms to provide security services in

1. A3 is used for authentication, Anonymity

2. A5 for encryption, and Other Security Types

PIN Lock
3. A8 for the generation of a cipher key
Personalization
• A3 and A8 located on the SIM and in the AuC ..
EIR
• Only A5 which is implemented in the devices has

to be identical for all providers.

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 GSM SECURITY

1. Access Control Authentication

SIM
Mobile network

RAND
Ki RAND RAND Ki

AUC 128 128 128 128

A3 A3

SIM
SRES* 32 bit SRES 32 bit

MSC SRES
SRES* =? SRES SRES
32 bit

Ki : individual Subscriber authentication key SRES : Signed response

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 GSM SECURITY

2. Confidentiality (Encryption)

Mobile network MS with SIM

RAND
Ki RAND RAND Ki
SIM
AUC 128 128 128 128

A8 A8

KC KC
64bits data 64bits data
Encrypted data
A5 A5 MS
BTS

KC Cipher key

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 GSM SECURITY

3. Anonymity

• All data is encrypted before transmission, and user identifiers (which would reveal an identity) are not

used over the air.

• In addition ,GSM transmits a temporary identifier (TMSI), which is newly assigned by the VLR after

each location update.

• Additionally, the VLR can change the TMSI at any time.

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 GSM BILLING

• In GSM billing is carried out based on some fundamental principles which include

1. Time: Peak, off peak

2. Date: Public holidays, weekends, special days etc

3. Units: Per Second, Per Minute or Half Minute

4. Free Minutes

5. Bundled Package

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 GSM BILLING

Telephony Service

• These services can be charged on per call basis.

• The call initiator has to pay the charges.

• A customer can be charged based on different parameters such as:

• International call or long distance call.

• Local call.

• Call made during peak hours.

• Call made during night time.

• Discounted call during weekends.

• Call per minute or per second.

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 GSM BILLING
SMS Service

• service providers charge based on the number of text messages sent.

• SMS service from service providers charge more than the normal SMS charge

• Most of the time, the charges are paid by the SMS sender

• services like stocks and share prices, mobile banking facilities, and leisure booking services, etc.

• the recipient of the SMS has to pay for the service like

• stocks and share prices,

• mobile banking facilities,

•leisure booking services, etc

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 GSM BILLING

GPRS Services

• you can browse, play games on the Internet, and download movies.

• The charge is based on the data uploaded as well as data downloaded in Kilo Byte

• Another parameter could be peak and off peak time to download a data file or to browse the Internet.

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 GSM BILLING

Supplementary Services

• Most are being provided based on monthly rental or absolutely free.

 Call waiting

 Call forwarding

 Calling number identification

 Call on hold are available at zero cost.

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 GSM BILLING

Supplementary Services

• Call barring is a service, which service providers use just to recover their dues, etc., otherwise this service is not

being used by any subscriber.

• Call conferencing the customers are charged for multiple calls made at a time.

• Closed User Group (CUG) is mainly being used to give special discounts to the users if they are making calls to a

particular defined group of subscribers.

• Advice of Charge (AoC) can be charged based on number of queries made by a subscriber.

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 Day 2 Summary

Wireless optimization training

 THANK YOU

Wireless optimization training

 DAY 3

Wireless optimization training 130

 Day 2 recap

Wireless optimization training 131

 FLIGHT PLAN

Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5

 GSM • GSM protocol   GSM Network

GPRS/EDGE  Capacity
Fundamentals stack Planning and
• GSM Overview  GSM Functions overview dimensioning
Optimization • TCH Capacity
• Network • Radio resource  • Requirement
GSM Cells Planning
Architecture management Analysis
• GSM addressing • Mobility  GSM Frequency • SDCCH
• Initial Planning
 GSM Air management Capacity
Planning • Detailed
interface • Connection Planning
Planning • GSM
• Multiple Access management • Reuse density RF
• Coverage
Technologies • GSM user Optimization
• Normal frequency dimensioning • Common
• Voice signal services, • Link Budget
processing security and Reuse Problems and
• Propagation
• Radio Channels billing Solutions of
• Tighter frequency model
Optimization
Reuse

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 GPRS/EDGE Overview

Wireless optimization training 133

Group Exercise

Make group of four and discuss on the following 20 minute

1. How can we provide data service over 2G network?

2. Which technology has a better data rate ?

Basics of Cellular Network Training Program

134
 GPRS OVERVIEW
General Packet Radio Service

 GPRS is also known as 2.5G

 Purpose is to provide increased data rate on existing 2G
network
 First use of packet switching on GSM which was
exclusively circuit switched Network
 Uses the coding shames CS1,CS2,CS3,CS4 to improve
data rates
Downlink

Uplink

User date +Error correction bits=22.8kbps 135

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 GPRS/EDGE OVERVIEW

GPRS Network Architecture

GPRS major interfaces
MSC HLR
Interfaces Description
A Gr Um
Gs An air interface between MS and
Gi Ip BTS
Gb Network
Um Abis P
SGSN GGSN Gb Between BSC and SGSN
BSC C
U Gi Connects GPRS with exterior
packet data network
MS Gn Gn
BTS
Gn Between SGSN and GGSN
GPRS Gs Connects MSC with SGSN
Backbone
Gn Gr Connects SGSN with HLR
BG Gp Connects SGSNs in different
Gp
Gn PLMNs
SGSN

GGSN BG
Other PLMN

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 GPRS OVERVIEW

GPRS – Coding shames (CS)

Modulation Code Rate Maximum Rate

CS1 GMSK 1/2 9.05

CS2 GMSK 2/3 13.4
CS3 GMSK 3/4 15.6
CS4 GMSK 1 21.4

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 GPRS OVERVIEW

GPRS - Coding shames

CS4: CS3: CS2: CS1:

User data rate =21.4Kbps
User data rateUser
=15.6 Kbps
data User
rate data
=13.4 rate =9.05 Kbps
Kbps

CS4 CS3 CS2 CS1

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 GPRS OVERVIEW

Theoretical Vs Actual User Data Rates

Theoretical data rate

• Maximum data rate for CS4:21.4Kbps

• For eight timeslots assigned to one user

8×21.4Kbps =171.2Kbps (Theoretical)

Actual data rate depends upon

• Number of data users in a cell

• Propagation conditions in a cell

• Distance from BTS

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 GPRS OVERVIEW

Integrating GPRS to GSM

GSM

GPRS

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 EDGE OVERVIEW

EDGE/Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

•EDGE is also known as 2.75G

•Purpose is to provide increase data rate from 2.5G GPRS Network

•Small cost to upgrade from GPRS to EDGE as same Core Network is used with slight

modifications

•solution for the larger data services, such as streaming video and video conferencing.

•Uses 9 different Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS) to enhance data rates .

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 EDGE OVERVIEW

• Fast Power Control

• HARQ with incremental redundancy
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• EDGE adopts 8-PSK as its modulation mode while GPRS uses GMSK

GMSK 8-PSK
Performance 8 – PSK GMSK

Symbol rate 270.833 270.833

ksym/s ksym/s
Number of bits per 3 bit/symbol 1bit/symbol
symbol
Valid payload per 342 bit 114 bit
pulse
Total rate per time 68.4 kbps 22.8 kbps
slot
User data rate at RLC 59.2 kbps 20 kbps
layer in each time slot

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 EDGE OVERVIEW

Coding Adaptation

• Good channel conditions = uses more data bits and less error correction bits
• Bad channel conditions Edge uses GMSK = Less user data bits and more error correction bits

Modulation Adaptation

• Good channel conditions Edge uses 8PSK = 3 bits/symbol

• Bad channel conditions Edge uses GMSK = 1 bit/symbol

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 EDGE OVERVIEW

EDGE Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)

Modulation Code Rate Header Code Rate Maximum Rate

MCS1 GMSK 0.53 0.51 8.8 kbps

MCS2 GMSK 0.66 0.51 11.2 kbps
MCS3 GMSK 0.8 0.51 14.8 kbps
MCS4 GMSK 1 0.51 17.6 kbps
MCS5 8PSK 0.37 1/3 22.4 kbps
MCS6 8PSK 0.49 1/3 29.6 kbps
MCS7 8PSK 0.76 0.36 44.8 kbps
MCS8 8PSK 0.92 0.36 54.4 kbps
MCS9 8PSK 1 0.36 59.2 kbps

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 EDGE OVERVIEW

EDGE Modulation Scheme

MCS9:MCS8: MCS7:MCS6: MCS5: MCS4:MCS3: MCS2: MCS1:

8PSK 8PSK 8PSK 8PSK 8PSK GMSK GMSK GMSK GMSK
User data
Userrate User
data ratedata
=59.2 Kbps
Userrate
=54.4 =44.8
Kbps
User
data Kbps
User
ratedata rate
=29.6 User
data data
rate
=22.4
Kbps rate
=17.4
User
Kbps =14.8
Kbps
data rate
User Kbps
=11.2
data rateKbps
=8.4 Kbps

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 EDGE OVERVIEW

Theoretical Vs Actual User Data Rates

• Maximum data rate for MC9:59.9Kbps

• For eight timeslots assigned to one user

8×59.2 =473.6 Kbps (Theoretical)

Actual data rate depends upon

• Number of data users in a cell

• Propagation conditions in a cell

• Distance from BTS

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 GPRS OR EDGE ARCHITECTURE

Gateway GPRS Support

Node
• Gateway to external
Serving GPRS Support Node network
• MSC for PS calls • Appears as a router to
• Authenticates for GSM external network
Like multiple MSCs there
Mobiles •
can be multiple SGSNs Two or more GGSNs for
• Handles mobility of BSSIntercept
Legal of Gateway
Covering different
this SGSN
redundancy
• Allows interception of
• Allocates IP to GPRS
geographical
• TCP headerareas
compression
user data and signaling
Mobile

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 GSM Cells

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 CELL SIZE

Wireless cells can be categorized as:

• Macro cell: 10km

• Micro cell: 1 km – Shopping centers, airports etc.

• Pico cells: 50 – 300 m – Inside building

• Femto cells: 10 – 40 m – Inside rooms

Cell Type Typical Cell radius Power Range and

Typical Power
Macro cell > 1km 20W- 160W (40W)

Micro cell 250 m to 1km 2W- 20W (5W)

Pico cells 100m to 300m 250mW- 2W

Femto 10m to 50m 10mW- 200mW

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 CELL SIZE – MACRO CELLS

• Cell size is quite large, typically ~ 10 km

• Covering large areas, e.g. suburban areas

• Small number of base stations - 30-45 m height to cover a

wider coverage area (e.g. 500 m or more).

• Lower capacity

• High power – 20 – 160 W (Typical 60 W)

• Poor service at the cell edge which includes a large

percentage of the cell area.

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 CELL SIZE – MICRO CELLS

• Cell size: 1 km –

• Shopping centres, airports etc.

• Quality of service – Leads to improved throughput - i.e.,

higher capacity, which is 80-98% higher than Macro cells

• Too many base station – 15-25 m height to cover a limited

area (e.g., 200 m) to provide capacity to a hot spot or

coverage in a dead zone.

• Lower delays – Faster down loads

• Reduced transmit power – 2 – 20 W (Typical 5 W)

• Large number of handovers

• Require accurate power control to reduce interference.

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 CELL SIZE – PICO CELLS

• 4 – 100 m – Inside building

• Quality of service - Leads to improved throughput - i.e.,

higher capacity, which is 80-98% higher than Macro cells

• Flexibility

• High number of base station - 10-15 m height to cover a

limited area (e.g., 100 m) to provide capacity to a hot

spot or coverage in a dead zone.

• Lowe transmit power – 250 mW – 2 W

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 CELL SIZE – PICO CELLS CONTINUED

• Lower delays – Faster downloads

• Better cell-edge performance, particularly for the uplink

than large cells

• Higher level of handover

• Require accurate power control to reduce interference

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 CELL SIZE – FEMTO CELLS

• Femto cells: 10 – 40 m – Inside rooms

• In-building coverage: small cells provide better outdoor-to-

indoor coverage. Considering that 40% of mobile traffic

originates from home and 25% from work, this can

represent a significant source of revenue for network

operators

• Better cell-edge performance, particularly for the uplink

than large cells

• Low cost
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 GSM Frequency Planning

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GSM FREQUENCY PLANNING

• Normal Frequency Reuse Technology

• Tight Frequency Technology

FREQUENCY PLANNING BASIC

• Frequency Resource of GSM System

• Concept of Frequency Reuse

• Reuse density

• C/I ratio
FREQUENCY RESOURCE OF GSM SYSTEM

P-GSM 900 890 915 935 960

Duplex distance = 45MHZ

EGSM : Uplink 880MHz-915MHz Downlink 925MHz-960MHz

RGSM : Uplink 876MHz-915MHz Downlink 921MHz-960MHz

DCS 1800 1710 1785 1805 1880

Duplex distance = 95MHZ

FREQUENCY RESOURCE OF GSM SYSTEM CONT’D

Frequency Range Uplink Frequency Value ARFCN Downlink frequency

Spectrum (MHZ value
P-GSM900 890 – 915 Fu(n) = 890 + 0.2n 1≤n≤124 Fd(n) =Fu(n) + 45
935 - 960
E-GSM900 880 – 915 Fu(n) = 890 + 0.2n 0≤n≤124 Fd(n) =Fu(n) + 45
925 - 960 Fu(n) = 890 + 0.2(n-1024) 975≤n≤1023
R-GSM900 876 – 915 Fu(n) = 890 + 0.2n 0≤n≤124 Fd(n) =Fu(n) + 45
921 - 960 Fu(n) = 890 + 0.2(n-1024) 955≤n≤1023
DCS1800 1710 – 1785 Fu(n) = 1710.2 + 0.2(n-512) 512≤n≤885 Fd(n) =Fu(n) + 95
1805 - 1880
PCS1900 1850 – 1910 Fu(n) = 1850.2 + 0.2(n –512) 512≤n≤810 Fd(n) =Fu(n) + 80
1930 – 1990
CONCEPTS OF FREQUENCY REUSE

Macro-cell system {fi,fj,fk}

{fi,fj,fk} … {fi,fj,fk} … {fi,fj,fk}

Micro-cell system
REUSE DENSITY

The spectrum utilization ration can be expressed by frequency reuse density f reuse
which reveals the tightness of the frequency reuse and can be expressed by the following
equation
freuse = NARFCN

NTRX

• NARFCN is the total number of the available channel numbers

• NTRX is the number of TRXs configured for the cell

GROUP EXERCISE

20 minute

1) Frequency bandwidth is 12MHZ , if the frequency reuse density is 4×3 , each cell has how many TRXs

2) Frequency bandwidth is 6MHZ , if the frequency reuse density is 2×3 , each cell has how many TRX ?
REUSE DENSITY

• Reuse density is the number of cells in a basic reuse cluster

• For n×m frequency reuse pattern,

freuse = n×m

n: the number of BTSs in the reuse clusters

m: the number of the cells under each BTS

Tighter reuse Looser reuse
0 12 20

• Higher frequency reuse efficiency • Little interference

• But interference is serious • But frequency reuse efficiency is

• More technique is needed low

4X3 FREQUENCY REUSE
REQUIREMENT FOR C/I RATIO

C/I = All useful signals = carrier

All useless signals
Interference
Noise from environment

Useful signal
Other signals
REQUIREMENT FOR C/I RATIO COT’D

Interference C/I C/I in Actual

(3 dB margin is needed)

Co-channel ≥ 9dB ≥ 12dB

Adjacent-channel ≥ -9dB ≥ -6dB

Carrier offset reaches ≥ -41dB

400KHz
EXERCISE

20 minute
NORMAL FREQUENCY REUSE TECHNOLOGY

Example of 4 x 3 Frequency Reuse

 Here under are several assumptions

 The available bandwidth is 10MHz. The channel number is 45~94
•BCCH 81~94 (14 channel numbers in total, 81~82 are reserved)
•The other channel numbers are allocated to TCH

So the maximum base station configuration is S4/4/4,

the frequency reuse density is 12.5 (50/4 = 12.5)
4X3 FREQUENCY REUSE CONCLUSION

• The 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern is a basic technology applied in frequency planning.

• If the network capacity needs to be further expanded, Split a cell into smaller cells.

• Utilize new frequency resources. Eg deploy DSC 1800MHz network.

• Under the current 900MHz network, use more tight frequency reuse technology to expand the

network capacity.

• At present, the tight frequency reuse technology is convenient way to expand the network capacity,

so it is also the most popular with carriers.

• The typical frequency reuse technology includes 3 x 3, 2 x 6, 2 x 3, 1 x 3, and 1 x 1.

TIGHT FREQUENCY REUSE

1 x 3 Frequency Reuse Pattern

• 1 x 3 frequency reuse pattern is also called fractional reuse.

• For 1 x 3 or 1 x 1 frequency reuse pattern, the reuse distance is

quite small, so the interference in the network is quite great.

• Therefore, to avoid frequency collision, you must use RF hopping

technology and set the parameters

• The ratio of number of the TRXs to that of the available frequency

hopping is FR LOAD (generally, it is smaller than 50%).

EXAMPLE OF 1X3 FREQUENCY REUSE
Example of 1 x 3 Frequency Reuse
If the available bandwidth is 10MHz ,the channel numbers are 45~94
For BCCH carriers, channel numbers is 81~94, frequency reuse pattern is 4×3

For TCH carriers, channel numbers is 45~80, frequency reuse pattern is 1×3

Space grouping

Sequence grouping

Because FR LOAD 1 to 2, if the bandwidth is 10MHz, the maximum base station

type can be configured as S7/7/7. In this case, the frequency reuse degree is 7.14
TCH CONSECUTIVE ALLOCATION SCHEME
Cell 1
Cell 1 MA1(110,112)
MA1(110,112)

Cell3 Cell 2
Cell 2 MA3(120,122) MA2(115,117)
Cell3 MA2(115,117)
MA3(120,122) Cell 1
MA1(110,112)

Cell 2
Cell3 MA2(115,117)
MA3(120,122)

MAIO

CELL1(MA1) 110 111 112 113 114 0.2

CELL2(MA2) 115 116 117 118 119 0.2

CELL3(MA3) 120 121 122 123 124 0.2

TCH INTERVAL ALLOCATION SCHEME
Cell 1
Cell 1 MA1(110,113)
MA1(110,113)

Cell3 Cell 2
Cell 2 MA3(124,112) MA2(117,120)
Cell3 MA2(117,120)
MA3(124,112) Cell 1
MA1(110,113)

Cell 2
Cell3 MA2(117,120)
MA3(124,112)

MAIO

CELL1(MA1) 110 113 116 119 122 0.1

CELL2(MA2) 111 114 117 120 123 2, 3

CELL3(MA3) 112 115 118 121 124 4 ,0

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 1 X 3

• The frequencies are more tightly reused, so the network capacity is great..

• Co-channel and neighbor channel interference increases as the frequency reuse

distance decreases.

• RF hopping must be used, and the channel numbers participating frequency

• hopping is twice that of the number of carriers at least.

• In actual conditions, BCCH cannot take measures, such as RF hopping, DTX, and

• power control, therefore, in order to ensure network quality, BCCH can only use

the looser 4 x 3 frequency reuse pattern.

GSM FREQUENCY HOPPING ALGORITHM AND PARAMETERS

Contents

• Hopping Overview

• Hopping Classification
DEFINITION OF FREQUENCY HOPPING

Burst
Bn
II f
n

Bn
-1
I I fn
-1
... B1
II
f 1
ADVANTAGES OF HOPPING

Get an agreeable radio environment.

• Provide a similar communication quality for every user.

• Tighter reuse patterns are possible to be used for larger capacity.

FREQUENCY DIVERSITY HOPPING

Smoothen the rapid fading (Rayleigh fading)

Level of receiving signals

Distance
INTERFERENCE DIVERSITY OF HOPPING

B4/f4 B3/f3 B2/f2 B1/f1

f1 f1
f2
f3
f4 f1

Smoothen and averages interference

HOPPING CLASSIFICATION

According to implementation mode

 Base-band hopping

 RF hopping

 According to the minimum hopping time unit

 Timeslot hopping

 Frame hopping
 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Frequency Hopping Parameters

Cell Allocation (CA):

• A list of all the frequencies allocated to a cell

• It is transmitted regularly on the BCCH

Mobile Allocation (MA):

•Set of frequencies the mobile is allowed to hop over

•The MA-list is a subset of the CA list

Eg MA1 = f1 , f3, f5 , f7 , f9

MA1 = f2 , f4, f6 , f8 , f11

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 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Frequency Hopping Parameters

Hopping Sequence Number (HSN):

•determines the hopping order used in the cell

•Range 0 to 63

•HSN=0 cyclic hopping sequence eg, …f4, f3, f2, f1 , f4 , f3 , f2, f1

•HSN = 1 to 63 pseudo-random hopping sequence eg f1, f4, f4 , f3 , f2 , f4, f2, f1

Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO):

•Define the first frequency of group for the first burst.

Index 0 1 2 3 4 . . . N-1
Frequency group f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 fn MAIO =1

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 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Types Frequency hopping for GSM:

• According to implementation mode
1. Baseband frequency hopping
2. Synthesizer frequency hopping
Baseband frequency hopping
• Each transmitter operates on fixed frequency
• It is not possible to use larger no of frequencies than there are
transmitter

TRX1
Controller Transmitter fo

TRX2 Controller Transmitter f1 Filter

controller
TRX3 Controller Transmitter f2

TRX4 Controller Transmitter f3

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 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Synthesizer Frequency Hopping

• the number of frequencies used for hopping is not dependent on the number of transmitters.

• The advantage of synthesizer over Baseband is that We need only only as many TRX as the

Capacity.

• The disadvantage of that wide-band hybrid combiners have to be used .

Transmitter TX/RX
Controller
TRX1 fo … fn
hybrid
Transmitter controller
TRX2 Controller fo … fn
Transmitter TX/RX
TRX3 Controller fo … fn
hybrid
Transmitter controller
TRX4 Controller fo … fn
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 EXAMPLE OF MAIO SETTING

Example of MAIO setting

The random sequence of synthesizer hopping will appear
as follows for eight frequencies: (HSN = 0) 20 minute
Index 0 ,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Transmitter f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7 f8 MAIO=?
TRX1 Controller f1 , f2, ,,, f8

Transmitter f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7 f8 MAIO=?

TRX2 Controller
f1 , f2, ,,, f8

Transmitter f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7 f8 MAIO=?

TRX3 Controller f1 , f2, ,,, f8

MAIO=?
Transmitter f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7,f8
TRX4 Controller f1 , f2, ,,, f8

FH bus
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 RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

According to the minimum hoping time unit

1. Time slot hoping
2. Frame hoping

Timeslot hopping
• Frequency changes every timeslot
• The different channel of one TRX uses the different
MAIO

Frame hopping
• Frequency changes every TDMA frame.
• The different channel of one TRX uses the same MAIO
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 Day 3 Summary

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 THANK YOU

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 DAY 4

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 Day 3 recap

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 FLIGHT PLAN

Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5

 GSM • GSM protocol   GSM Network

GPRS/EDGE  Capacity
Fundamentals stack Planning and
• GSM Overview  GSM Functions overview dimensioning
Optimization • TCH Capacity
• Network • Radio resource  • Requirement
GSM Cells Planning
Architecture management Analysis
• GSM addressing • Mobility  GSM Frequency • SDCCH
• Initial Planning
 GSM Air management Capacity
Planning • Detailed
interface • Connection Planning
Planning • GSM
• Multiple Access management • Reuse density RF
• Coverage
Technologies • GSM user Optimization
• Normal frequency dimensioning • Common
• Voice signal services, • Link Budget
processing security and Reuse Problems and
• Propagation
• Radio Channels billing Solutions of
• Tighter frequency model
Optimization
Reuse

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 DAY 4

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 Day 3 recap

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 Network Planning and Optimization

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 GROUP EXERCISE

1. Define Network Planning and Optimization .

10mins

2. Explain briefly Network Planning steps ?

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 PLANNING PROCESS

Radio Network Planning process

• Cell planning can be described briefly as all the activities

involved in determining

• which sites will be used,

• which equipment will be used .

Requirement Detailed Network Network

Initial Planning
Analysis Planning Deployment Optimization

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 PLANNING PROCESS

Requirement Analysis

• Coverage requirements: the signal level for outdoor, in-car and indoor with in the coverage probabilities

• Capacity requirements: Number of users/subscribers and traffic demand forecast, available frequency band

• Quality targets: call setup success, drop call rate, call blocking or grade of service

eg GOS 2% , 95 % Indoor coverage , (C/I > 12 db) > 95%

• Financial limitations

• Future deployment plans.

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 PLANNING PROCESS

Initial Planning – has two parts

1. Network Dimensioning

• Uses Requirement Analysis as an input

• The minimum number of required base stations with specified capacity is determined

• Link budget tools are used for dimensioning

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 PLANNING PROCESS
Initial Planning
2. Nominal planning

• Uses initial network configuration from dimensioning phase,

existing and candidate locations as an input

• Provides optimal location meeting the capacity and coverage targets

• Based on the result site survey is performed and potential locations are identified

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 PLANNING PROCESS

3.Survey

• Survey is required to ensure whether the nominal cell position can be realized or not ?

• The survey team should take the panoramic photo around the nominal (0-360 degree),

and report to the RF team if there is obstacle

• Panoramic photo used to determine coverage target/azimuth

• Survey team also need to survey : road to nominal, electricity, space for equipment.

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 PLANNING PROCESS

Detailed Planning:

Output
Input Detailed Planning
• Coverage ,
• potential site locations
• Capacity ,
from survey • Parameters plan (BSIC,MAlist,MAIO, HSN)
• Frequency Planning

• Planning and simulation tools are used for the detailed planning task

• Usually performed including a digital map with topography and other information

• Once the plans are verified, network will be deployed

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 GSM/GPRS/EDGE CAPACITY DIMENSIONING

Detailed Capacity planning

Frequency planning

LAC planning

BCCH and TCH planning

BSIC Planning

Neighbor Planning

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 DETAILED COVERAGE PLANNING

• Use planning tools and simulate the radio environment

• Select optimal site locations

Coverage simulation result Interference Prediction

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 PLANNING PROCESS

Planning Essentials
Essential knowledge's for planning
 Channel ( Path loss) Models
 Antennas
 Planning Tools
Channel Models
• Channel – Medium between transmitter and receiver
• Channel model – The representation of the transmission
media’s effect on wireless signal
• Path loss –Is the reduction in power density of a wireless
signal
• Shadowing –the received signal power fluctuation due to
objects obstructing the propagation path
• Multipath –wireless signals reaching the receiving antenna
by two or more paths
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 PLANNING PROCESS

Path Loss Models

Empirical Models
• Are based on extensive field measurement
• Simple and has few parameters, Use statistical properties
• Example:-Okumura-Hata Model Walfish–Ikegami, COST 231, ITU P.1546

Deterministic Models
• Site specific, requires enormous number of geometry information
• Very important computational effort and apply accurate terrain and building databases
• Example:- Ray tracing and Dominant path

Model Tuning – To customize the selected empirical propagation model for the area
• Tuning the model is performed based on measurement data
• Formulate correction factors
• A carefully tuned model is the key for efficient coverage planning

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 PLANNING PROCESS

Antennas – a device to transmit and/or receive radio waves

Antenna pattern types

Directional Antennas Omnidirectional Antennas Isotropic Antenna

• operate in a specific direction ( <= • exhibit a circular radiation pattern and • hypothetical antenna that emits
120 degree) operate in virtually all directions. the same radiation in all
• applicable when coverage over a • radiate and receive equally well in all direction
sector by separate antennas is horizontal directions • Theoretical – impossible to
desired build

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 PLANNING PROCESS

Gain Measurement:
dB isotropic (dBi)
• It is the forward gain of a certain antenna compared to the ideal
isotropic antenna

dB dipole (dBd)
• Is the forward gain of an antenna compared to a half-wave
dipole antenna
Conversion to dBi: dBd + 2.15 dB = dBi

Effective Radiated Power (ERP) – the total power radiated by an

actual antenna relative to a half-wave dipole
• ERP = Power Output – System Losses + Antenna Gain

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) – the total power

radiated by a hypothetical isotropic antenna in a single direction
• EIRP (dB) = ERP (dB) + 2.15
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 PLANNING PROCESS

Antenna tilting :

• The radiated power and avoiding interfere inclination

or angle of the antenna to its axis

• Used for concentrating nce problem

• Can be performed in two mechanisms

• Mechanical Down-Tilt: where the antenna is tilted

as a whole, including all its segments.

• Electrical Down-Tilt: where there is adjustment of

phase of the control signals given to individual

segments of the antenna

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 PLANNING PROCESS

Antenna Polarization

• Orientation of Electric field with respect to the

ground

• Electric field is in the same plane as the antenna

elements

 Horizontal polarization – If elements are

parallel to the ground

 Vertical polarization – if elements are

perpendicular to the ground

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 PLANNING PROCESS

Planning Tools

Tools Description Technologies Company

Mentum Cell Mentum CellPlanner, formerly known as Mentum CellPlanner supports Mentum
Planner TEMS CellPlanner, is an advanced radio planning and optimization activities
network design solution. Developed in for LTE, WCDMA (including HSPA),
close relationship with Ericsson, it provides and GSM (including GPRS, EDGE
superior planning and optimization and Evolved EDGE).
capabilities that will save time and money
during network deployment.
Atol Atoll is a scalable and flexible multi- Atoll supports the following Forsk
technology network design and technologies: GSM/GPRS/EDGE,
optimization platform that supports wireless UMTS/HSPA, CDMA2000
operators throughout the network lifecycle, 1xRTT/EV-DO, LTE, TD-SCDMA,
from initial design to densification and WiMAX/BWA and Microwave links
optimization
ASSET Consider both engineering and business Plan and optimize your LTE network AIRCOM
objectives quickly and efficiently and rollout International
ensure you get the best possible network
performance - enhance your network
capabilities and get the best ROI.

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 PLANNING PROCESS

Tools Description Technologies Company

Broadband Broadband Planner's advanced RF modeling engine, Motorola
Planner integration with Google Earth and streamlined
measurement and verification capability enable operators to
propose wireless network solutions with confidence and
deploy them with maximum efficiency.
Cell Planner A leading RF Planning & Optimization Tool in the wireless 2G, 3G, 4G and CelPlan
industry. WiMax Technologies
WinProp Together with several partners AWE Communications was 2G/ AWE-
able to develop a software package ideally suited 2.5G, 3G, WLAN,  Communications
for propagation modeling in different scenarios WiMAX , DVB-H/
(rural, urban, indoor) and for network planning of different DVB-SH
air interfaces
xWizard Highly precise multi-technology network planning solution, GSM, cdma2000, Optimi
allows operators to manage all their networks in a single UMTS/HSPA,
application. xWizard is a well established and proven multi- WiMAX and LTE.
technology network planning solution that offers advanced
functionalities for propagation prediction, performance
analysis, network simulation and specialized diagnostic

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 Coverage Planning

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COVERAGE PLANNING PRINCIPLES

Objectives

• Coverage Planning Basics

• Link Balance and Budget

• Propagation model principle

RADIO PROPAGATION ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENTS AFFECTING THE PROPAGATION OF RADIO SIGNALS

• Multi-path propagation

• Shadowing

• Terrain

• Building

• Reflection

• Interference
REFLECTIONS
REFLECTION CONT’D

Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay.

No impact If the delay falls in the equalizer window .

Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer window

TRANSMISSION

Fading

Transmitting

Receiving
FADING CONT’D

Fading Classification

Slow fading (Lognormal Fading) Fast fading (Rayleigh Fading)

Shadowing due to large obstacles on Serious interference from multi-path
propagation direction signals
OBJECTIVES OF PROPAGATION MODEL

• to estimate the pathless during radio wave propagation caused by the terrain and artificial

environments

• The propagation model is the foundation of coverage planning. A good model mean more

precise planning

• The propagation model depends on the working frequency of the system . Different

propagation models have different working frequencies ranges.

PROPAGATION MODEL

• Through surveying radio propagation environments, you can get familiar with the overall landforms, estimate

the rough antenna height, and

• select the proper radio propagation model, among which the radio propagation model helps you estimate the

number of base station when predicting the coverage.

• If necessary, you must adjust the propagation model.

• Moreover, indoor propagation model differs from the out door propagation model.
TYPES OF PROPAGATION MODEL

Name Application
Okumura-Hata 150-1000 MHZ macro cell
Cost231-Hata 1500-2000 MHZ macro cell
Cost231-Walfish ikgami 900MHZ and1800 MHZ micro cell
Keenan-Moteley 900MHZ-1800 MHZ indoor
K-Mode(U-net) 900MHZ-1800 MHZ macro cell
OKUMURA-HATA PROPAGATION MODEL

Lp = 69.55 + 26.16 log fc – 13.82loghb + (44.9 –6.55log hb)logd-Ahm

Middle or small cities : Ahm= (1.1 log fc -0.7)hm - (1.56log fc - 0.8)

Big cities :Ahm= 3.2( log11.75 hm ) 2 - 4.97

• Carrier frequency fc 150–1,500 MHz

• Effective BS antenna height hb 30–200 m
• Distance d 1–20 Km
• Effective MS antenna height hm 1–10 m
• Ahm MS correction factor(dB)
• Lp: Pathloss(db)
OKUMURA-HATA PROPAGATION MODEL

for GSM 900: f = 900 MHz, h(t) = 30 m, h(r) = 1.5 m.

the path loss for urban, suburban and open areas
 OKUMURA-HATA PROPAGATION MODEL

Allowed propagation loss

            Downlink unit   Uplink unit
Transmitter characteristics Transmitter power   20 W   2 W
            43.0103 dBm   33.0103 dBm
      TX antenna gain   17.42531 dBi   0 dBi
      TX cable loss   -4 dB   0 dB
      TX Body loss   0 dB   -2 dB
      Combiner loss   -4 dB   0 dB
      Transmitter EIRP   52.43561 dBm   31.0103 dBm
                     
Receiver characteristics RX antenna gain   0 dBi   17.42531 dBi
      RX sensitivity   102 dBm   104 dBm
      RX Cable loss   0 dB   -4 dB
      RX Body loss   -2 dB   0 dB
      Diversity gain   0 dB   3 dB
      Total receiver gain 100 dB   120.4253 dB
                     
      System gain   152.4356 dB   151.4356 dB
                     
Margins     Coverage probability (cell edge) 0.9     0.9  
      Shadow fading std deviation 6 dB   6 dB
      Shadow Fading Margin 7.5 dB   7.5 dB
      Indoor penetration loss 0 dB   0 dB
      Total margin   7.5 dB   7.5 dB
                     
      Allowed propagation loss 144.9356 dB   143.9356 dB

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 OKUMURA-HATA PROPAGATION MODEL

Shadow fading margin

Shadow Fading Margin (cell edge approach) Given coverage probability on cell edge (P) 0.9   1-P(=Q) Argument
          Shadow fading standard deviation 6 dB 0.5 0
          1-P       0.1   0.4 0.25
          Closest 1-P in table     0.1   0.3 0.5
          Argument (inverse of Q)   1.25   0.22 0.75
 0         Shadow fading margin   7.5 dB 0.17 1
10 0.1 1.25
0.07 1.5
0.04 1.75
0.023 2
0.01 2.25
-1
10

-2
10
Q(x)

-3
10

-4
10

-5
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
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 OKUMURA-HATA PROPAGATION MODEL

Antenna Gain     Horizontal 3dB beam width   65 degrees  

        Horizontal gain     7.493795 dB  
        Number of dipoles     6    
        Vertical gain (dBd)     7.781513 dBd  
        Vertical gain (dBi)     9.931513 dBi  
        Total antenna gain     17.42531 dBi  

Range (Okumura-Hata path loss model)           Unit  

        Carrier frequency     1800 MHz  
        BS antenna height     25 m  
        MS antenna height     1.5 m  
        Parameter A     46.3    
        Parameter B     33.9    
        Parameter C     44.9    
        MS antenna gain function (large city) -0.00092    
        Path loss exponent     3.574349    
        Path loss constant     137.3351 dB  
        Downlink range     1.631697 km  
        Uplink range     1.529898 km  
        Cell range     1.529898 km  

Cell range
Single site coverage (C) = 2.6* (cell range)
Required no of sites (N)= A/C

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COST231-HATA PROPAGATION MODEL

Effective BS antenna height hb 30–200 m Carrier frequency (fc) 1500–2000 MHz

Distance (d) 1–20 Km

Effective MS antenna height hm 1–10 m

Lp: Pathloss(db)

Lp = 46.3 + 33.9 log fc – 13.82 log hb + (44.9 –6.55 log hb)logd- Ahm+ Cm

Cm =0 Large size cities

Cm =3dB Big cities
LAND TYPES DURING PLANNING

• Urban small cells

• Forest heavy absorption , differs with reasons

• Open, farmland easy, smooth propagation conditions

• Water propagates very easily (dangerous)

• Mountain surface strong reflection , long echoes

• Hilltops can be used as barriers between cells

don’t use as antenna or site location

LINK BALANCE AND BUDGET

Cell Coverage Range

The purpose of coverage planning is using less BTS to perform more

coverage .

Achievable cell coverage depends on ;

1. Get the coverage requirement and parameter : such as Minimum

required signal level , Operator requirement of coverage probability

2. The max allowed path-loss according to link budget

3. The cell coverage radius depends on max allowed path loss and

propagation model

4. Calculate the BTS coverage and BTS area

CELL COVERAGE RANGE

For different frequency band, the coverage area will be different.

Normally some other conditions also will influence the coverage.

Achievable cell coverage depends on

• Frequency band (450 ,900 , 1800 MHZ)

• Surrounding and environment

• Link budget type

• Antenna type

• Antenna direction

• Minimum receiving level

MIN.RECEVING LEVEL FORMULA

On Downlink

Minreceive=Sms +Imargin + SlowlyFadingmargin + FastFadingmargin + Lpenetration

On Uplink

Minreceive=Sbts + Imargin+ SlowlyFadingmargin + FastFadingmargin

INTERFERENCE MARGIN

Interference Margin: sometimes also named noise correction, which is protection margin for interference.

Normally interference margin is 2dB.

FAST FADING MARGIN

In the link budget calculation, fast fading margin is should be considered.

Density Urban Town Rural Area Road

Urban Sea

Fast Fading (dB)

1 1 1 1 1 0
PENETRATION LOSS

• Signal loss for penetration varies between different building materials. See the below example.

Material Mean
Reinforced concrete walls, windows 17 dB
concrete walls, no windows 30 dB

concrete walls, with building 10dB

Brick wall 9dB

Armed glass 8dB
Wood or plaster wall 6dB
Window glass 2dB
MIN.RECEIVE LEVEL EXAMPLE

Application Enviroment Min Receiving Level Given Conditions

Dense Urban -70dBM Sms=-102dBm
Fast Fading Margin=3dBm
Slowly Fading Margin=7dBm
Interference Margin=4dBm
Penetration Loss=18dBm
Resident Area Indoor -80dBM Sms=-102dBm
Fast Fading Margin=3dBm
Slowly Fading Margin=5dBm
Interference Margin=4dBm
Penetration Loss=10dBm
Outdoor -90dBM Sms=-102dBm
Fast Fading Margin=3dBm
Slowly Fading Margin=5dBm
Interference Margin=4dBm
GROUP EXERCISE MIN.RECEIVE LEVEL

Application Enviroment Min Receiving Level Given Conditions 10mins

Dense Urban ? dBM Sms=-102dBm
Fast Fading Margin=1dBm
Slowly Fading Margin=7dBm
Interference Margin=2dBm
Penetration Loss=18dBm
Resident Area Indoor ? dBM Sms=-102dBm
Fast Fading Margin=1dBm
Slowly Fading Margin=5dBm
Interference Margin=2dBm
Penetration Loss=10dBm
Outdoor ? dBM Sms=-102dBm
Fast Fading Margin=1dBm
Slowly Fading Margin=5dBm
Interference Margin=2dBm
LINK BUDGET MODEL

Pbts - Lcable + Gbts + LDL - GmS ≥ Minreceive

Gbts
Pbts Lcable
LDL

Tx Combiner Feeder
LPenetration GmS
LUL
Minreceive Lcable

Gbts Gdiversity
Feeder
Receiver Pms Minreceive
Rx
Divider
Feeder
TX Rx

Pms + Gms - Lpenetration - LUL + Gdiversity + Gbts - Lcable ≥ Minreceive

PARAMETERS RELATED

Pbts
• Maximum BS Tx power
• Maximum power of antenna : Ptrx-Lcombiner
Pms
•900:2W 1800:1W
Gbts(typical value)
•Omni directional antenna : 11dBi or 13dBi
•Directional antenna : 13 – 18 dbi
Gms
•Generally, Ms antenna and the connection loss are considered to be 0dB
Sbts
•-112.5dBm, the sensitivity is also related vendor and environment
Sms
•-102dBm
Group Exercise

1. Calculate the downlink link budget in 1 , 2 , 3 , 4

15 minute
2
3

4
1

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Group Exercise

1. Calculate the uplink link budget in 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ?

15 minute
3
2

4 1

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 ANTENNA FEEDER SYSTEM

• Feeder:
Frequently-used specification
½” ,7/8”,5/4”

How to choose a
feeder Feeder loss

900MHZ 1800MHZ 900MHZ 1800MHZ

5/4” >80 meters >50 meters 5/4” 3dB/100m 4dB/100m

7/8” <=80 meters <=50 meters 7/8” 5dB/100m 7dB/100m

The curvature of the feeders shall not be too

large , and the conductor surface is required to
well connected with the ground
COVERAGE PROBABILITY

Area coverage probability Edge coverage probability

Within a coverage area, the Within a coverage area, the

percentage of area in which percentage of time when
RxLev>RxLevthr RxLev>RxLevthr
COVERAGE PROBABILITY CONT’D

• Sometimes during the planning , coverage probability also has to be considered .And for high coverage

probability , has shadow fading margin reserved.Normaly there are two types of coverage probabilities :area

coverage probability and edge coverage probability.

• According to the standard deviation of the shadow fading & the requirements for border coverage probability

(determined by the operator ), we can calculate edge coverage probability by formula .

AREA COVERAGE PROBABILITY & EDGE COVERAGE PROBABILITY

Area Coverage Probability 50% 60% 75% 80% 85% 90% 91% 93% 95% 97% 98% 100%

Edge Dense Urban 20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 86% 91% 94% 100%
Coverage
Probability
Urban 20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 95% 91% 94% 100%

Rular Area 20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 86% 91% 94% 100%

Village 17% 27% 46% 54% 63% 73% 76% 80% 85% 90% 93% 100%

High Way 6% 14% 32% 50% 51% 64% 66% 72% 79% 86% 90% 100%
MARGIN

• To ensure a certain edge coverage probability , it is necessary to reserve some power

Margin , i.e. the shadow fading margin.

• Due to the shadow fading , the actual pathless fluctuates around this value. It is subjected to

lognormal distribution as the location and time varies

MARGIN CONT’D

• Note : the 75% edge coverage probability is corresponding to the 90% area probability

• Concept of communication probability : successful call rate of MS on the radio coverage border or in the cell

• Citatory of communication probability : location probability and time probability

• In genera , the time change has little impact on the communication probability , so it can be neglected .
AREA COVERAGE PROBABILITY TO EXPECTED SHADOW FADING MARGIN

50% 60% 75% 80% 90% 92% 93% 95% 97% 98% 99% 100%

Dense - 6.7 - 4.2 - 0.1 1.4 5.5 6.5 7.2 8.6 10.7 12.2 14.6 21.3
Urban

Urban - 6.7 - 4.2 - 0.1 1.4 5.5 6.5 7.2 8.6 10.7 12.2 14.6 21.3

Rular Area - 6.7 - 4.2 - 0.1 1.4 5.5 6.5 7.2 8.6 10.7 12.2 14.6 21.3

Village - 6.6 - 4.3 - 0.6 0.8 4.3 5.4 5.9 7.2 9.1 10.4 12.3 19.2

High Way - 6.1 - 4.4 - 1.8 0 1.4 2 2.4 3.2 4.3 5.1 6.5 10.4
GROUP EXERCISE

BALANCE FUNCTION
15 minute

Pbts _Sms=Pms +Gdiversity-Sbts

Why is not related to loss cable?

GROUP EXERCISE

15 minute
DISTANCE AND COVERAGE AREA

3-Sectors site Omni site

BTS1
R R
R
D
D
BTS2 D R BTS3
BTS1

BTS2

Site Coverage Radius = R Site Coverage Radius = R

Site distance : D=1.5R Site distance : D=1.732R
Site Coverage Area = 1.949R2 Coverage Area =2.59R2
COVERAGE RADIUS AND AMOUNT OF BTS

• According to the max allowed path loss, BTS antenna height & propagation model, can calculate the cell
coverage radius .
• Depending on the cell coverage radius, we can get the cell coverage area & BTS number.
GROUP EXERCISE

Expected Coverage area dimension(Km 2) 500

Site type Three-sector 15 minute

Cell radius(Km) 0.8

Cell dimension(Km2) ?
Expected BTS number ?
 Day 4 Summary

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 THANK YOU

Wireless optimization training

 DAY 5

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 Day 4 recap

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 FLIGHT PLAN

Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5

 GSM • GSM protocol   GSM Network

GPRS/EDGE  Capacity
Fundamentals stack Planning and
• GSM Overview  GSM Functions overview dimensioning
Optimization • TCH Capacity
• Network • Radio resource  • Requirement
GSM Cells Planning
Architecture management Analysis
• GSM addressing • Mobility  GSM Frequency • SDCCH
• Initial Planning
 GSM Air management Capacity
Planning • Detailed
interface • Connection Planning
Planning • GSM
• Multiple Access management • Reuse density RF
• Coverage
Technologies • GSM user Optimization
• Normal frequency dimensioning • Common
• Voice signal services, • Link Budget
processing security and Reuse Problems and
• Propagation
• Radio Channels billing Solutions of
• Tighter frequency model
Optimization
Reuse

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 DAY 5

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 Day 4 recap

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 Capacity Planning

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CAPACITY PLANNING

Contents

• Traffic prediction

• TCH Capacity planning

• SDCCH Capacity Planning.

TRAFFIC AND ERLANG

A is offered traffic , BHC is busy hour call times , tm is user mean hold time,

T is 1Hr(3600s).

A = BHC*tm
T

• 200 users call in busy hr , average holding time 180s , the traffic is ;

A=200*180s = 10Erl
36002
TRAFFIC PREDICTION

In traffic prediction, we should consider many factors:

• Population

• Family income

• Subscription ration of fixed phone

• National economy development

• City construction

• Future policy of fee

TCH TRAFFIC MODEL EXAMPLE
Item Traffic Model
Shenyag Dalian Ashan Others
Busy Hr Average Traffic per user 0.0281 0.0261 0.022 0.02
Average Holding Time(s) 61 57 48 43
Busy Hr Call Times 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64
Successful First Paging ratio 80% 80% 80% 80%
Busy Hr Location Update Times 1.21 2.61 1.91 1.01
Second Paging Ratio 20% 20% 20% 20%
Average Handovers per Call 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.4
Busy Hr Short Message Receiving Per User 4.6 3.2 2.0 1.5
Busy Hr Short Message Receiving Per User 4.2 3 1.5 1.4
Roaming User In/Out Ratio 10%/10% 10%/10% 10%/10% 10%/10%
Subscriber Active Ratio 100% 100% 100% 100%
Mobile-Mobile 40% 40% 40% 30%
Call Proportion
Fix-Mobile 36% 36% 36% 38%
Mobile-Fix 24% 24% 24% 32%
TRAFFIC PREDICTION CONT’D

• After predicting the total network traffic, then predict the subscriber distribution

• Generally , base stations are constructed in urban areas, suburban areas, and transport arteries

• At first, the subscribers in cities contribute most traffic

• With development , the subscribers in suburban areas grows fast

CONSIDERATIONS

• For important areas , consider back up stations and TRX

• The dynamic factors , such as roaming ration, subscriber mobility should be considered

• For the areas of burst traffic , such as the play ground and seasonal tourism spots, you

must prepare backup equipments (such as carriers and micro cells)

• Prepare the some carriers , micro base stations for emergency and future optimization
TCH CAPACITY PLANNING

Overview

 According to different situation, we have two method for planning .Fixed Site Location and Fixed Frequency Reuse

 By Frequency Reuse:

• The type of frequency reuse is given

 By Max coverage

• The max coverage of cell is given

 TCH Capacity Planning

Wireless optimization training

GROUP EXERCISE

BY FREQUENCY REUSE CONT’D

15 minute
• According to the bandwidth and allowed interference , get the acceptable reuse mode

• Obtain the max number of TRX in one cell , then one site

Exercise

If the allocated bandwidth is 7.2MHZ and reuse density is 4 × 3 , then calculate the number of
TRXs in each cell
BASIC FLOW BY FREQUENCY REUSE

Frequency Reuse Pattern

Max TRX Number of Cell

Max channel Number of Cell

Erlang B Table

Max Traffic(Erl) of cell

Traffic distribution

Max User No and Coverage by one Cell

Total User No and traffic

Site, Cell Number

GROUP EXERCISE

By Frequency Reuse cont’d

15 minute
• Each TRX has 8 channels, Obtain the voice channel numbers by

detracting SDCCH required .

• Typically each two TRX need a SDCCH

Exercise

If each cell has 3TRXs , calculate the no traffic channels ?

GROUP EXERCISE

BY FREQUENCY REUSE CONT’D

15 minute
By number of voice channels and call loss ratio(generally 2% dense traffic areas),
You can obtain the maximum traffic of one cell by earlang table

Exercise
If each cell has 21 TCH and according to 2% block rate , the traffic(erl) supported by each cell ?

Block Rate
Number of
channels 0.5% 1% 2% 5% 10%
6 1.62 1.91 2.28 2.96 3.76
7 2.16 2.50 2.94 3.74 4.67
14 6.66 7.35 8.20 9.73 11.5
21 11.9 12.8 14.04 16.2 18.7
29 18.2 19.5 21.04 23.8 27.1
36 24.0 25.5 27.34 30.7 34.5
GROUP EXERCISE

By Frequency Reuse

15 minute
Exercise

If there are 1 million MS , and each MS traffic is 0.025 erl during the busy hour

Calculate

a)The number of cells and BTSs

b)The number of TRXs

BASIC FLOW BY MAXIMUM COVERAGE

Coverage Planning
MaX Coverage per Cell
Total Coverage of the network
Cell number
Traffic distribution
Trafffic and User No. per Cell

Erlang B Table
Channel Number of Cell

TRX number of cell

BY MAXIMUM COVERAGE

• By coverage planning, Obtain the maximum coverage range per cell

• By total area of the whole network , calculate cell number .

• According to Traffic prediction , decide how many user and traffic in

each cell .

• With Erlang B table, decide the channel number required in each cell

• Calculate the TRX number required in each cell

CALCULATE THE COVERAGE

Omni site
3-Sectors site

R R BTS1
R
D D
BTS1 BTS2
D R BTS3

BTS2

Site Coverage Radius = R

Site distance : D=1.5R Site Coverage Radius = R
Site Coverage Area = 1.949R2 Site distance : D=1.732R
Coverage Area =2.59R2
PRACTICE

Suppose 100000 subscriber in city , 80% urban, 20% suburban . Busy Hr traffic is 25/20mErl per user

15 minute
Frequency 10-50 is available(10-23 for BCCH and 24-50 for TCH

Use 3 –sector site

A. If by Frequency Reuse , BCCH use 4*3 , TCH use 2*3 . How many TRX ,cell , site is needed?

B. If by Max coverage , max radius 1Km , total 300Km2. How many TRX ,cell , site is needed?
 SDCCH Capacity Planning

Wireless optimization training

SDCCH CAPACITY PLANNING.

SDCCH Traffic Sources

Location Update

• Normal/Periodical 3.5 s/times

Power Off/On

• IMSI Detach/Attach 2.9 / 3.5 s/times

Call

• Original/Destination 2.7 / 2.9 s/times

Short Message

• Sending/Receiving 6.2 s/times

SDCCH TRAFFIC MODEL CONT’D

Times in busy hour

Event Normal cell Internal Boundary Unit

Normal Location Update 0.4 0 1.2 Times/Busy Hr

Periodic Location Update 2 2 2 /

IMSI Attach/Detach 0.2 0.2 0.2 /

Call Establish(O/D) 0.8/0.8 0.8/0.8 0.8/0.8 /

Point to Point Short 2/2 2/2 2/2 /

Message (O/D)
SDCCH TRAFFIC MODEL

Event Normal cell Internal Boundary Unit

Normal Location Update 0.4 0.4 1.2 mErl/User

Periodic Location Update 1.8 1.8 1.8 mErl/User

IMSI Attach/Detach 0.16 0.16 0.16 mErl/User

Call Establish 1.24 1.24 1.24 mErl/User

Point to Point Short 6.9 6.9 6.9 mErl/User

Message
Sum 10.5 10.1 11.3 mErl/User

Redundancy(20%) 12.6 12.1 13.6 mErl/User

SDCCH/TCH 50% 48% 52%

Consider TCH Traffic 25mErl/User

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

• The following steps is similar to TCH planning .

• The traffic analysis of SDCCH is very difficult, normally `not accurate

• Commonly used configuration 1SDCCH per 2TRX , a value by experience

• Now we use the Dynamic SDCCH, which largely expand the flexibility of SDCCH

configuration
 GSM RF Optimization Overview

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 GSM RF OPTIMIZATION OVERVIEW

When do we need optimization? Optimization inputs

.

The network should be optimized

•new network or expansion is done

•many complaints from subscribers. Optim

ize
•event occurs suddenly.

•subscribers number increased.

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 GSM RF OPTIMIZATION OVERVIEW

Some KPI Thresholds

Parameter Threshold Remarks

Rxlevel >-95dBm  
Rx Quality <4  
CSSR >98%  
CDR <0.2%  
CSHO >98%  
Average MOS >3  

call set up time <4ms  

Depends on scenarios(urban,suburban and rural)

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 GSM RF OPTIMIZATION OVERVIEW

Issues faced while network performance analysis

• Coverage problem

• Lack of dominant server

• Sudden decrease on signal level

• Cell overshooting

• Cross feeder

• Missing Neighbor Relation

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 GSM RF OPTIMIZATION OVERVIEW

Coverage Issue
• Weak signal can be caused by attenuation of the signal due to long distance travel or path loss.

Solution:

• New site proposal

• Sector addition

• Repeater

• Antenna parameter adjustment(azimuth and tilt)

• Loss or attenuation check(feeder ,connectors jumpers etc)

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 GSM RF OPTIMIZATION OVERVIEW

Lack of Dominant Server

• More than one signals of strength from different cells with little margin can be reaching a spot

causing Ping pong handovers.

Solution:

• Antenna parameter adjustment(azimuth and Tilt)

• Increase Tx Power of the cell needed to be dominant. Decrease others.

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 GSM RF OPTIMIZATION OVERVIEW

Sudden Decrease of signal strength

• This could be caused by blockage or scatters

Solution:

• Antenna parameter adjustment(azimuth and Tilt)

• Increase Tx Power of the cell.

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 GSM RF OPTIMIZATION OVERVIEW

Overshooting cells

• When site cell serves from far (bigger TA)can cause bigger level co-channel interference (if same band)
causing poor Rx quality

Solution:

• Antenna parameter adjustment(azimuth and Tilt)

• Decrease Tx Power of the cell.

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 GSM RF OPTIMIZATION OVERVIEW

Cross feeder problem

• When the feeder cables of two different sectors completely crossed. It causes a lot of HO failures and call
drops

Solution:

• Exchange the feeder cables so that all sectors serves in the right direction.

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 GSM RF OPTIMIZATION OVERVIEW

Missing Neighbors

• A good handover candidate in the neighbor list can be noticed but HO will not take place and call will

drop.Note that optimum of neighbor cell lists save BS and MS transmission power.

Solution:

• Exchange the feeder cables so that all sectors serves in the right direction.

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 Common Problems and Solutions of
Optimization

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 COMMON PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF OPTIMIZATION

• The three most important performance criteria are coverage, capacity and quality.
• They mainly correspond to the following network problems:

Coverage

Congestion

Interference

Handover

TCH call drop

Dual Band or Dual System

Traffic Distribution

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 COMMON PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF OPTIMIZATION

Coverage common problems

causes

Coverage Gap

• when coverage areas of two BTS do not overlap or

• there are some big obstacles in the coverage area,

Over shooting

• serve in area which it’s not suppose to serve in;

which result in the "isolate Island" problem.

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 COMMON PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF OPTIMIZATION

Coverage problem can be checked through

• Call Drop Measurement
• Outgoing Inter Cell Handover
Measurement
• Rx Level data ( Drive test)

Coverage Problem Solution:

 Adjust Radio parameters

 Adjust antenna parameters

 Use booster, low loss combiner and tower mount amplifier

 Add new site (last solution)

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 COMMON PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF OPTIMIZATION-CAPACITY

TCH CONGESTION

• Check TCH congestion rate: attempted TCH seizers failure

• Compare the busy hour traffic of each cell with the calculated

capacity

TRAFFIC BALANCE
• Adjust the antenna height, down tilt,

• Change the TX power of BTS and MS.

• cell selection, cell reselection and handover

• Enable load handover and direct retry functions .

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 COMMON PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF OPTIMIZATION INTERFERENCE

INTERFERENCE PROBLEM
How to locate

• Interference band in TCH Measurement

• Rx_Qual ( Drive test)

• Uplink Frequency Scan in LMT

• Scanner

• Ratio of handovers for uplink/downlink

quality

• Call drop measurement

• Frequent handover failure

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 COMMON PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF OPTIMIZATION

HOW TO CHECK INTERFERENCE :

• Conduct drive test across area

• Use spectrum analyzer

HOW TO DECREASE INTERFERENCE

•Enable hopping ,DTX and PC

•Re-plan the frequency

•Tune Tx power of BTS

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 COMMON PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF OPTIMIZATION-HANDOVER

Common handover problems:

• Handover failure and handover delay
• Ping pong handover decreases
• Unreasonable proportion of outgoing and incoming inter-cell handover results in imbalanced
traffic.
Check and solve handover problems:
• Check the handover parameters (OMC)
• Inter-cell Handover Measurement
• Undefined Adjacent Cell Measurement
• Outgoing/Incoming Inter Cell Handover Measurement
• TCH Measurement

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 COMMON PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF OPTIMIZATION
Causes of abnormal handover and solutions:

• Outgoing/incoming inter cell handover threshold is too low.

• adjacent cells are congested.

• undefined adjacent cells relationship.

• Unreasonable setting of handover hysteresis and priority

TCH call drop the main reason the subscribers complain.

• refers to the call dropped after TCH channel seized

• causes – poor signal strength, interference and improper parameters.

• There are two important counters related call drop

• Radio link timeout (RLT downlink) and

• SACCH multi-frame number (uplink) sent in system information.. 302

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 COMMON PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF OPTIMIZATION

Common Optimization solutions

• Moving antenna locations

• Altering antenna heights

• Changing ARFCNs

• Antenna orientation adjustment

• Rectifying the faults in the steps followed

before finalization of radio network planning

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 GSM Traffic Statistics

Wireless optimization training

 GSM TRAFFIC STATISTICS

• performance measurements involve the process of collecting the data of the BSC and analyzing it.

• Based on the analysis,

• running status of the equipment and
• the usage of the signaling plane resources,
• user plane resources, and system resources.

• Traffic measurements provide reliable data for network planning, network monitoring, and network maintenance.

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TRAFFIC STATISTICS

Paging Success Rate

SDCCH Congestion Rate

Immediate Assignment Success Rate

Traffic statistics SDCCH Call Drop Rate

analysis includes

TCH Congestion Rate

TCH Assignment Success Rate

Handover Success Rate

Success Rate of Call Setup

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 PAGING SUCCESS RATE

• The paging success rate is the ratio of the successfully sent circuit paging requests initiated
by the MSC to all CS paging requests.

Coverage Interference

Environmental
factors that
affect the
paging success UL and DL
Traffic Volume rate
balance

Planning of
… Location
areas

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 SDCCH CONGESTION RATE

• The congestion ratio on SDCCH can be obtained through the traffic measurement results.

• It reflects the SDCCH collisions due to insufficient resources.

• The recommended formula used for calculating this KPI is as follows:

SDCCH Congestion Rate = Failed SDCCH Seizures due to Busy SDCCH/SDCCH Seizure Requests x 100%

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 IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT SUCCESS RATE

• Success rate of call setup (immediate assignment) is one of the most important accessibility KPIs

• which reflects the probability of successful accesses to the signaling channel.

• This KPI directly affects user experience.

= (Call Setup Indications (Circuit Service)/Channel Requests (Circuit Service)) x 100%

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 TCH CONGESTION RATE

• Congestion Ratio on Congestion Ratio on TCH (All Channels Busy) indicates the ratio of the number

of failed TCH seizures due to busy TCHs to the number of TCH seizure requests.

• TCH congestion rate = Failed TCH Seizures due to Busy TCH/TCH Seizure Requests

Factors That Affect Congestion Ratio on TCH

 Transmission

Poor transmission quality and unstable transmission links over the Abis interface

• Device

A large number of unavailable terrestrial resources or faulty devices

• Traffic volume

Imbalanced distribution of traffic volume in the network, or traffic volume that exceeds the planned

capacity

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 ENVIRONMENT FACTORS THAT AFFECT CONGESTION RATIO ON TCH

Coverage Interference

Environmental
factors affect
Congestion
Ratio on TCH
Traffic Volume Transmission

Antenna
Device
System

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 HANDOVER SUCCESS RATE

• call continuity, improve the speech quality, and reduce the cross interference in the network, thus providing

better services for the subscribers.

• It is the ratio of the total number of successful handovers to the total number of handover requests.

• This counter directly affects the user experience and

• is one of the most significant KPIs for the telecom operator.

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 SUCCESS RATE OF CALL SETUP

 It can be abbreviated as CSSR, which reflects the probability of successful calls initiated by the MS.
 The CSSR is a key counter in evaluating the network performance.
If the value of this counter is low, the MS is not likely to successfully initiate a call, thus severely affecting the user
experience.
 The value of this counter is obtained through traffic measurement.
 CSSR = Successful Assignments/Call-related Requests x 100%
 BSS CSSR = Success Rate of Immediate Assignment x Success Rate of Assignment x (1 - Call Drop Ratio on
SDCCH)

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 SUCCESS RATE OF CALL SETUP

Success rate of call setup (immediate assignment) is one of the most important accessibility KPIs, which reflects
the probability of successful accesses to the signaling channel. This KPI directly affects user experience.

= (Call Setup Indications (Circuit Service)/Channel Requests (Circuit Service)) x 100%

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 Day 5 Summary

Wireless optimization training

 THANK YOU

Wireless optimization training