11/17/2019
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
EIGHTH EDITION IN SI UNITS
R. C. HIBBELER
Module Leader: Aryanfar Haji
CHAPTER 7:
APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
1
11/17/2019
Chapter Outline
7.1 Use of Approximate Methods
7.2 Trusses
7.3 Vertical Loads on Building Frames
7.4 Portal Frames and Trusses
7.5 Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method
7.1
USE OF APPROXIMATE METHODS
2
11/17/2019
Use of Approximate Methods
The analysis when using a model must satisfy both the conditions of:
- Equilibrium
- Compatibility of displacements at joints
For an initial design, member sizes are not known & statically indeterminate
analysis cannot be done
A simpler model, i.e. statically determinate analysis, must be developed
Use of Approximate Methods
The analysis of this model is known as an approximate analysis
The preliminary design of the members can be made
After which, the more exact indeterminate analysis can be performed & the
design refined
3
11/17/2019
7.2
TRUSSES
Trusses
The truss used for lateral bracing of a building is not considered a primary
element
It will therefore be analyzed using approximate methods
In the case shown, the truss is indeterminate to the third degree
4
11/17/2019
Trusses
3 assumptions must be made in order to reduce the truss to one that is
statically determinate
Assumptions may be made with regards to the following:
- When 1 diagonal in the panel is in tension, the corresponding cross
diagonal will be in compression
Two methods of analysis are generally acceptable:
Method 1
- If the diagonals are intentionally designed to be long & slender, it is
reasonable to assume they cannot support compression force
- Otherwise, they may easily buckle
- Hence, the compressive diagonal is assumed to be a zero-force member
Trusses
Method 2
- If the diagonals are intended to be constructed from large rolled sections
such as angles or channels, they may be equally capable of supporting a
tensile & compressive force
- We will assume that tension & compression diagonals each carry half the
panel shear
10
5
11/17/2019
Trusses
Example 7.1
Determine (approximately) the forces in the members of the truss. The
diagonals are to be designed to support both tensile and compressive forces,
and therefore each is assumed to carry half the panel shear. The support
reactions have been computed.
11
Trusses
Example 7.1 (Solution)
By inspection, the truss is statically indeterminate to the second degree. The 2
assumptions require the tensile & compressive diagonals to carry equal forces.
For a vertical section through the left panel, we have:
Fy 0
3
20 10 2 F 0 F 8.33 kN
5
FFB 8.33 kN(T) & FAE 8.33 kN(C)
12
6
11/17/2019
Trusses
Example 7.1 (Solution)
With anti-clockwise moments as +ve:
MA 0
4
8.33 (3) FFE (3) 0 FFE 6.67 kN(C)
5
MF 0
4
8.33 (3) FAB (3) 0 FAB 6.67 kN(T)
5
From Joint A, Fig 7.2(c),
Fy 0
3
F AF 8 . 33 10 0 F AF 15 kN(T)
5
13
Trusses
Example 7.1 (Solution)
A vertical section through the right panel is shown
in Fig 7.2(d).
FDB 8.33 kN(T), FED 6.67 kN(C)
FEC 8.33 kN(C), FBC 6.67 kN(T)
Furthermore, using the free body diagrams of joints
D & E, Fig 7.2(e) & 7.2(f), show that
FDC 5 kN(C)
FEB 10 kN(T)
14
7
11/17/2019
7.3
VERTICAL LOADS ON BUILDING FRAMES
15
Vertical Loads on Building Frames
Building frames often consist of girders that are rigidly connected to columns
This is to allow the structure to better able to resist the effects of lateral
forces
16
8
11/17/2019
Vertical Loads on Building Frames
One technique would be to consider only the members within a localised
region of the structure
The approximate location of the points of inflection can be specified
These points are subjected to zero moments
17
Vertical Loads on Building Frames
Assumptions for approximate analysis
- The column supports at A & B will each exert 3 reactions on the girder
- The girder will be statically indeterminate to the third degree
- 3 assumptions would be needed to perform an approximate analysis
18
9
11/17/2019
Vertical Loads on Building Frames
Assumptions for approximate analysis
- If the columns are stiff, no rotation at A & B will occur
- However, if the column connections at A & B are very flexible, then zero
moments will occur at the supports
19
Vertical Loads on Building Frames
Assumptions for approximate analysis
- In reality, the columns will provide some flexibility at the supports
- Therefore, point of zero moment occurs at the average point between the
two extremes (0.21L+0) / 2 ≈ 0.1L from each support
20
10
11/17/2019
Vertical Loads on Building Frames
Assumptions for approximate analysis
- In summary the 3 assumptions are incorporated:
There is zero moment in the girder, 0.1L from the left support
There is zero moment in the girder, 0.1L from the right support
The girder does not support an axial force
21
Vertical Loads on Building Frames
Example 7.3
Determine (approximately) the moment at the joints E and C caused by
members EF and CD of the building bent.
22
11
11/17/2019
Vertical Loads on Building Frames
Example 7.3 (Solution)
For an approximate analysis, the frame is modeled as shown.
Note that the cantilevered spans supporting the center portion of the girder
have a length of 0.1L = 0.5 m
Equilibrium requires end reactions of center portion = 32 kN
23
Vertical Loads on Building Frames
Example 7.3 (Solution)
Cantilevered spans are subjected to moment of:
M 8(0.25) 32(0.5) 18 kN • m
This approximate moment with opposite direction acts on the joints at E & C.
24
12
11/17/2019
7.4
PORTAL FRAMES AND TRUSSES
25
Portal Frames and Trusses
Portal frames are used to transfer horizontal forces applied at the top of
frame to the foundation
Portals can be pin supported, fixed supported or supported by partial fixity
26
13
11/17/2019
Portal Frames and Trusses
We can analyse trussed portals using the same assumptions as those for
simple portal frames
For pin-supported columns, assume horizontal shear are equal
For fixed-supported columns, assume horizontal reactions are equal and an
point of inflection occurs on each column, midway between base of column &
the lowest point of truss member connection to column
27
Portal Frames and Trusses
Example 7.4
Determine by approximate methods the forces acting in the members of the
Warren portal.
28
14
11/17/2019
Portal Frames and Trusses
Example 7.4 (Solution)
The truss portion B, C, F, G acts as a rigid unit
A point of inflection is assumed to exist at 7 m/2 = 3.5 m above A & I
Equal horizontal reactions act at the base of the column
Determine the reactions at the columns as follows:
Lower half of column
With anti - clockwise moments as ve :
M A 0; M-3.5( 20 ) 0 M 70 kN • m
Upper half of column
With anti - clockwise moments as ve :
M J 0; 40( 5.5 ) N (8) 0 N 27.5 kN
29
Portal Frames and Trusses
Example 7.4 (Solution)
Using the method of sections, we can proceed to obtain the forces in members
CD, BD & BH
FY 0; 27.5 FBD sin 45o 0 FBD 38.9 kN(T)
With anti - clockwise moments as ve :
M B 0; -20(3.5) 40(2) FCD (2) 0 FCD 75 kN(C)
M D 0; FBH (2) 20(5.5) 27.5(2) 0 FBH 27.5 kN(T)
30
15
11/17/2019
Portal Frames and Trusses
Example 7.4 (Solution)
Using these results we can find the force in each of the other truss members
using method of joints
FY 0; FDH sin 45o 38.9 sin 45o 0 FDH 38.9 kN(C)
FX 0; 75 - 2(38.9 cos 45o ) FDE 0 FDE 20 kN(C)
FY 0; FHE sin 45o 38.9 sin 45o 0 FHE 38.9 kN(T)
The results are summarized as
31
7.5
LATERAL LOADS ON BUILDING FRAMES:
PORTAL METHOD
32
16
11/17/2019
Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method
A building bent deflects in the same way as a portal frame
Each bent of the frame can be considered as a series of portals
The interior columns would represent the effect of 2 portal columns & would
carry 2x the shear V as the exterior columns
33
Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method
The portal method for analyzing fixed supported building frames requires the
following assumptions:
- A hinge is placed at the center of each girder
- A hinge is placed at the center of each column
- At a given floor level, the shear at the int column hinges is 2x that at the
ext column hinges
These assumptions provide an adequate reduction of the frame to one that is
statically determinate and yet stable under loading
This method is more suitable for buildings having low elevation and uniform
framing
34
17
11/17/2019
Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method
Example 7.5
Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns of the
frame. Use the portal method of analysis.
35
Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method
Example 7.5 (Solution)
Applying the first 2 assumptions of the portal method, we place hinges at the
centers of the girders & columns of the frame.
A section through the column hinges at I, J, K & L yields the free body
diagram. The third assumption regarding the column shear applies.
Fx 0; 6 6V 0 V 1 kN
36
18
11/17/2019
Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method
Example 7.5 (Solution)
Using this result, we proceed to dismember the frame at the hinges &
determine their reactions.
As a general rule, always start analysis at the corner or joint where the
horizontal load is applied.
The free-body diagram of segment IBM is shown.
The 3 reactions components at the hinges are
determined by applying
M M 0; Fx 0; Fy 0
37
Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method
Example 7.5 (Solution)
The adjacent segment MJN is analyzed next.
This is followed by segment NKO and OGL.
38
19
11/17/2019
Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method
Example 7.5 (Solution)
Using these results, the free body diagram of the columns with their support
reactions are shown.
39
Thank
you
20
