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Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves ordered by frequency and wavelength. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies, followed by infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and X-rays with increasingly higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths. Each type of electromagnetic wave is used for different purposes, such as radar, satellite transmission, infrared cameras, visible light, sterilization, and medical imaging. Mobile networks in India use various frequency bands for 2G, 3G, and 4G technologies operated by major carriers.

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Sanjay Gupta
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141 views11 pages

Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves ordered by frequency and wavelength. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies, followed by infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and X-rays with increasingly higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths. Each type of electromagnetic wave is used for different purposes, such as radar, satellite transmission, infrared cameras, visible light, sterilization, and medical imaging. Mobile networks in India use various frequency bands for 2G, 3G, and 4G technologies operated by major carriers.

Uploaded by

Sanjay Gupta
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Spectrum

The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The EM spectrum is the ENTIRE range of EM waves in order of
increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength.

As you go from left  right, the wavelengths get smaller and the frequencies
get higher. This is an inverse relationship between wave size and frequency. (As
one goes up, the other goes down.)).
The Waves (in order…)
Radio waves: Have the longest wavelengths and the
lowest frequencies; wavelengths range from 1000s
of meters to .001 m
Used in: RADAR, cooking food, satellite
transmissions
Infrared waves (heat): Have a shorter wavelength, from
.001 m to 700 nm, and therefore, a higher frequency.
Used for finding people in the dark and in TV remote
control devices
Visible light: Wavelengths range from 700 nm (red light)
to 30 nm (violet light) with frequencies higher than
infrared waves.
These are the waves in the
EM spectrum that humans
can see.
Visible light waves are a very
small part of the EM spectrum!
Ultraviolet Light: Wavelengths range from 400 nm to 10
nm; the frequency (and therefore the energy) is
high enough with UV rays to penetrate living cells
and cause them damage.

Although we cannot see UV light, bees, bats, butterflies,


some small rodents and birds can.
UV on our skin produces vitamin D in our bodies. Too
much UV can lead to sunburn and skin cancer. UV rays
are easily blocked by clothing.
Used for sterilization because they kill bacteria.
X-Rays: Wavelengths from 10 nm to .001 nm. These
rays have enough energy to penetrate deep into
tissues and cause damage to cells; are stopped by
dense materials, such as bone.

Used to look at solid structures, such as bones and


bridges (for cracks), and for treatment of cancer.
4G LTE bands in India
• For 4G, there are mainly three frequency bands in India.
• Jio operates 4G in all of the three 4G LTE bands namely Band 3, Band
5 and Band 40. Talking in MHz band, those bands are of 1800 Mhz,
850 MHz, and 2300 MHz.
• Out of which, 1800 and 850 MHz are FDD technology whereas 2300
MHz band is TDD technology.
• Airtel and Idea Vodafone own 4G LTE in both 1800 MHz and 2300
MHz.
Here is a table for the different frequency bands in
India for mobile technology 2G, 3G, and 4G.
Mobile Technology in India Frequency bands in India Major Operators

Airtel, Idea Vodafone, Aircel,


1 GSM (2G) 900 MHz, 1800 MHz
BSNL

2 CDMA 850 MHz Reliance, BSNL, Tata

3 WCDMA (3G) 2100 MHz, 900 MHz Airtel, Idea Vodafone

4 WiMAX 2300 MHz BSNL

5 4G LTE (4G) 1800MHz Airtel, Idea Vodafone, Jio

850 MHz Jio

2300 MHz Airtel, Idea Vodafone, Jio

2500 MHz BSNL, Idea Vodafone


What is LTE?

• LTE is a mobile Internet technology standard. It’s an abbreviation


of Long Term Evolution. 4G (or fourth generation) is just a common
name given to LTE technology.
• Theoretically, LTE supports download speed of 100 Mbits per second
and upload speed of 50 Mbits per second.
What is VoLTE?
• Voice over LTE.
LTE VOLTE

1. Stands for Long Term Evolution Stands for Voice over LTE

Primarily designed to be a data-only


2. Designed to carry both voice and data
technology

Does not natively support voice Supports voice as well as data


3.
transmission. transmission.

Quality of voice reduces if data Voice quality remains excellent even if


4.
connection is left on. the data connection is on

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