TWO

DIMENSIONAL
ARTS(2D ARTS)
 2 DIMENSIONAL ARTS
•A work of art is classified as being 2-
dimensional, it means that the composition
possesses the dimensions of length and width
but does not possess depth. All 2-dimensional
pieces of art, such as drawings, paintings, and
prints, are made up of shapes.
•Art can refer to highly
developed skill or or the
mastery of a medium.
Medium or Media – The materials or tools use
by an artist to create arts.
Technique-it is a best method and procedure
use with an art medium.
Craftmanship-is the skill which the media and
techniques are employed.
TWO DIMENSIONAL ART-IS ANY ARTS
WORK THAT HAS LENGTH AND
WIDTH,BUT NO ACTUAL DEPTH.

Classified as:
-Drawing -Digital Drawing
-Painting -Printmaking
-Mixed media -Camera Arts
 DRAWING
The art of running an implement that leaves
a mark over a surface.It is the most basic art form.
M.C. Escher
Drawing
 DRAWING CATEGORIES
•Figurative Drawing.
•Anatomy Drawing.
•Caricature Drawing.
•Life Drawing / Still life Drawing.
•Portrait Drawing.
•Landscape Drawing.
•Perspective Drawing.
•Cartoon Drawing.
FIGURATIVE DRAWING
• A figure drawing is a drawing of the human form in
any of its various shapes and postures using any of the
drawing media. The term can also refer to the act of
producing such a drawing. The degree of representation
may range from highly detailed, anatomically correct
renderings to loose and expressive sketches.
 ANATOMY DRAWING
• Artists pursue anatomy drawing to learn how to draw a
human form as it appears in various positions or
postures. Oftentimes, anatomy for the artist revolves
around creating detailed anatomy drawings and anatomy
sketches that can be referred back to in the studio.
 CARICATURE DRAWING
• A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of
its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way
through sketching, pencil strokes, or through other artistic
drawings (compare to: cartoon). Caricatures can be
insulting or complimentary and can serve a political
purpose or be drawn solely for entertainment.
 STILL LIFE DRAWING
• A still life is a drawing or painting that focuses on still objects.
The subject matter is inanimate and never moves, typically with a
focus on household objects, flowers, or fruits.
• Still life work contrasts figure drawing which focuses on a live
human model. With a still life you know the objects won’t ever
move and you can practice objects with different properties like
shiny metal, clear porcelain, or bulbous apples.
 PORTRAIT DRAWING
• A portrait painting or drawing depicts the image of a
particular person or animal, or group thereof. The subject
of a portrait is usually called a "sitter", because
traditionally people would sit in front of the artist to have
their portrait painted. Nowadays, of course, artists can
work from a photograph, so not everyone has to "sit" for
a portrait.
 LANDSCAPE DRAWING

•A landscape painting or drawing

refers to an artwork whose primary
focus is natural scenery, such as
mountains, forests, cliffs, trees, rivers,
valleys, etc.
 PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

•Perspective drawing is a technique to create

the linear illusion of depth. As objects get
further away from the viewer they appear to
decrease in size at a constant rate.
4 MAJOR TYPES OF PERSPECTIVE
DRAWING
•1-point perspective,
•2-point perspective,
•3-point perspective,
•Multi-point perspective.
 1-POINT PERSPECTIVE
•1-point perspective (aka frontal or central
perspective) has only one vanishing point on the
horizon line located somewhere within the
picture plane and all the orthogonals converge
towards it.
 2 POINTS PERSPECTIVE

•linear perspective in which parallel lines

along the width and depth of an object are
represented as meeting at two separate
points on the horizon that are 90 degrees
apart as measured from the common
intersection of the lines of projection.
 3 POINTS PERSPECTIVE

•linear perspective in which parallel lines along

the width of an object meet at two separate
points on the horizon and vertical lines on the
object meet at a point on the perpendicular
bisector of the horizon line.
 MULTI-POINT PERSPECTIVE.

•In a Multi Point Perspective drawing, each

object will have separate sets of vanishing
points with variety of angles and non of the
objects are parallel to each other. Watch
these videos to learn how to sketch Urban,
town, garden and room views.
 CARTOON DRAWING

• While the word cartoon usually refers to an

animation or a funny drawing, in an art historical
context it can also refer to a full-scale preparatory
drawing for a fresco, oil painting or a tapestry. The
word we use today comes from the Italian cartone,
which simply means a large sheet of paper or card.
 Drawing Materials
Dry Media Liquid Media

Pen&Ink
Silverpoint Brush&Ink
Graphite Ink Wash
Charcole
Pastels Chalk
Oil Pastels, Crayons
Colored Pensils
 Silverpoint

 Uses a ground of bone or chalk mix with gum.

 Drag a silver tipped instrument over the surface and
the partials stick to the ground.
 To make an area darker you have to use cross
hatching.
 Very delicate in appearance.
Silverpoint
 Metalpoint

 Not use a lot anymore (not forgiving in

mistakes)
 Process: Thin wire of metal (Usually Silver) in a
holding device leaving marks on a drawing
surface specially coated with paint.
 Much like scratchboard.
 Use thin delicate lines with hatching and cross
hatching.
Metal Point
 Graphite Pencils

Cheap, readily available, easily erased

Most art begins with an idea and pencil sketch.
Made of powered graphite (not lead) fired with clay,
ranging in harness 6H to 8B, the softest, and encase
of wood.

A good assortment for free hand drawing includes

8B, 6B, 2B, HB, and H.
Graphite Pencil
 Charcole
• Made of Burnt wood.
• Great of value studies.
• Artists' charcoal is a form of a dry art medium
made of finely ground organic materials that are
held together by a gum or wax binder or
produced without the use of binders by
eliminating the oxygen inside the material
during the production process.
Charcoal
 Chalk and Pastels

• Pigment and non-greasy blinders.

• Smuges easily, requires a fixative.
• Blends better and can be overlaid to produce shade
effects.
Chalk & Pastels
Crayons
Oil Pastel
Wax Crayons
Pen & Ink
Brush & Ink Wash
 Mixed Media

mixed media describes artwork in which more than

one medium or material has been employed.
Assemblages, collages, and sculpture are three
common examples of art using different media.
Materials used to create mixed media art include,
but are not limited to, paint, cloth, paper, wood and
found objects.
Digital Art
Architectural & Engineering
 Painting
• Uses full spectrum of colors
• Framed to protect and give them an impression of being
“precious”

Classified as:

Fresco Encoustic
Tempera Oil
Acrylic Water Color
Paint- Is a fluid substance made of
pigment suspended a liquid binder that is
used to cover or to decorate a surface.

Painting- is the process of applying paint

to a surface using tools such as brushes, A
roller a painting knife, or a paint sprayer.
 Painting Materials

Pigment - color material

Binder - a liquid that holds the particles of
pigment together without dissolving them.
Vehcle solvent - works as a paint thinner.
Support - the canvas, paper, wood, panel, wall
or other surface that is painted on.
Geso - a base paint primer that helps paint
attach to the support.
 Fresco
• Pigments mixed with water and applied to a plaster
(support
• usually wet also)
• Wall - painting technique often used for large scale
murals.
• Words guided by a full-sized drawing called a cartoon.
• When ready to paint, the artist simply connect the dots.
Fresco
 Encaustic
• Encaustic - One of the earliest methods of
applying colors into a surface. Uses a pigment in a
wax vehicle that has been heated to a liquid state.
• Extremely Durable
• Colors remain vibrant
• Surface will retain a hard luster
• Very old technique
• Used by the Egyptians and Romans
Encaustic
 Encaustic
• Pigment mixed with wax and resin

• Must be heated to paint on easily.

• Paint hardens when cools

 Tempera

• Made with water and pigment

• Bright colors that last longer than oil paint
• Can be mixed with egg yolk to make it
thicker, harder, and more permanent.
• Tempera is often used to paint on wood
panels with a base of gesso.
Tempera
 Tempera
• Egg Tempera - uses ground pigments mixed with
vehicle of egg yolk thinned with water.
• Popular for countries the tradition composition is rarely
used today.
• Used by the Greeks and Romans
• Use the exclussive painting medium of artists in the
Middle Ages.
• Fell out of favor in the 1300’s with the introduction of
oil painting.
 Advantages of Tempera
• Extremely durable
• Pure and briliant colors
• Color did not become compromised by oxidation
• Consistency and fluidity allowed for precision

Disadvantages:

• Dries quickly
• Hard to rework
• Can not provide subtle gradation of tone.
 Tempera Terminology
Gesso - A combination of powdered chalk and plaster and animal
glue used as ground in tempera.

Glinding - The application of thinly hammered sheets of gold to a

panel surface. (Commonly used in conjunctions with tempera)

Egg Tempera - The egg mixture traditionally used as a binder in

tempera.
Gesso
 Oil Paint
• Pigment mixed with liseed oil.
• First used of wooden panels and then graduated to
flexible stretched canvas.
• Used on large projects
• Dries very slowly:
- Colors can be blended subtly and areas can be worked
easily
- Sometimes takes a week or months to dry
-Paint can be “muddy” from mixing colors and paint too
much
 Oil
Oil painting consist of ground pigments combined with a linseed oil
and a turpentine thinner.
The transition from tempera to oil was gradual.
Naturaly slow drying - can be speed up by agents.
The first oils we’re on front panels.
Glazing - The application of multiple layers of transparent films of
paint to a surface.
 Oil Advantages
• Slow drying lets you rework problem areas. Colors can be
blended easily.
• Can creates nice delicate colors.
• The eventl use of canvas as a ground allowed paintings to get
much bigger.

Disadvantages:
• Slow drying - toxic solvents
• Cracking, yellowing, darkening with age
Oil Painting
 Acrylic
• Synthetic artist color, also called polymer
• Made of acrylic resin, polymerized through
emulsions in water
• Can mimic the effects of oil water color,
tempera, and gouache paints.
• Dries quikly and permanently
- keep brush in water when painting, so they do not
dry out.
 Acrylic
Acrylic - is a mixture of pigment and a plastic vehicle that can be
thinned with water.
Advantages of acrylic paint over oil paint:
• No messy solvents - water cleanup.
• Can be used on a variety of surfaces.
• Surfaces don’t need special preparation.
• Stays flexible - No cracking
• No yellowing or darkening with age
Acrylic
 Water Color
• Pigment with water and gum arabic
• Mostly used on paper
• Mainly used for small, intimate works
• Transparency is the desired characteristic
• White of the papers serves as the white - white
paint not really needed.
• Wash - Transparent/Translucent, watered down
paint spread across the support.
 Disadvantages & Advantages
of Traditional Water Color

• White is created by leaving the white of the paper.

• The artist must plan ahead.
• Connections are not possible.
• Remains water-soluble.
• Portable
• Greate for sketches and impressions
• Or, can be used as finished art work.
Water Color
 Water Color
Water Color - define now as any painting medium that employs
water as a solvent.

Aquarelle - Transparent washes of color are applied to a white

absorbent surface.
Egyptian artists used a form of water color painting.
Also, used in the Middle Ages to color Transcripts.

Gouache - Water color mixed with a high concentration of vehicle

and opaque ingredients such as chalk primarily used during the
Byzantine and Romanesque eras of Christian art.
Aquarelle
 Gouache
• Water color with white inert pigment added
• Inert Pigment - Pigment that becomes cololess in paint.
- Allows colors to be completely opaque and will hide anything
they are painted over.
- Similar to poster paint

• Dries very quikly and uniformly

Gouache
 Dry Wash Water Color
“I use a smaller brush, dip into the color, splay
out the bristles, sueeze out a good deal of the
moisture and color with my fingers so that only a
very small ammount of paint is left. Brybrush is layer
upon layer - a definite weaving process.”

~ Andrew Weyth Thomas Hoving

Dry Wash
 Spray Paint

Is spray painting like prehistoric cave painting?

It raises similar questions:
• Why do they do it?
• Is it art?
• Is it urban ritual?
• Will is speak in history to the trails of inner
city living?
Spray Paint
Mixed Media
 Mixed Media

mixed media describes artwork in work more than

one medium or material has been employed.
Assemblages, collages, and sculpture are three
common examples of art using different media.
Materials used to create mixed media art include, but
are not limited to paint, cloth, paper, wood, and found
objects.
 Mixed Media
Collage or papiers colles - Picaso and Braque were
the first to incorporate pieces of newsprint,
wallpaper, labels from wine bottles, and oilcloth
into their paintings.

Miriam Schapiro create what she calls “femmage”

with is a version of collage using feminie imagery
and materials.
Mixed media art is distinguished
from multimedia art which
combines visual art with non-visual
elements, such as recorded sound,
literature, drama, dance, motion
graphics, music, or interactivity.
Mixed media art can be differentiated into distinct
types, some of which are:

• Collage
• Assemblage
• Found Object art
• Altered Books
• Wet and Dry Media
 Collage
art form which involves combining different materials like
ribbons, newspaper clippings, photographs etc. to create a
new whole. While it was a sporadic practice in antiquity, it
became a fundamental part of modern art in the early 20th
century, due to the efforts of Braque and Picasso.
 Collage
• French word that means “pasting” or “gluing”

• Attaching actual materialsto the surface of the support:

- Objects can be paper, cloth, or anything

- Drawing or painting can also be incorporated
Collage
 Assemblage
This is a 3-dimensional variant of the collage with
elements jutting in or out of a defined substrate, or an
entirely 3-D arrangement of objects and/or sculptures.
 Found Object Art
These are objects that are found and used by artists and incorporated
into artworks because of their perceived artistic value. It was popularized by
the conceptual artist Marcel Duchamp
 Altered Books
This is a specific form where the artist will reuse a book by modifying/ altering it
physically for use in the work. This can involve physically cutting and pasting pages to change
the contents of the book or using the materials of the book as contents for an art piece.
 Wet and dry media
Wet media consists of materials such as paints and inks that use some sort of liquidity
in their usage or composition. Dry materials (such as pencils, charcoal, and crayons) are lacking
this inherent liquidity. Using wet and dry media in conjunction is considered mixed media for
its combination of inherently differing media to create a finalized piece.
 
 Print Making

Printmaking is an indirect means of

creating art by transferring an image or
design or contact with a matrix such as a
block, plate, stone, or screen.
 Printmaking
There are four basic manual processes used in traditional
printmaking.

Relief - wood cut, wood engraving and linoleum cut.

Intaglio - Dry point, engraving, etching, aquatint and mezzotint.

Planography - Lithography

Stencil - screenprint (silk-screen, serigraphy)

 Print Making
Original Print vs. Reproduction?

An original print is a work of art created through contact

with a matriz such as a stone, block, plate, or screen that was created
by the artist; it must have been printed manually the artist or under
the artist’s direct suppervision and was approved by the artist by the
quality and excellence.

Printed reproductions of drawings or paintings, no matter how

aesthetically pleasing, are not to be considered original prints.
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