Animal Nutrition
STD 8
FOOD GROUPS
Proteins Vitamins
Fats Minerals
Balanced
Carbohydrates Water and
Diet Roughage
CARBOHYDRATES
• They provide us energy.
• Examples of foods rich in carbohydrates:
1. Bread
2. Rice
3. Wheat
4. Fruit and fruit juices
5. Sugar
6. Potato
7. Honey
8. Corn
FATS
• Fats also provide energy.
• Excess carbohydrates are converted to fats and stored in the body.
• Examples of foods rich in fats:
1. Meat
2. Vegetable oil
3. Milk
4. Butter
5. Cheese ghee
6. Cream
7. Dry fruits
• Excess intake of fatty foods can lead to Obesity, which is harmful
to our body. It can also cause heart diseases and diabetes.
PROTEINS
• Proteins are essential for growth. Our body needs proteins
for muscle building and for repairing worn out tissues.
• Examples of foods rich in proteins are:
1. Chicken
2. Fish
3. Eggs
4. Milk
5. Cheese
6. Pulses
7. Soya beans
VITAMINS
• They are needed in small
amounts for the proper
functioning of the body.
• There are 13 vitamins needed by
our body.
• Examples of foods rich in
vitamins are: VITAMINS
1. Fruits
2. Green leafy vegetables
3. Eggs
4. Fish
MINERALS
• They are needed for several essential functions such
as strengthening the bones and maintaining a
normal heartbeat.
• iron, calcium, iodine, phosphorous and sodium are
some of the important minerals required by our
body.
• Lack of minerals and vitamins causes deficiency
diseases, for e.g. lack of calcium in the body results
in weak and fragile bones which may cause rickets.
WATER AND ROUGHAGE
• Roughage is the fibre present in the food.
• Our body requires adequate amounts of water to
carry out several metabolic procesess.
• Examples of foods rich in roughage are:
1. Corn
2. Cabbage
3. Oranges
4. Melons
5. Tomatoes
BALANCED DIET
• Our diet must contain the
adequate amount of
different components of
food for our body to
remain healthy.
• A balanced diet contains
all the nutrients/food
groups in the required
proportions for the
healthy functioning of the
body.
Deficiency Diseases
Deficiency Disease Caused by the deficiency of Food containing the
deficient nutrients
Night blindness Vitamin A Green leafy vegetable,
papaya, mango, carrot
Beriberi Vitamin B1 Milk, peas, cereals
Rickets Vitamin D Milk and Milk products
Scurvy Vitamin C Amla, orange, apple and
tomato
Goitre Iodine Iodized salt
Anaemia Iron Spinach, apple, guava,
brinjal.
Deficiency Diseases
Goitre
Rickets
Beriberi
Scurvy
HOLOZOIC NUTRITION
Complex food particles are broken down into simple compounds by the action
of digestive juices.
The process of intake of food from outside into the
Ingestion body through mouth
The process of breaking down of complex insoluble
Digestion organic compounds into simple soluble molecules
by digestive enzymes.
The process by which simple digested food is
Absorption absorbed by the intestinal wall and transported to
blood.
The process of utilization of absorbed nutrients by
Assimilation the body cells for energy and synthesis of new
protoplasm.
Egestion/ The process of getting rid of undigested solid part of
Defecation food.
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Buccal cavity
Oesophagus / food pipe
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
MOUTH
Mouth: Its is the first part of the digestive system.
HUMAN TEETH
Function – Function – Function – Function –
Biting/ Cutting Tearing Crushing/ Grinding Crushing/ Grinding
Total No. in both Total No. in both Total No. in both Total No. in both
jaws jaws jaws jaws
4x2=8 2x2=4 4x2=8 6 x 2 = 12
STRUCTURE OF TEETH
TOOTH PROBLEMS
Tooth cavities
Inflammation
Dental plaque of gums -
Ginginvitis
CARE OF THE TEETH
Don’t eat too much sugar. Teeth must be brushed at least
twice daily.
A special kind of thread called the floss must also be used
for cleaning the teeth.
Use fluoride toothpaste regularly.
Visit a dentist for the regular check up of the teeth.
OESOPHAGUS
• It is a tube like
structure about 25
cm long extending
from the pharynx
to the stomach.
• It helps in
passage of the food
by a series of
contractions called
as peristalsis.
STOMACH
• It is a J-shaped muscular bag – like structure placed in the
left side of the abdominal cavity.
• It receives the bolus and mixes it with Gastric Juice.
•The gastric juice contains mucus, pepsin and HCl.
• Mucus protects the wall of the stomach against HCl.
• Pepsin degrades proteins into peptides.
• HCl helps pepsin to do this job and also kills harmful
bacteria present in the bolus.
• The food leaves as a paste called as chyme.
SMALL INTESTINE
• It is a long tube about 7m long and about 2.5 cm wide.
•It lies coiled and folded in the abdomen.
•It is divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
• The inner wall has finger like projections called villi which
helps in absorption of food.
STRUCTURE OF
VILLI
LARGE INTESTINE
• It is a long tube about 1.5-1.8 m long and 6.5 cm
wide.
•It has three parts – caecum, colon and rectum.
• Rectum is the short tube which opens outside
through anus.
• The undigested food is eliminated from the body as
faeces. This process of elimination is called as
defaecation.
ROLE OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
Part Enzyme Functions
Mouth Salivary amylase Breaks down starch into maltose
Pepsin Breaks down proteins into peptides
Stomach
Renin Changes Casein into insoluble curd
Liver No enzyme
Trypsin Breaks down proteins into peptides
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and
Pancreas Lipase
glycerol
Pancreatic amylase Breaks down starch into maltose
Peptidase Breaks down peptides into amino acids
Breaks down maltose into glucose and
Maltase
fructose
Small intestine
Breaks down lactose into glucose and
Lactase
galactose
Breaks down sucrose into glucose and
Sucrase
fructose
FATE OF DIFFERENT NUTRIENTS IN
THE HUMAN BODY
CARBOHYDRATES :
Assimilated by cells as glucose. Cells use glucose for cellular respiration in
mitochondria to produce energy in the form of ATP.
Glucose is stored in liver and muscle cells as glycogen.
Excess of glucose is converted into fats and stored in adipose tissue.
PROTEINS:
They are digested as amino acids which are used for the synthesis of new proteins.
some of these new proteins act as enzymes.
FATS :
Fats are digested as fatty acids and glycerol.
In the cells these combine to form fat molecules that are stored in the adipose tissue
as fat droplets.
Diarrhoea
