The genome contains all the biological information to build and maintain an organism. Genome annotation is the process of analyzing genome sequences to extract biological meaning and understand functions. There are two main types - structural annotation identifies elements like genes and introns, while functional annotation predicts the roles of genes like encoding proteins. Advances in sequencing and bioinformatics tools have accelerated genome annotation to further biological knowledge.
The genome contains all the biological information to build and maintain an organism. Genome annotation is the process of analyzing genome sequences to extract biological meaning and understand functions. There are two main types - structural annotation identifies elements like genes and introns, while functional annotation predicts the roles of genes like encoding proteins. Advances in sequencing and bioinformatics tools have accelerated genome annotation to further biological knowledge.
The genome contains all the biological information to build and maintain an organism. Genome annotation is the process of analyzing genome sequences to extract biological meaning and understand functions. There are two main types - structural annotation identifies elements like genes and introns, while functional annotation predicts the roles of genes like encoding proteins. Advances in sequencing and bioinformatics tools have accelerated genome annotation to further biological knowledge.
The genome contains all the biological information to build and maintain an organism. Genome annotation is the process of analyzing genome sequences to extract biological meaning and understand functions. There are two main types - structural annotation identifies elements like genes and introns, while functional annotation predicts the roles of genes like encoding proteins. Advances in sequencing and bioinformatics tools have accelerated genome annotation to further biological knowledge.
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The Genome :
• The genome contains all the biological information required to build and maintain any given living organism. • The genome contains the organisms molecular history. • Decoding the biological information encoded in these molecules will have enormous impact in our understanding of biology. Genome annotation: • It is the process of taking the raw DNA sequence produced by genome - sequencing projects and adding the layers of analysis and interpretation necessary to extract its biological significance and place it into the context of our understanding of biological processes. Genome annotation: It is classified into 2 types . They are: • Structural genome annotation • Functional genome annotation • First genome annotation software system was designed in 1995 by Dr. Owen White with the institute for genomic research that sequenced and analysed the first genome of a free living organism to be decoded, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. • It involve assembling of the reads to form contigs then assembling with a reference genome or de Novo assembly to obtain the complete genome. • Variations such as mutations, SNP, InDels etc can be identified. • The genome is then annotated by structural and functional annotation. • To extract biological knowledge from anonymous genomic sequence is the main objective of genome annotation. • The extensive use of computer tools is needed to minimised the slow and costly human interventions. This is the reason why annotation is often synonymous with prediction. Structural genome annotation: • A detailed structural explanation of a gene is called structural genome annotation. • The genome sequence is the first raw material. • The genome sequence is isolated from the desirable source. • The prediction of the gene elements is a complex problem and its issue is primordial because of its consequences on all the following analysis. • The genome sequence is isolated by Della porta method and it is the purest form. • The O.D value of purest form of genome is 1.8 to 2.0 . • It helps in the predicting / identifying the elements such as introns/exons , CDS, stop, start in the genome. • Pyrosequencing( next generation sequencing) is performed to the purest form of genome sequence. • The complete genome sequence is open in the form of computer readable sequence. Tools used: ORF finder Promoter 2.0 Rnold Grail exp Genome scan Gene finder • ORF finder: ORF finder is used to identify the open reading frames in the genome sequence . • Promoter 2.0: Promoter 2.0 server is used to identify the promoter sequence present in the genome sequence. • Rnold server: Rnold server is used to identify the Terminator sequence present in genome sequence. • Grail exp server: Grail exp server is used to identify the repeated DNA sequence in the genome sequences. • Genome scan: Genome scan is used to identify the exons and introns in the genome sequence. • Gene Finder: Gene Finder used to identify the 5’ splice sites and 3’ splice sites. • Structural genome annotation identifies the structural components in the genome by using the bioinformatics tools.
• Physical map: the identification of the distance between gene to gene or repeated path is called physical map. • Functional genome annotation: A detailed functional explanation of gene is called functional genome annotation. The structural genome annotation output is the raw material for functional genome annotation. Without structural genome annotation output we can’t perform functional genome annotation. • We can predict the m RNA that is produced from the gene compartment. • The gene segment in the genome sequence undergoes transcription and producers heteronuclear RNA . • The heteronuclear RNA undergoes splicing process. The Introns will be removed and only exons will present. • The exons will associate and form a mature RNA. • We can predict the structure of protein that produced from m-RNA. • We can also predict the secondary structure of protein by using the FASTA format of primary structure of protein by CFSSP server. • We can also predict the there is tertiary structure of protein by PDB server. • We can also predict if the available of protein is a transmembrane protein or non transmembrane protein by TMHMM server. • We can predict the signal peptide in the protein by signal P5.0 server. Other features which can be determined by functional annotation are • Signal peptides • Transmembrane domains • Low complexity regions • Various binding sites, glycosylation sites etc. • Protein domain • Secretome Thank You
(FREE PDF Sample) Algorithms For Computational Biology First International Conference AlCoB 2014 Tarragona Spain July 1 3 2014 Proceedigns 1st Edition Adrian-Horia Dediu Ebooks
(FREE PDF Sample) Algorithms For Computational Biology First International Conference AlCoB 2014 Tarragona Spain July 1 3 2014 Proceedigns 1st Edition Adrian-Horia Dediu Ebooks
