HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
BY
DR Nekkanti KumaraSwamy
Ph.D, M.E, M.B.A, B.E., Dip.I.T, M.A.(astrology) F.I.E,
F.I.E.E, F.I.P.H.E, F.I.W.R.S, F.I. A.E.N.G, F.I.R.E.D,
F.I.S.R.D, M.I.A.E.M, M.I.W.W.A, M.I.S.T.E, M.I.E.A, M.I.R.C.S
Dean of academics and Professor of Civil Engineering
Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology
Gollamudi Road, Namburu, Guntur Dist. Andhra Pradesh 522508
Learning Objectives
1. Types of Channels
2. Types of Flows
3. Velocity Distribution
4. Discharge through Open Channels
5. Most Economical Sections
6. Specific Energy and Specific Energy
Curves
7. Hydraulic Jump (RVF)
8. Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
Types of Channels
• Open channel flow is a flow which has a free
surface and flows due to gravity.
• Pipes not flowing full also fall into the category
of open channel flow
• In open channels, the flow is driven by the
slope of the channel rather than the pressure
Types of Flows
1. Steady and Unsteady Flow
2. Uniform and Non-uniform Flow
3. Laminar and Turbulent Flow
4. Sub-critical, Critical and Super-critical Flow
TYPES OF FLOWS
Steady flow :
• A flow is said to be steady if the flow characteristics i.e.
depth, discharge or velocity at a section do not change
with respect to time.
• The flow in a prismatic channel at constant discharge
is an example of the steady flow.
Unsteady flow :
• If the flow characteristics i.e. depth, discharge and
velocity change with respect to time, then it may
termed as unsteady flow.
• The flow of river during flood is an example of
unsteady Flow.
Uniform and Non
Uniform Flow
Uniform flow :
• If the flow characteristics, i.e. depth, discharge or velocity
remain constant along the length of channel, the flow is
termed as uniform flow.
Non – uniform flow :
• The depth of flow varies along the length of channel at
various sections, the flow is termed as non-uniform flow.
• The non-uniform or varied also subdivided into two
types :
Gradually varied flow and Rapidly varied flow
Laminar flow &
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow refers to flow in the form of thin
sheet(Lamina). This is only possible when
velocity of flow is very small of the order of
the few centimetres per seconds.
Flow through open channel for all practical cases
would be turbulent flow.
Laminar and Turbulent flow
TURBULENT FLOW
• La
• minar flow & Turbulent flow
CRITICAL FLOW
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
• Velocity is always vary across channel because
of friction along the boundary
• The maximum velocity usually found just
below the surface
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
• Mostly Vx is only considered and small vectors Vy
and Vz ignored.
• Velocity distribution is dependent on the
geometry of channel.
• Velocity is 0 at bottom and gradually increases
with distance.
• A typical profile in a plane normal to direction of
flow. It is found that max velocity occurs at 0.4y
from bed or 0.6y from top where y is depth.
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
AVERAGE VELOCITY
Average velocity can be found by,
Va = (V0.2 + V0.8) / 2
Where V0.2 is velocity is at 0.2 y, V0.8 is
velocity at 0.8y.
This property of the velocity distribution
commonly used in the calculation of discharge
of rivers and canals using area-velocity
method.
Discharge through Open Channels
1. Chezy’s Formula
2. Manning’s Formula
3. Bazin’s Formula
4. Kutter’s Formula
Chezy’s formula
v = C (Rh S) 1/2
Manning formula
Most Economical
Sections
• 1. Cost of construction should be minimum
• 2. Discharge should be maximum
Non-uniform Flow
• In Non-uniform flow, velocity varies at each section
of the channel and the Energy Line is not parallel to
the bed of the channel.
• This can be caused by
1. Differences in depth of channel and
2. Differences in width of channel.
3. Differences in the nature of bed
4. Differences in slope of channel and
5. Obstruction in the direction of flow
SPECIFIC ENERGY
SPECIFIC ENERGY
HYDRAULIC JUMP
HYDRAULIC JUMP
FORMATION OF HYDRAULIC JUMP
RELATION BETWEEN INITAL DEPTH AND
FINAL DEPTHS
LOSSES AND LENGTH OF HYDRAULIC JUMP
DYNAMIC EQUATION FOR GVF
DIRECT STEP METHOD
DIRECT STEP METHOD
QUESTION BANK ON OPENCHANNEL FLOW
• a) Classify different Type of channels with sketch.
• b) Explain about Specific energy.
• c) Write Chezy’s, and Manning’s formula
• d) Classify different Types of flows with sketch b
• e) What do you know about critical depth in an open channel flow.
• f) What do you understand by Flow in open channel? b) What do you mean by derived
units? Give examples
• g) Differentiate between uniform and non uniform flow
• h) When do you call the flows as critical, sub critical and super critical flows
• i) What is the purpose of providing bed slope in open channels (2M)
• l) What is a specific energy curve? (2M)
• m) Define Uniform flow and Non-Uniform flow. (2M) b) What is gradually varied flow?
• n) Write the significance of Reynolds number. (2M
• 0) What is the condition for most economical triangular section of open channel? (2M) b)
Mention any four channel bottom slopes
• p) What do you understand by ‘steady and unsteady flow’ in the case of channels? (3M)
b) What is rapidly varied flow?
QUESTION BANK ON OPENCHANNEL FLOW
• q) What do you mean by most economical section of a channel?
(2M)
• b) Define hydraulic jump..
• r) What is Bazin’s formula and how is it used (2M) b) What do
you understand by critical depth of an open channel when the
flow is not uniform
• s) What is meant by Prismatic channel? How it is classified (3M)
• t) What is meant by Rapidly varied flow? In which cases the
rapidly varied flow takes place? (3M)
• v) Differentiate between the Uniform and Non-Uniform flow (3M)
• u) What is meant by gradually varied flow? In which cases the
gradual varied flow takes place?
