Topics….

• Lesson 1: Contact and Non-Contact Forces

KS3 Physics • Lesson 2: Hookes Law
Forces and Pressure • Lesson 3: Friction and Air Resistance
• Lesson 4: Resultant Forces and Equilibrium
• Lesson 5: Work Done

1 Forces and Motion 2 Electricity 3 Waves 4 Energy

5 Solid Liquids Gases 6 Magnetism 7 Radioactivity 8 Astrophysics

Pre - iGCSE Edexcel Resources 1-9 – Mr Powell Animated Science
2018
 3 Forces and Pressure – Key Terms 3 Forces and Pressure – Key Terms
Term Definition Term Definition
acceleration Getting faster acceleration Getting faster
gradient Slope on a graph gradient Slope on a graph
Extension When something gets longer Extension When something gets longer

Air Air Friction caused by movement through

resistance/ Friction caused by movement through resistance/
the air the air
Drag Drag

Velocity Speed in a direction Velocity Speed in a direction

Two surfaces interlock on a microscopic Two surfaces interlock on a microscopic

Friction Friction level with ridges and crevices
level with ridges and crevices
Gravitational Gravitational The field that causes weight
field The field that causes weight field

Density mass/volume Density mass/volume

turbulence Caused by shape of an object turbulence Caused by shape of an object
Weight Force you feel due to gravity Weight Force you feel due to gravity

Force x distance = Work Done or the Force x distance = Work Done or the
Work Done Work Done energy input into a system
energy input into a system
For a spring the extension is proportional Hookes Law For a spring the extension is proportional
Hookes Law to the weight added to the weight added

Contact Forces where objects touch such as Contact Forces where objects touch such as
Force friction Force friction

Electrostatic, Gravitational, Magnetic Non-contact Electrostatic, Gravitational, Magnetic

Non-contact which does not require surface contact which does not require surface contact
Force Force and may pass through space.
and may pass through space.
 3 Forces and Pressure – Key Terms
Term Definition
acceleration Getting faster
gradient Slope on a graph
Extension When something gets longer
Air resistance/ Drag Friction caused by movement through the air
Velocity Speed in a direction
Two surfaces interlock on a microscopic level with ridges and
Friction
crevices
Gravitational field The field that causes weight
Density mass/volume
turbulence Caused by shape of an object
Weight Force you feel due to gravity
Work Done Force x distance = Work Done or the energy input into a system

Hookes Law For a spring the extension is proportional to the weight added
Contact Force Forces where objects touch such as friction
Electrostatic, Gravitational, Magnetic which does not require
Non-contact Force
surface contact and may pass through space.
 Mr D Powell
2018
Animated Science
2018

Lesson 1: Contact and Non-Contact Forces

Key Ideas…. To develop an understanding of

contact and non-contact forces.

I can identify a range of forces.

D/E

+categorise forces based on their

interaction.
C
++explain the difference between contact
and non-contact forces. Draw free body
diagrams
B
nding
tsta +++ explain the idea of fields causing forces?
Ou
Animated Science
2018
Forces and Representing Forces
Friction is a CONTACT force, the surfaces have to touch
for the force to have an effect.
Some forces exist where contact is not necessary;
Gravitational pull – an apple falling on your head or can cause
friction

Magnetism – a magnet attracting paper clips

Electrostatic forces – running water being

attracted to a charged plastic rod.

Animated Science
2018
Lesson 1: Contact and Non-Contact Forces – Practical Sheet
Complete the Practical here OR write out the findings direct into your book…

Observations + Forces Free body Diagram (pencil) inc Arrows (ruler use) to scale if possible

Magnetic Field: magnet and iron block Frictional Forces: your shoe

Friction: Wooden block pulled with string or similar… Electrostatic Forces: balloon and paper OR ruler and water

Upthrust: bowl of water and ping pong ball Gravity: Dropping a beanbag or similar

Animated Science
2018
Lesson 1: Contact and Non-Contact Forces – Instructions

Complete the Practical round robin AND write out the findings
direct into your book…

Observations + Forces Free body

Diagram (pencil) inc Arrows (ruler use)
to scale if possible
Magnetic Field: Frictional Forces:
magnet and iron your shoe
block
Friction: Wooden Electrostatic
block pulled with Forces: balloon and
string or similar… paper OR ruler and S
water
Upthrust: bowl of Gravity: Dropping a
water and ping beanbag or similar
pong ball

Animated Science
2018
Lesson 1: Forces and Representing Forces Support / Normal Reaction
U=W S
Upthrust
Friction Pull
Magnetic

W
W W
Drag
Drag = W
(mid flight)
Average Frictional Forces between a
shoe and the surface
W
2.5

2
Electrostatic Electrostatic

Force in Newtons (N)

1.5

1
R = Resultant
W 0.5
Weight
0
Floor Desk Carpet
Animated Plastic
Science
2018
Video Activity…
Using a clean page in your book.

1. Watch the short video (3mins)

2. As it plays you need to note

down any forces examples you
see.

3. Your teacher will pause the video

to help you do this.

4. Group into non-contact and

contact forces

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=xxK8N23nx9M Animated Science
2018
Do Now Task....
On a whiteboard in a pair, discuss
and write a quick summary of your
understanding of…

1. How you would measure the

extension of a spring when a
mass is added

2. How you can obtain data to

prove a relationship for the
stiffness of spring

3. What sort of graph you might

plot?

Where did you get

1 2 3
to on this idea?

Animated Science
2018
 Mr D Powell
2018
Animated Science
2018

Lesson 2 Hookes Law

Key Ideas…. To develop an understanding of Hooke’s Law

I can identify Hooke’s Law

D/E

+experimentally test Hooke’s law

C
++analyse Hooke’s Law data to provide a
simple conclusion
B
nding
tsta +++ I can explain in detail the idea of proportionality and
Ou
use a graph to give weight to my arguments. Animated Science
2018
Making a Prediction….
B
Task: A 15

Extension /cm
15

Extension /cm
With your partner 10
10
who you will do the 5
practical with try 5
and come up with a 0
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
prediction for what 0 2 4 6 8 10
you think will Weight Added /N
Weight Added /N
happen when the
spring extends? D
C 15

Extension /cm
You can use the 15
Extension /cm

10
graphs to help you. 10
5
Write it down on 5
0
your sheet and try 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
and justify why? 0 2 4 6 8 10 Weight Added /N
Weight Added /N
Discuss in a pair
Animated Science
2018
Setup…. AVOID THIS with
to much mass!

F = kx

F, is the force in Newtons, N

k, is the spring constant in Newtons per metre, N/m
x, is the extension in metres, m Animated Science
2018
Lesson 2: Hookes Law
I predict that the graph that shows the relationship
between the Weights added and Spring Stiffness is
Graph …………………………………….
This is because ……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….

Length /
Weight
/
loading unloading Mean

Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Animated Science
2018
Lesson 2: Stretching and Squashing (Extra Help)
25
I predict that the graph that shows the relationship
between the Weights added and Spring Stiffness is 20
Graph …………………………………….
This is because ……………………………………………………………
15

Length /cm
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………. 10
…………………………………………………………………………………….

5
Length (cm)
Weight
(N) 0
loading unloading Mean 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 0 0 0
Weight Added /N
2 2.1 1.9 2
4 4.1 3.9 4 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6 6.2 5.9 6
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8 8.1 7.9 8 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10 13 13 13 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

12 20 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
20 20
Animated Science
2018
Example Results…. Weight (N) Length (cm)
0 0
2 2
4 4
This part obeys 6 6
25
Hooke’s Law. This 8 8
means that if I 10 13
12 20
20 increase the Weight
by the same
amount each time.
15 The increase in
Length /cm

length is
proportional.
10 When I unload the
spring it returns to This part is where it
it’s original length. plastically deforms
so it is permanently
5
stretched.

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Weight Added /N
Animated Science
2018
Extra Help to Explain…. Weight
Length (cm)
(N)
This part obeys Exp 1 Exp 2 This part is
0 0 1
Hooke’s Law. This where it
2 2 2
25 means that if I 4 4 3 plastically
increase the Weight 6 6 4 deforms so it
8 8 5 is permanently
by the same 10 13 6
20 amount each time. stretched.
12 20 7
The increase in
length is
15
proportional.
Length /cm

When I unload the

10 spring it returns to
it’s original length.
X
X
5 X
X
X X
0X
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Weight Added /N
Animated Science
2018
 25 25
20 20
Length /cm

Length /cm
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Weight Added /N Weight Added /N

25 25

20 20

Length /cm
15
Length /cm

15
10 10

5 5

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Weight Added /N Weight Added /N
Animated Science
2018
Conclusion help….
The increase in length
Task: If you need some help, use some
is proportional
of these ideas in your own conclusion.

DON’T just copy them off the board in

a random order! I increase the Weight by the
same amount each time.

This part obeys Hooke’s

Law. it is permanently
stretched.

This part is where it

plastically deforms

When I unload the spring

After a plastic deformation it returns to the original
the spring does not return length.
back to its original length

Animated Science
2018
Conclusion help…. Conclusion help….
Instructions: Cut out the statements, glue Instructions: Cut out the statements, glue
around the small graph to explain it… around the small graph to explain it…

I increase the I increase the

The increase in Weight by the The increase in Weight by the
length is same amount each length is same amount each
proportional time. proportional time.

This part is where This part is where

it plastically it plastically
deforms deforms
it is it is
permanently permanently
stretched. stretched.
After a plastic After a plastic
deformation the deformation the
spring does not spring does not
return back to its return back to its
original length When I unload original length When I unload
the spring it the spring it
returns to the returns to the
This part obeys original length. This part obeys original length.
Hooke’s Law. Hooke’s Law.

Animated Science
2018
Bonding…..

Metal Spring Elastic Band

Animated Science
2018
Alternative View – reversed axes?

1 for axes
2 for plot points
1 for straight line
1 for elastic limit

Animated Science
2018
Structured Review Questions
Weight Full length of Length (ii)
(N) spring (i) + (ii) (cm)
(cm)
0 30 0
2 32 2
4 34 4
6 36 6
8 38 8
10 43 13
12 50 20

a Look at the diagram. What do we call the two lengths, (i) and (ii)? [2]
b Copy and complete the table by calculating the values of length [3]
(ii).
c Draw a scatter plot of the values of length (ii) on X on Y-axis and [5]
Weight on X - axis
Draw a line of best fit.
d State Hooke’s law and explain how the graph demonstrates the [4]
law.
Animated Science
2018
Structured Questions

Weight Full length of Length (ii)

(N) spring (i) + (ii) (cm)
(cm)
0 30
2 32
4 34
6 36
8 38
10 43
12 50

a Look at the diagram. What do we call the two lengths, (i) and (ii)? [2]
b Copy and complete the table by calculating the values of length [3]
(ii).
c Draw a scatter plot of the values of length (ii). [5]
Draw a line of best fit.
d State Hooke’s law and explain how the graph demonstrates the [4]
law.
Animated Science
2018
Answers...
Weight (N) Full length of Length (ii)
spring (i) + (ii) (cm) (cm) 3
0 30 0
2 32 2
4 34 4
6 36 6
8 38 8
10 43 13
12 50 20

a) Length (i) is the original length.

2
Length (ii) is the extension.

d Hooke’s law states that the extension of a spring is proportional to

the force producing it, providing that the elastic limit is not exceeded. (2)
The straight-line section of the graph shows extension proportional
to force. (1)
The bent section shows where the elastic limit has been exceeded. (1)

Animated Science
2018
Plenary OR Look at your graph… (answer the questions in your book)
Review 1. What does this mean
Task… 2. Can you explain any of the features?
25 3. Can you work out an extension of a spring from experimental
data for a given force
4. Work out the potential energy stored in a stretched spring
20 using the formula Ep = 0.5Fx for a point on the graph (x in m)

15
Length /cm

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Weight Added /N
Animated Science
2018
Example…. To Find “k” – extension!
Extension of
Force/ N
spring /m
Weight in N 0.00 0.0
0.04 1.0
7.0
0.09 2.0
6.0 0.14 3.0
f(x) = 22.72 x − 0.02 4.0
0.18
5.0 R² = 1
0.22 5.0
Force Added /N

F = F2-F1
4.0 = (5.7-1.0)N 0.26 6.0
= 4.4N
3.0
The Spring constant:
2.0

1.0 grad = F/ x

x = x2-x1
0.0 grad = 4.4N / 0.21m
= (0.25-0.04)N = 0.21N
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
k = 21Nm-1
Extension /m

Animated Science
2018
Starter 1.... Starter 2....

Why do surfaces feel friction…. The old/modern car will use the least
petrol because……

Zoom!
?????

Streamlining Air Resistance Force Smooth Rough Shape Animated Science

2018
 Mr D Powell
2018
Animated Science
2018

Lesson 3 Friction and Air Resistance

Key Ideas…. To develop an understanding of

friction and air resistance

I can define friction

D/E

+ experimentally determine the

factors that affect friction
C
++ analyse the factors that have the
biggest effect on friction
B
nding
tsta +++ explain in detail ideas of “turbulence” and “clean air”
Ou
Animated Science
2018
Streamlining In class…. (27 mins)

Task…

1. Discuss the movie you

have seen?

2. What are your thoughts

on air resistance?

3. Can you explain what

happens in each case?

Animated Science
2018
Streamlining at home…. (3 mins)

Task…

1. Discuss the movie you

have seen…
https://youtu.be/5AJVlt6
o6Yc

2. What are your thoughts

on friction OR air
resistance?

3. Can you explain what

happens in each picture?

4. Make some notes of

your own.

Animated Science
2018
Frictional Forces on a Bike – Where are they?

brake pad and

rim
pedal bearing
wheel
bearing wheel bearing

Air resistance
One or “Drag”
more? Probably the
most important…

links in chain
tyre and road Animated Science
2018
Lesson 3 Friction and Air Resistance Worksheet
A student dragged a block of wood across the desk with a 8.0
material glued to the lower surface varying the amount of
downwards force. The results are shown below….
7.0
1) Draw a LOBF for the material shown (pencil) (2)

2) Complete the other materials and create your own 6.0

legend so they are clearly identified. (points = 2, LOBF = 2,
legend or key = 1)
5.0

Frictional Forces /N
3) Compare each surface when the weight is 5N, what are
the frictional forces for each one? (3)
4.0
4) What is the range of frictional force for the Al? (1 mark)

5) Think about how the surfaces relate to each other and

3.0
the desk. Draw a simple diagram in your book to show how
they might be different using interlocking theory. Write a
suitable conclusion for the practical. (4 marks) 2.0
Frictional Forces /N
Total Weight /N
Rubber Brush Mat Al Sheet
1.0
2.0 1.8 0.8 0.6
3.0 2.5 1.2 0.8
4.0 3.4 1.6 1.0 0.0
5.0 4.6 2.0 1.4 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
6.0 5.3 2.4 1.8
7.0 6.3 3.0 2.2 Total Weight/ N
8.0 7.2 3.6 2.4 Animated Science
2018
Answers…. Total / 15 Worksheet

Frictional Forces /N
1) LOBF (1) with (pencil) (1) Rubber
8.0 Linear (Rubber)
Brush Mat
2) Complete the other materials 7.0 Linear (Brush Mat)
and create your own legend so Al Sheet
Linear (Al Sheet)
they are clearly identified. 6.0
(points = 2, LOBF = 2, legend = 1)
5.0
3) Compare each surface when
4.0
the weight is 5N, what are the
frictional forces for each one? (3) 3.0
Al: 1.4N / BM: 2.0N / Rub: 4.6N
4) What is the range of frictional
2.0
force for the Al? (1 mark) 1.8N
1.0
OR 0.6N to 2.4N
5) Clearly shown interlocking 0.0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
diagram + Conclusion F  W for
each Rubber grips most (2 marks Total Weight/ N
+ 2 marks) Animated Science
2018
Graphing Plotting Extra Help.
X Y
0.4 0.6
0.8 0.8
1.2 1.0
3 1.4 1.8
2.0 1.4

0.2
1

1 2 3
Animated Science
2018
Interlocking Theory Diagram Examples… Worksheet

Friction always tries to slow moving objects

down. It makes things hard to move and gives
things ‘grip’. Sometimes this can be useful,
sometimes it is not.

Oil or grease acts as a lubricant, it fills the

‘ridges and valleys’ of the surface (when looked
at under a microscope). This means the
surfaces can move smoothly over one another,
without interlocking.
Animated Science
2018
 Mr D Powell
2018
Animated Science
2018

Lesson 4: Resultant Forces and Equilibrium

Key Ideas…. To develop an understanding of resultant forces

and equilibrium

I can identify a range of

forces AND resultant
forces
D/E

+ describe and resolve resultant forces in

two directions.
C
++ resolve resultant forces in four
directions.
B
nding
Outsta ++ work out an unknown force in a balance situation.
Animated Science
2018
Prep Task 1…. Worksheet

Task…

Make notes on
the video –
draw the
images and
arrows carefully

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGGxf6cp3Lo
Animated Science
2018
Prep Task 2…. Worksheet

Task…

Make notes on
the video –
draw the
images and
arrows carefully

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22VGQM1jCn8

Animated Science
2018
Lesson 4: Resultant Forces and Equilibrium Worksheet
Task: For each situation write quick answer, to how the resultant is worked out and what it is?
3
1 2

4
5

Animated Science
2018
Look at these ideas and discuss, where the missing arrows could go?

Animated Science
2018
What happens and why to the tug of war....

Animated Science
2018
Resultant Forces....

FR = F1 – F2 Animated Science
2018
Answers.....

Since the anticlockwise moment = clockwise moment, seesaw is balanced.

Clockwise moment = 40 N × 1.8 m = 72 Nm

Since the seesaw is balanced, anticlockwise moment = clockwise moment.

Anticlockwise moment = 72 Nm = F ×0.8 m

F = 72 Nm ÷ 0.8 m = 90 N

Animated Science
2018
What about here on a see-saw?

Anticlockwise moment = 20 x 12 = 240 Nm

Clockwise moment = 8x F
8 x F = 240
F = 30 N Animated Science
2018
Plenary / Review Task…

On a whiteboard or in your books in a pair, discuss and draw free body

diagram such as these shown.

Use your own forces arrows and show the resultant and what happens
to it!

2 simple arrows and a resultant at 180

4 arrows and a resultant at 180 & 90 

6 or 8 arrows and a resultant at 180 & 90 

and diagonal motion!

Where did you get to today and be

prepared to justify your answer!
Animated Science
2018
When I move these objects I do what...

Animated Science
2018
 Mr D Powell
2018
Animated Science
2018

Lesson 5: Work Done

Key Ideas…. To develop an understanding of work done and how

to calculate it

I can define work done

and it’s units

D/E

+ calculate work done

using the equation
C
++ rearrange the work done
equation AND use in
questions
B
nding
tsta +++ link ideas of work done on a flat surface to work done
Ou
against a gravitational field. Animated Science
2018
Work Done…. (Make a note of this key idea)

Work is the energy transfer that takes place when a force causes an object to
move.

work done = force applied × distance moved in direction of force

What is crucially important is to realise that no energy transfer takes place (in
that direction) when the motion is not in the direction of the force!

 work done is measured in joules (J)

 force is measured in Newtons (N)
 distance is measured in metres (m)

100 N W = Fd

= 100N x 5m
= 500Nm
= 500J
5m
Animated Science
2018
Introduction to “Work Done” - Eureka! Episode 8 - Work

Using the video discuss these questions with a

partner / use a whiteboard to record the
answers;

1. What is the difference between mass and

weight? (re-cap)

2. What do we mean by the term “work”?

3. Give an example with diagram (with maths

of work done relating to lifting a weight.

4. Now give a 2nd example but when the work

done is in a horizontal direction?

5. Give an example of when work is not

done?

6. Define the Joule.

Animated Science
2018
Work Done Practical… 10mins

Work with a partner to investigate work done.

Equipment…

• 1kg mass
• 0.5kg mass
• Ruler
• 1-10 Newton meter

Steps….

1. Draw out an example cartoon where you

move an object i.e. the masses

2. Label the variables on the cartoon

3.

4.
Write out your calculation WAU.

Try another!
?
Animated Science
2018
 Intro: “Work Done” Eureka! Episode 8 - Work Intro: “Work Done” Eureka! Episode 8 - Work
Using the video discuss these questions with a partner / use a Using the video discuss these questions with a partner / use a
whiteboard OR your book to record the answers; whiteboard OR your book to record the answers;

1. What is the difference between mass and weight? (re- 1. What is the difference between mass and weight? (re-
cap) cap)

2. What do we mean by the term “work”? 2. What do we mean by the term “work”?

3. Give an example with diagram (with maths of work 3. Give an example with diagram (with maths of work
done relating to lifting a weight). done relating to lifting a weight).

4. Now give a 2nd example but when the work done is in a 4. Now give a 2nd example but when the work done is in a
horizontal direction? horizontal direction?

5. Give an example of when work is not done? 5. Give an example of when work is not done?

6. Define the Joule. 6. Define the Joule.

Consolidation Questions…. Consolidation Questions….

1. When I move an apple 1. When I move an apple
(1N weight) a distance (1N weight) a distance
of 2m along a desk of 2m along a desk
what is the work done? what is the work done?

2. When I move 0.5kg a 2. When I move 0.5kg a

distance of 3m along a distance of 3m along a
desk what is the work desk what is the work
done? done?
Challenge Question… Challenge Question…

When a weight lifter lifts a When a weight lifter lifts a

weight of 80kg a height of weight of 80kg a height of
1.5m what is the work done? 1.5m what is the work done?
(mgh) (mgh) Animated Science
2018
Video Task….
https://youtu.be/nQI9z79UmT4
Task…

Watch the two short videos.

Make notes on the key ideas in

your book.

Draw the images and arrows

carefully

https://youtu.be/yjUsfG_UvZE

Animated Science
2018
Consolidation Questions….

1. When I move an apple (1N weight) a distance of 2m along a desk

what is the work done? 1. 2J
2. When I move 0.5kg a distance of 3m along a desk what is the 2. 15J
work done?
3. 1200J
3. When a weight lifter lifts a weight of 80kg a height of 1.5m what
is the work done? (mgh)
Animated Science
2018
Structured Questions “Forces” Review….

1 Forces can involve pushes, pulls or turning. Forces appear whenever two
objects interact. 

1a Give two different examples each of pushing forces and pulling [4]
forces.

1b Describe the two forces involved when a large, heavy box rests [2]
on a flat floor.

1c Explain why the box, if it is left alone, does not move. [3]

1d What other forces appear if you try to move the box across the [3]
floor? (Harder)

1e Explain how a lubricant such as oil, can make the box easier to [4]
slide across the floor. (Harder)
Animated Science
2018
Structured Answers “Forces” Review….
    M Level
1a Any two sensible answers for pushing, and two for pulling. Some examples are as follows:
 Pushing – shark pushing its teeth into prey, chair pushing up on you when you sit
down, person pushing a box.
 Pulling – a magnet pulling a piece of steel, the Sun’s gravity pulling on Earth, a horse 4 3
pulling a cart.

1b Gravity pulls down on the floor causing wgth and the floor pushes up on the box (Support) 2 4
1c The push of the box on the floor is exactly the same as the push of the floor on the box.
There are no other forces on the box, so it does not move. 3 5
1d The force of you pushing on the box makes it move. The force of friction from the floor
pushes back on the box. 3 6
1e In their answers students should be making connections between forces, the properties of
liquids, and pressure.
 Friction is caused by the interaction (roughness) of surfaces.
 The weight of the box causes the surfaces to be pushed into each other increasing the
interaction and making the box more difficult to slide.
 Particles in solids cannot easily move.
 The lubricant separates the surfaces by forming a layer in between them. 4 7/8
 The particles in a liquid can move past each other easily and so a smaller force is
required.

Animated Science
2018