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Evidence of Evolution by Natural Selection: Testable Hypotheses

The document provides evidence for evolution through natural selection in peppered moths and humans. [1] Studies from 1848 to 1995 show that the ratio of light to dark peppered moths changed dramatically in accordance with levels of pollution, demonstrating natural selection. [2] Genome sequencing provides evidence that humans share a common ancestor with great apes, as humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes due to the fusion of two ancestral chromosomes. [3] Analysis of human chromosome 2 found the precise fusion site and confirmed duplications from other ancestral chromosomes, supporting the hypothesis that humans evolved from a shared ancestor with chimpanzees and other primates.

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150 views9 pages

Evidence of Evolution by Natural Selection: Testable Hypotheses

The document provides evidence for evolution through natural selection in peppered moths and humans. [1] Studies from 1848 to 1995 show that the ratio of light to dark peppered moths changed dramatically in accordance with levels of pollution, demonstrating natural selection. [2] Genome sequencing provides evidence that humans share a common ancestor with great apes, as humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes due to the fusion of two ancestral chromosomes. [3] Analysis of human chromosome 2 found the precise fusion site and confirmed duplications from other ancestral chromosomes, supporting the hypothesis that humans evolved from a shared ancestor with chimpanzees and other primates.

Uploaded by

julie raines
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Evidence of Evolution

by Natural Selection
Testable Hypotheses

AP Biology 2007-2008
Peppered Moths
 Dark vs. light variants

Year % dark % light


1848 5 95
1895 98 2
1995 19 81

AP Biology
Peppered moth
 What was the selection factor?
 early 1800s = pre-industrial England
 low pollution
 lichen growing on trees = light colored bark
 late 1800s = industrial England
 factories = soot coated trees
 killed lichen = dark colored bark
 mid 1900s = pollution controls
 clean air laws
 return of lichen = light colored bark

AP Biology
industrial melanism
Genome sequencing
 What can data from whole
genome sequencing tell us
about evolution of humans?

AP Biology
Primate Common Ancestry?
Chromosome Number in
the Great Apes
(Hominidae)

orangutan (Pogo) 48
gorilla (Gorilla) 48
chimpanzee (Pan) 48
human (Homo) 46

Could we have
Hypothesis:
Hypothesis: just lost a pair of
Change
Change in in chromosome
chromosome number?
number? chromosomes?
IfIf these
these organisms
organisms share
share aa common
common
ancestor,
ancestor, thenthen is
is there
there evidence
evidence in
in
the
the genome
genome for for this
this change
change inin
chromosome
AP Biology
chromosome number
number
Chromosomal fusion
Testable
Testableprediction:
prediction:
IfIfcommon
commonancestor
ancestorhad
had48
48chromosomes
chromosomes(24
(24pairs),
pairs),
then
thenhumans
humanscarry
carryaafused
fusedchromosome
chromosome(23
(23pairs).
pairs).
Ancestral
Chromosomes Fusion Homo sapiens

Chromosome Number in
the Great Apes Inactivated
centromere
(Hominidae)
Telomere
sequences
orangutan (Pogo) 48
gorilla (Gorilla) 48
chimpanzee (Pan) 48
Testable!
human (Homo) 46
This is what makes
evolution science Centromere
AP Biology & not belief! Telomere
Hillier et al (2005) “Generation and Annotation of the DNA
sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4,” Nature 434: 724 – 731.

Test of the Human Genome


Ancestral
“Chromosome 2 is unique to the human
Chromosomes Fusion Homo sapiens “Chromosome 2 is unique to the human
lineage of evolution, having emerged as a
lineage of evolution, having emerged as a
result of head-to-head fusion of two
result of head-to-head fusion of two
chromosomes that remained separate in
Inactivated chromosomes that remained separate in
other primates. The precise fusion site has
centromere other primates. The precise fusion site has
been located in 2q13–2q14.1, where our
been located in 2q13–2q14.1, where our
Telomere analysis confirmed the presence of multiple
analysis confirmed the presence of multiple
sequences subtelomeric duplications to chromosomes
subtelomeric duplications to chromosomes
1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 21 and 22. During the
1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 21 and 22. During the
formation of human chromosome 2, one of
formation of human chromosome 2, one of
the two centromeres became inactivated
the two centromeres became inactivated
(2q21, which corresponds to the centromere
(2q21, which Well I’ll
corresponds to the centromere
from chimp chromosome 13) and the
Chr 2 be achromosome
from chimp monkey’s 13) and the
centromeric structure quickly deterioriated.”
…or structure
centromeric an ape’s… quickly deterioriated.”
uncle!

Human
HumanChromosome
Chromosome#2 #2shows
showsthe
theexact
exact
point
point at
atwhich
AP Biology whichthis
thisfusion
fusiontook
tookplace
place
In case you had any doubts…
Any Questions??

AP Biology 2007-2008

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