Regulating the Internal

Environment

AP Biology 2006-2007
 Credit: created by
Kim Fogler
Division Avenue High School
Levittown

AP Biology 2006-2007
 Conformers vs. Regulators
 2 methods for organisms
 regulate internal environment
 maintain relatively constant internal conditions
 conform to external environment
 allow internal conditions to fluctuate along with external changes

thermoregulation osmoregulation

regulator

regulator
AP Biology conformer conformer
 Homeostasis
 Keeping the balance
 animal body needs to coordinate
many systems all at once
 temperature
 blood sugar levels
 energy production
 water balance & intracellular waste disposal
 nutrients
 ion balance
 cell growth
 maintaining a “steady state” condition

AP Biology
 Regulating the Internal
Environment
Water Balance &
Nitrogenous Waste
Removal

AP Biology 2006-2007
 Animal systems designed to
support multicellular life
aa
CH O2
CO2 CHO
aa NH3
CHO O2
O2 CH
aa

intracellular
CO2
CO2 waste
NH3 O2
aa NH3 CO2
NH3
CO2 CO2
NH3
O2 NH3
CO2
CO2
CO2
aa NH3
NH3 NH3
CO2 CO2 CHO

CH aa extracellular
AP Biology Diffusion too slow! waste
 Solving exchange problem
 Multicellular systems for
 distributing nutrients
 circulatory system
CO2
 removing wastes CO2
NH3 O2
aa NH3 CO2
 excretory system NH3
CO2 CO2
NH3
O2 NH3
CO2
CO2
CO2
aa NH3
NH3 NH3
overcoming the CO2 CO2 CHO
limitations of diffusion
CH aa
AP Biology
 Osmoregulation
 Water balance
 freshwater
 hypotonic
 water flow into cells & salt loss
 saltwater
 hypertonic
 water loss from cells
 land
 dry environment
 need to conserve water
 may need to conserve salt

Why do all land animals have to conserve water?

 always lose water (breathing & waste)
AP
may lose life while searching for water
Biology
 Animals
poison themselves
Waste disposal from the inside
by digesting
proteins!
 What waste products?
 what do we digest our food into…
 carbohydrates = CHO  CO2 + H2O
 lipids = CHO  CO2 + H2O
 proteins = CHON  CO2 + H2O + N
 nucleic acids = CHOPN  CO2 + H2O + P + N
 relatively small amount in cell
cellular digestion…
cellular waste
H| O
H || CO2 + H2O
N–C– C–OH
NH2 = H |
ammonia
AP Biology R
 Nitrogenous waste disposal
 Ammonia (NH3)
 very toxic
 carcinogenic
 very soluble
 easily crosses membranes
 must dilute it & get rid of it… fast!
 How you get rid of nitrogenous wastes depends on
 who you are
 where you live (habitat)

AP Biology
AP Biology
 Nitrogen waste
 Aquatic organisms
 can afford to
lose water
 ammonia
 most toxic
 Terrestrial
 need to
conserve water
 urea
 less toxic
 Terrestrial egg
layers
 need to conserve
most water
 uric acid
AP Biology  least toxic
 Freshwater animals
 Water removal & nitrogen waste disposal
 surplus of water
 can dilute ammonia & excrete it
 need to excrete a lot of water anyway so
excrete very dilute urine
 pass ammonia continuously through gills or
through any moist membrane
 loss of salts
 reabsorb in kidneys or active transport across gills

AP Biology
 Land animals
 Nitrogen waste disposal on land
 have less toxic waste product
 need to conserve water
 urea = less soluble = less toxic
 kidney
 filter wastes out of blood
 reabsorb H2O
 excrete waste
 urine = urea, salts, excess sugar & H2O
 urine is very concentrated
 concentrated NH3 would be too toxic
AP Biology
 Urea
 Larger molecule = less soluble
 2NH2 + CO2 = urea
 combined in liver H
 Requires energy N
to produce H
worth the investment C O

H
of energy
N
 Filtered out by kidneys
 collected from cells H
by circulatory system
AP Biology
 Egg-laying land animals
 Nitrogen waste disposal in egg
 no place to get rid of waste in egg
 need even less soluble molecule

 uric acid = bigger = less soluble = less toxic

 birds, reptiles, insects
itty bitty
living space!

AP Biology
 And that folks,
Uric acid is why a male bird
doesn’t have
 Polymerized urea a penis!

 large molecule
 precipitates out of solution

 doesn’t harm embryo in egg

 white dust in egg
 adults excrete white paste
 no liquid waste
O  white bird “poop”!
H
H N
N
O
O N N
AP Biology H
H
 Mammalian System blood filtrate

 Key functions
 filtration
 fluids from blood collected
 includes water & solutes
 reabsorption
 selectively reabsorb needed
substances back to blood
 secretion
 pump out unwanted substances to
urine
 excretion
 remove excess substances & toxins
from body
AP Biology urine
 Organs of the Urinary system

 Kidneys
 Ureters
 Urinary bladder
 Urethra

AP Biology
 Location of the Kidneys
 Against dorsal wall
 Right lower than left
 Attached to ureters,
renal blood vessels, &
nerves at renal hilus
 Atop kidney is adrenal
gland

AP Biology
 Regions of the Kidney

 Renal cortex –
outer region
 Renal medulla
– inside the
cortex
 Renal pelvis –
inner collecting
tube

AP Biology
 Mammalian Kidney
inferior aorta
vena cava adrenal gland

kidney
nephron
ureter renal vein
& artery
epithelial
cells
bladder
urethra

AP Biology
 Nephron
 Functional and structural units
of kidney
1 million nephrons
per kidney
 Function
filter out urea & solutes (salt,
sugar…) : form urine
 Process
blood plasma filtered
into nephron
“counter current
selective reabsorption of exchange system”
valuable solutes & H2O
AP Biology  greater flexibility & control
 How can
different sections
The Kidney allow the diffusion
of different
 Interaction of circulatory molecules?
& excretory systems
 Circulatory system Bowman’s
Proximal
tubule
Distal
tubule
capsule
 glomerulus = Glomerulus
ball of capillaries
 Excretory system
 nephron Glucose
H2O Na+ Cl-
 Bowman’s capsule Amino
acids H2O
H2O
Na+ Cl-
 loop of Henle Mg++ Ca++ H2O
H2O

 descending limb
 ascending limb H2O

 collecting duct Loop of Henle

Collecting
duct

AP Biology
 Nephron: Filtration
 At glomerulus
 filtered out of blood
 H2O
 glucose
 salts / ions
 urea
 not filtered out
 cells high blood pressure in kidneys
force to push H22O & solutes out of
 proteins
blood vessel
BIG problems when you start out
with high blood pressure in system
AP Biology
hypertension = kidney damage
 Nephron: Re-absorption
 Proximal tubule
 reabsorbed
 NaCl
 active transport Na+
 Cl- follows by
diffusion
 H2O
 glucose
 HCO3- Descending
limb
Ascending
limb
 bicarbonate
 buffer for
blood pH

AP Biology
 Nephron: Re-absorption
structure fits
 Loop of Henle function!
descending limb
 high permeability to
H2O
 many aquaporins in
cell membranes
 low permeability to Descending Ascending
limb limb
salt
reabsorbed
 H2O

AP Biology
 Nephron: Re-absorption
structure fits
 Loop of Henle function!
ascending limb
 low permeability
to H2O
 Cl- pump
 Na+ follows by
diffusion
Descending Ascending
 different membrane limb limb

proteins
reabsorbed
 salts
 maintains osmotic
AP Biology
gradient
 Nephron: Re-absorption
 Distal tubule
reabsorbed
 salts
 H2O
 HCO3-
 bicarbonate

AP Biology
 Nephron: Reabsorption & Excretion
 Collecting duct
reabsorbed
 H2O
excretion
 urea passes to
bladder
Descending Ascending
limb limb

AP Biology
 Osmotic Control of nephron
 How is all this re-absorption achieved?
 tight osmotic
control to reduce
the energy cost
of excretion
 use diffusion

instead of
active transport
wherever possible

the value of a
counter current
exchange system
AP Biology
AP Biology
 Summary
 Not filtered out
 remain in blood (too big)
 cells  proteins

 Reabsorbed: active transport

 Na+  amino acids
 Cl-  glucose

 Reabsorbed: diffusion
 Na+  Cl-
 H2O
 Excreted
 urea (highly concentrated)
 excess H2O  excess solutes (glucose, salts)
AP Biology toxins, drugs, “unknowns”
 Any Questions?

AP Biology 2006-2007
 Regulating the Internal
Environment
Regulation of
Homeostasis

AP Biology 2006-2007
 Negative Feedback Loop
 Maintaining homeostasis
Response
Return to
Perturbing set point
factor
Effector
Negative causes changes
feedback loop to compensate
Stimulus completed for deviation
deviation from
set point

Integrating
Sensor center
constantly compares
monitors conditions to
conditions set point
AP Biology
 Negative Feedback Model
hormone 1

lowers
gland body condition
(return to set point)

high sensor
specific body condition
sensor low

raises
body condition gland
(return to set point)

AP Biology hormone 2
Nervous System Control
Controlling Body Temperature
nerve signals

brain
sweat dilates surface
blood vessels
high
body temperature
low

constricts surface shiver brain

blood vessels

AP Biology nerve signals

Endocrine System Control
Blood Osmolarity
ADH

pituitary increased increase

water thirst
reabsorption

high nephron
blood osmolarity
blood pressure
low

AP Biology
 Maintaining Water Balance
Get more
 High blood osmolarity level water into
 too many solutes in blood blood fast
 dehydration, high salt diet
 stimulates thirst = drink more
 release ADH from pituitary gland
 anti-diuretic hormone
 increases permeability of collecting duct H2O
& reabsorption of water in kidneys
 increase water absorption back into blood H2O

 decrease urination
H2O
Alcohol
suppresses ADH…
makes you
urinate a lot!
AP Biology
Endocrine System Control
Blood Osmolarity
ADH

pituitary increased increase

water thirst
reabsorption

high nephron
blood osmolarity
blood pressure JuxtaGlomerular
low Apparatus
increased
adrenal water & salt nephron
gland reabsorption
renin
aldosterone
angiotensinogen
AP Biology angiotensin
 Maintaining Water Balance
Oooooh,
 Low blood osmolarity level zymogen!
or low blood pressure

Low solutes

renin (from JGA) activates

angiotensinogen

angiotensin triggers
aldosterone

aldosterone
increases absorption
of NaCl
AP & H2O in kidney
Biology
 Maintaining Water Balance
Get more
 Low blood osmolarity level water & salt into
or low blood pressure blood fast!
 JGA releases renin in kidney
 renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin
 angiotensin causes arterioles to constrict
 increase blood pressure
 angiotensin triggers release of aldosterone from
adrenal gland
 increases reabsorption of NaCl & H2O in kidneys
 puts more water & salts back in blood adrenal
gland

AP Biology
 Homeostasis
 Osmoregulation
 solute balance & gain or loss of water
 Excretion
 elimination of nitrogenous wastes
 Thermoregulation
 maintain temperature within tolerable range

AP Biology
 Maintaining Water Balance
 Monitor blood osmolarity
 amount of dissolved material in blood

High solutes

in brain

AP Biology
ADH = anti-diuretic hormone