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Reactive Power and Voltage Control

- Reactive power (VARs) are needed for voltage control and can reduce transmission losses. VARs can come from generator excitation, transformers, capacitors, SVCs, and other devices. - Optimal power flow is used to determine the optimal dispatch of generation while meeting constraints like generator limits, line limits, and voltage limits. It provides marginal costs of real and reactive power. - Adding reactive power support from a capacitor at a load bus allows increased real power transfers by alleviating the voltage constraint. This shows the economic value of VARs for voltage support and congestion relief.

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129 views37 pages

Reactive Power and Voltage Control

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Reactive Power and Voltage Control

Peter W. Sauer
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

NSF Workshop on applied mathematics for

deregulated power systems:
Optimization, Control and Computational Intelligence
Nov 3-4, 2003, Alexandria, VA

PSERC1
15 years of interesting stuff
• Proceedings: Bulk Power System Voltage Phenomena -
Voltage Stability and Security, Potosi, MO, Sep 19-24, 1988

• Proceedings NSF Workshop on Bulk Power System

Voltage Phenomena Voltage Stability and Security, Deep
Creek Lake, MD, Aug. 4-7, 1991

• Proceedings of the Bulk Power System Voltage

Phenomena - III Seminar on Voltage Stability, Security &
Control, Davos, Switzerland, August 22-26, 1994
15 years of interesting stuff
• Proceedings of the Symposium on "Bulk Power System
Dynamics and Control IV - Restructuring", Santorini,
Greece, August 24-28, 1998

• Proceedings Bulk Power Systems Dynamics and Control V

- Security and Reliability in a Changing Environment,
Onomichi, Japan, August 26-31, 2001

• Proceedings Bulk Power Systems Dynamics and Control

VI, Cortina, Italy, August 22-27, 2004
What is reactive power?
1.5

0.5
Voltage
0
Current
-0.5

-1

-1.5

It is all in the phase shift

Instantaneous power (one phase)

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Power
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
Deomposed into two terms
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3 Real power P (1-cos(2wt))

0.2

0.1

0
P = .275 PU Watts
0.3

0.2

0.1 - Q sin(2wt))
0 Reactive power

-0.1

-0.2
Q = 0.205 PU VARS
-0.3
Steady-state frequency-domain model

S = V I * = P + jQ

Important thing here is that for a given

amount of real power P, and a given
voltage, the existence of Q causes
current to be higher than necessary to
provide P – i.e. VARS clog up the system
PQ capability curve
• Shouldn’t just use
Q(MVAR) fixed MVAR limit
(MVAR limit is a
Qmax ( P3* )
Qmax ( P2* )
function of MW
Qmax ( P1* )
dispatch)

• Perhaps unit
P(MW)
0 P3* P2* P1* commitment should
consider VAR
support capability
Qmin ( P1* )
Qmin ( P2* )
Qmin ( P3* )
• More on this later
What is voltage control?

• Generator excitation

• TCUL transformers

• Switched capacitors and inductors

• SVC and other FACTS devices

PSERC9
Which is which and what is what?
• VARS are the problem and the solution for
voltage control
– Transmission line losses (I2X)
– Voltage drop (IX)
– Local load compensation - current reduction

• Response
– Milliseconds to seconds
– Zero to 1,000 MVARS
– They do go long distances - just not very efficiently (Local
supply is best)

PSERC10
A competitive environment

• VARS are a commodity?

• Voltage control is a service?

• How do you allocate VAR losses?

• How do you charge/compensate for

voltage control?

PSERC11
Opportunity costs

Q(MVAR)

Qmax ( P3* ) $/MVAR

*
Qmax ( P )2

Qmax ( P1* )
P1*  P2*  P3*

P(MW)
0 P3* P2* P1*

Qmin ( P1* )
Qmin ( P2* )
Qmin ( P3* )
Qmin ( P3* ) Qmin ( P2* ) Qmin ( P1* ) Qmax ( P1* ) Qmax ( P2* ) Qmax ( P3* )

Q (MVAR)
Challenges in voltage control

• Determining AVR set points and

supplementary input signals

• Modeling what really happens when

excitation systems hit limits

• Optimal placement and control of

SVC and other VAR sources

PSERC13
Optimal Power Flow

Minimize total system costs

f ( x)  a i
i  all system
 bi PGi  ci PGi 2 
buses in
ALL areas

subject to constraints
Equality Constraints

The power flow equations

  
N
Pk  0  Vk  Vm g km cos k  m   bkm sin k  m   PGk  PLk
m 1

 0  V V  g 
N
Qk k m km sin k  m   bkm cos k  m   QGk  QLk
m 1

Generator voltage set-points

VGi  VGi setpo int  0

MW interchanges (contract agreements)

Pinterchange  Psceduled interchange   P   P
tie lines
km sceduled interchange 0
Inequality Constraints

Generator Limits Line Limits

2 2
PGi min  PGi  PGi max S km  S km max  0

QGi min  QGi  QGi max

Tap Limits Voltage Limits

t km min  t km  t km max Vi min  Vi  Vi max
 km min   km   km max
Information from OPF solution

• Marginal cost of real power in $/MWh at each system bus

• Marginal cost of reactive power in $/MVARh at each system bus

PSERC17
Value of a Reactive Power Source

• This example illustrates the use of a

capacitor as a reactive power source for
voltage control

• It shows that a capacitor effects the

available transfer capability

• It shows the economic value of the VARS

PSERC18
Three-bus case with no area
power transfer
413 MW
20.26 $/MWH 69 MVR
0.00 $/MVRH Bus 3 Area Two
74 MW 1.04 PU
-15 MVR 239 MW
55 MVR

Area One 100 MW

30 MVR -228 MW
-21 MVR
-73 MW
22 MVR 74 MW -72 MW System Voltage
22.58 $/MWH
72 MVR -64 MVR
Bus 1 50.08 $/MWH
0.57 $/MVRH
0.9709 PU
Constraint
1.04 PU 0.00 $/MVRH Bus 2
0.96 < Vi < 1.04
502 MW 500 MW 300 MW
100 MVR 100 MVR 14 MVR
194 MVR

No power transfer
Total Cost = $25,743/hr
Three-bus case with 15 MVAR
support at load
668 MW
25.35 $/MWH 59 MVR
0.00 $/MVRH Bus 3 Area Two
214 MW 1.04 PU
-26 MVR 353 MW
55 MVR

Area One 100 MW

30 MVR voltage constraint
-330 MW

-201 MW
16 MVR limits the power
-27 MW 30 MW
78 MVR
112 MVR -102 MVR
55.23 $/MWH
54.75 $/MVRH
transfer
Bus 1 38.57 $/MWH 0.9600 PU
1.04 PU 0.00 $/MVRH Bus 2

271 MW 500 MW 300 MW

100 MVR 100 MVR 14 MVR
290 MVR

Maximum power transfer = 244 MW

Total Cost = $21,346/hr = savings of $4,397/hr
Three-bus case with 30 MVAR
support at load
754 MW
27.07 $/MWH 56 MVR
0.00 $/MVRH Bus 3 Area Two
261 MW 1.04 PU
-25 MVR 393 MW
51 MVR

Area One 100 MW

30 MVR voltage constraint
-364 MW
-242 MW
36 MVR limits the power
-60 MW 64 MW
101 MVR
122 MVR -109 MVR
38.02 $/MWH
13.42 $/MVRH
transfer
Bus 1 34.89 $/MWH 0.9600 PU
1.04 PU 0.00 $/MVRH Bus 2

198 MW 500 MW 300 MW

100 MVR 100 MVR 28 MVR
323 MVR

Maximum power transfer = 325 MW

Total Cost = $20,898/hr = additional savings of $448/hr
Three-bus case with 45 MVAR
support at load
786 MW
27.72 $/MWH 51 MVR
0.00 $/MVRH Bus 3 Area Two
278 MW 1.04 PU
408 MW
-24 MVR
44 MVR voltage constraint
Area One 100 MW
30 MVR
does not limit
-377 MW
-257 MW
49 MVR “economic”
110 MVR -73 MW
122 MVR
77 MW
-107 MVR
32.82 $/MWH power transfer
Bus 1 1.05 $/MVRH
33.52 $/MWH 0.9631 PU
1.04 PU 0.00 $/MVRH Bus 2

170 MW 500 MW 300 MW

100 MVR 100 MVR 42 MVR
332 MVR

Maximum power transfer = 355 MW

Total Cost = $20,849/hr = additional savings of $49/hr
Relationships between maximum
power transfer and voltage control

• DC case - no VARS needed

• AC case - VARS do help

• AC case - even an infinite amount of

VARS will not always help
Five
Two
Three
Four
One
Six
No lights
lights
light
lights
lights
lightson
on
on
on
onon
20
23
24
25
14
0 Watts
Wattstotaltotal
(room
(some
(roomgetslight
is dark)
brighter)
darker)
in room)
Voltage
Voltagedropsis normal
more
some
Case 1: All Lines In-Service
3,000 MW transfer – 500 MW per line

West East