The 8051 Assembly Language

The 8051 Assembly Language
sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Overview
• Assembler directives
• Data transfer instructions
• Addressing modes
• Data processing (arithmetic and logic)
• Program flow instructions

Instructions vs. Directives
• Assembler Directives
– Instructions for the ASSEMBLER
– NOT 8051 instructions
• Examples:
;cseg stands for “code segment”
cseg at 1000h ;address of next instruction
is 1000h
GREEN_LED equ P1.6 ;symbol for Port 1, bit 6

Assembler Directives
• DATA
– Used to define a name for memory locations
SP DATA 0x81 ;special function registers
MY_VAL DATA 0x44 ;RAM location
Address
• EQU
– Used to create symbols that can be used to represent
registers, numbers, and addresses
LIMIT EQU 2000
VALUE EQU LIMIT – 200 + 'A'
SERIAL EQU SBUF
COUNT EQU R5
MY_VAL EQU 0x44
Registers, numbers, addresses

Data Transfer Instructions
MOV dest, source dest  source
6 basic types:
MOV a, byte ;move byte to accumulator
MOV byte, a ;move accumulator to byte
MOV Rn, byte ;move byte to register of
;current bank
MOV direct, byte ;move byte to internal RAM
MOV @Rn, byte ;move byte to internal RAM
;with address contained in Rn
MOV DPTR, data16 ;move 16-bit data into data
;pointer

Other Data Transfer Instructions
• Stack instructions
PUSH byte ;increment stack pointer,
;move byte on stack
POP byte ;move from stack to byte,
;decrement stack pointer
• Exchange instructions
XCH a, byte ;exchange accumulator and
;byte
XCHD a, byte ;exchange low nibbles of
;accumulator and byte

Addressing Modes
Immediate Mode – specify data by its value
mov a, #0 ;put 0 in the accumulator

a = 00000000
mov a, #0x11 ; put 11hex in the accumulator
a = 00010001
mov a, #11 ; put 11 decimal in accumulator
a = 00001011
mov a, #77h ; put 77 hex in accumulator
a = 01110111

Addressing Modes
Direct Mode – specify data by its 8-bit address
mov a, 0x70 ; copy contents of RAM at 70h to a
mov 0xD0, a ; put contents of a into PSW

Addressing Modes
Register Addressing – either source or
destination is one of R0-R7
mov R0, a
mov a, R0

Play with the Register Banks

Addressing Modes
Register Indirect – the address of the source or destination is
specified in registers
Uses registers R0 or R1 for 8-bit address:
mov 0xD0, #0 ; use register bank 0
mov r0, #0x3C
mov @r0, #3 ; memory at 3C gets #3
; M[3C]  3
Uses DPTR register for 16-bit addresses:
mov dptr, #0x9000 ; dptr  9000h
mov a, @dptr ; a  M[9000]
Note that 9000 is an address in external memory

Exercise: Use Register Indirect to
access upper RAM block

Learn about Include Files

Addressing Modes
• Register Indexed Mode – source or
destination address is the sum of the base
address and the accumulator.
• Base address can be DPTR or PC
mov dptr, #4000h
mov a, #5
movc a, @a + dptr ;a  M[4005]

Addressing Modes
• Register Indexed Mode
• Base address can be DPTR or PC
Addr cseg at 0x1000h
1000 mov a, #5
1002 movc a, @a + PC ;a  M[1008]
PC 1003 nop

Table Lookup

A and B Registers
• A and B are “accumulators” for arithmetic
instructions
• They can be accessed by direct mode as special
function registers:
• B – address 0F0h
• A – address 0E0h - use “ACC” for direct mode

Address Modes
Stack-oriented data transfer – another form of register
indirect addressing, but using SP
mov sp, #0x40 ; Initialize SP

push 0x55 ; SP  SP+1, M[SP]  M[55]
; M[41]  M[55]
pop b ; b  M[55]
Note: can only specify RAM or SFRs (direct mode) to push or pop.
Therefore, to push/pop the accumulator, must use acc, not a:
push acc
push a

Stacks
pop
push
stack pointer
stack
Go do the stack exercise…..

Address Modes
Exchange Instructions – two way data transfer
XCH a, 0x30 ; a  M[30]
XCH a, R0 ; a  R0
XCH a, @R0 ; a  M[R0]
XCHD a, R0 ; exchange “digit”
a[7..4] a[3..0] R0[7..4] R0[3..0]
Only 4 bits exchanged

Address Modes
• Bit-Oriented Data Transfer – transfers between individual bits.
• SFRs with addresses ending in 0 or 8 are bit-addressable. (80, 88, 90, 98, etc)
• Carry flag (C) (bit 7 in the PSW) is used as a single-bit accumulator
• RAM bits in addresses 20-2F are bit addressable
Examples of bit transfers of special function register bits:

mov C, P0.0 ; C  bit 0 of P0

Bit Addressable Memory
2F 7F 78 20h – 2Fh (16 locations X
2E 8-bits = 128 bits)
2D
2C
Bit addressing:
2B
mov C, 1Ah
2A
29
or
28 mov C, 23h.2
27
26
25
24
23 1A
22 10
21 0F 08
20 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00

SPRs that are Bit Addressable
Address Register
SPRs with addresses of 0xF8 SPI0CN
multiples of 0 and 8 0xF0

0xE8
B
ADC0CN
are bit addressable. 0xE0 ACC
0xD8 PCA0CN
0xD0 PSW
Notice that all 4 parallel SFRs

0xC8 T2CON
0xC0 SMB0CN
I/O ports are bit 0xB8 IP
addressable. Pink are 0xB0 P3
implemented in 0xA8 IE
enhanced 0xA0 P2
C8051F020 0x98 SCON
0x90 P1
0x88 TCON
0x80 P0
Go Access the Port Bits….

Part II
The 8051 Assembly Language

Program Template
Use this template as a starting point

for future programs.

Data Processing Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Logic Instructions

• Add
• Subtract
• Increment
• Decrement
• Multiply
• Divide
• Decimal adjust

Mnemonic Description
ADD A, byte add A to byte, put result in A
ADDC A, byte add with carry
SUBB A, byte subtract with borrow
INC A increment A
INC byte increment byte in memory
INC DPTR increment data pointer
DEC A decrement accumulator
DEC byte decrement byte
MUL AB multiply accumulator by b register
DIV AB divide accumulator by b register
DA A decimal adjust the accumulator

ADD Instructions
add a, byte ; a  a + byte
addc a, byte ; a  a + byte + C
These instructions affect 3 bits in PSW:
C = 1 if result of add is greater than FF
AC = 1 if there is a carry out of bit 3
OV = 1 if there is a carry out of bit 7, but not from bit 6, or
visa versa.

Instructions that Affect PSW bits

ADD Examples
mov a, #0x3F • What is the value of
add a, #0xD3 the C, AC, OV flags
after the second
0011 1111 instruction is
1101 0011 executed?
0001 0010
C = 1
AC = 1
OV = 0

Signed Addition and Overflow
0111 1111 (positive 127)
2’s complement: 0111 0011 (positive 115)
0000 0000 00 0 1111 0010 (overflow
cannot represent 242 in 8
… bits 2’s complement)
0111 1111 7F 127
1000 1111 (negative 113)
1000 0000 80 -128
1101 0011 (negative 45)
… 0110 0010 (overflow)
1111 1111 FF -1
0011 1111 (positive)
1101 0011 (negative)
0001 0010 (never overflows)

Addition Example
; Computes Z = X + Y; Adds values at locations 0x78 and 0x79 and puts them in location 0x7A
$INCLUDE (C8051F020.inc)
; EQUATES
;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
X equ 0x78
Y equ 0x79
Z equ 0x7A
; RESET and INTERRUPT VECTORS
;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
cseg at 0
ljmp Main
; CODE SEGMENT
;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
cseg at 100h
Main: mov 0xFF, #0DEh ; Disable watchdog timer
mov 0xFF, #0ADh
mov a, X
add a, Y
mov Z, a
nop
end

The 16-bit ADD example…..

Subtract
SUBB A, byte subtract with borrow
Example:
SUBB A, #0x4F ; A  A – 4F – C
Notice that there is no subtraction WITHOUT borrow. Therefore, if

a subtraction without borrow is desired, it is necessary to clear the C
flag.

Increment and Decrement
INC A increment A
INC byte increment byte in memory
INC DPTR increment data pointer
DEC A decrement accumulator
DEC byte decrement byte
• The increment and decrement instructions do NOT

affect the C flag.
• Notice we can only INCREMENT the data

pointer, not decrement.

Example: Increment 16-bit Word
• Assume 16-bit word in R3:R2
mov a, r2
add a, #1 ; use add rather than increment to affect C
mov r2, a
mov a, r3
addc a, #0 ; add C to most significant byte
mov r3, a

Multiply
When multiplying two 8-bit numbers, the size
of the maximum product is 16-bits
FF x FF = FE01
(255 x 255 = 65025)
MUL AB ; BA  A * B
Note: B gets the HIGH byte, A gets the LOW byte

Go forth and multiply…

Division
Integer Division
DIV AB ; divide A by B
A  Quotient(A/B), B  Remainder(A/B)
OV - used to indicate a divide by zero condition.

C – set to zero

Decimal Adjust
DA a ; decimal adjust a
Used to facilitate BCD addition. Adds “6” to either high or low

nibble after an addition to create a valid BCD number.
Example:
mov a, #0x23
mov b, #0x29
add a, b ; a  23 + 29 = 4C (wanted 52)
DA a ; a  a + 6 = 52
Note: This instruction does NOT convert binary to BCD!

Logic Instructions
Bitwise logic operations (AND, OR, XOR, NOT)
Clear
Rotate
Swap
Logic instructions do NOT affect the flags in PSW

Bitwise Logic
Examples:
ANL – AND 00001111
ANL 10101100
ORL – OR 00001100
XRL – eXclusive OR
00001111
CPL – Complement ORL 10101100
10101111
00001111
XRL 10101100
10100011
CPL 10101100
01010011

Address Modes with Logic
ANL – AND a, byte
ORL – OR direct, reg. indirect, reg, immediate
XRL – eXclusive oR
byte, a
direct
byte, #constant
CPL – Complement a ex: cpl a

Uses of Logic Instructions
• Force individual bits low, without affecting other bits.
anl PSW, #0xE7 ;PSW AND 11100111
anl PSW, #11100111b ; can use “binary”
• Force individual bits high.

orl PSW, #0x18 ;PSW OR 00011000
• Complement individual bits

xrl P1, #0x40 ;P1 XRL 01000000

A bit part for you….

Other Logic Instructions
• CLR - clear
• RL – rotate left
• RLC – rotate left through Carry
• RR – rotate right
• RRC – rotate right through Carry
• SWAP – swap accumulator nibbles

CLR – Set all bits to 0
CLR A
CLR byte (direct mode)
CLR Ri (register mode)
CLR @Ri (register indirect mode)

Rotate
• Rotate instructions operate only on a
rl a
mov a, #0xF0 ; a 11110000

rl a ; a 11100001

Rotate through Carry
C
rrc a
mov a, #0A9h ; a  A9
add a, #14h ; a  BD (10111101), C0
rrc a ; a  01011110, C1

Swap
swap a
mov a, #72h
swap a ; a  27h

Bit Logic Operations
Some logic operations can be used with single bit
operands
ANL C, bit ANL C, /bit
ORL C, bit ORL C, /bit
CLR C
CLR bit
CPL C “bit” can be any of the bit-addressable RAM
locations or SFRs.
CPL bit
SETB C
SETB bit

Rotate and Multiplication/Division
• Note that a shift left is the same as

multiplying by 2, shift right is divide by 2
mov a, #3 ; A 00000011 (3)

clr C ; C 0
rlc a ; A 00000110 (6)
rlc a ; A 00001100 (12)
rrc a ; A 00000110 (6)

Shift/Multiply Example
• Program segment to multiply by 2 and add
1
clr c
rl a ;multiply by 2
inc a ;and add one

Be Logical…..
Logical Operations Exercise – Part 2

Program Flow Control
• Unconditional jumps (“go to”)
• Conditional jumps
• Call and return

Unconditional Jumps
• SJMP <rel addr> ; Short jump, relative
address is 8-bit 2’s complement number, so jump can be
up to 127 locations forward, or 128 locations back.
• LJMP <address 16> ; Long jump
• AJMP <address 11> ; Absolute jump to
anywhere within 2K block of program memory
• JMP @A + DPTR ; Long indexed jump

Infinite Loops
Start: mov C, p3.7

mov p1.6, C
sjmp Start
Microcontroller application programs are almost always infinite loops!

Re-locatable Code
Memory specific (NOT Re-locatable)
cseg at 8000h
mov C, p1.6
mov p3.7, C
ljmp 8000h
end
Re-locatable
cseg at 8000h
Start: mov C, p1.6
mov p3.7, C
sjmp Start
end

Conditional Jumps
These instructions cause a jump to occur only if a
condition is true. Otherwise, program execution
continues with the next instruction.
loop: mov a, P1
jz loop ; if a=0, goto loop,
; else goto next
; instruction
mov b, a

Conditional jumps
JZ <rel addr> Jump if a = 0
JNZ <rel addr> Jump if a != 0
JC <rel addr> Jump if C = 1
JNC <rel addr> Jump if C != 1
JB <bit>, <rel addr> Jump if bit = 1
JNB <bit>,<rel addr> Jump if bit != 1
JBC <bit>, <rel addr> Jump if bit =1, clear bit
CJNE A, direct, <rel Compare A and memory,
addr> jump if not equal
Conditional Jumps for Branching
if condition is true condition
false
goto label
true
else
label
goto next instruction
jz led_off
setb C
if a = 0 is true mov P1.6, C
send a 0 to LED sjmp skipover
else led_off: clr C
mov P1.6, C
send a 1 to LED skipover: mov A, P0

More Conditional Jumps
CJNE A, #data <rel addr> Compare A and data, jump if
not equal
CJNE Rn, #data <rel addr> Compare Rn and data, jump if
not equal
CJNE @Rn, #data <rel addr> Compare Rn and memory,
jump if not equal
DJNZ Rn, <rel addr> Decrement Rn and then jump
if not zero
DJNZ direct, <rel addr> Decrement memory and then
jump if not zero

Iterative Loops
For A = 0 to 4 do For A = 4 to 0 do
{…} {…}
clr a mov R0, #4

loop: ... loop: ...
inc a ...
cjne a, #4, loop djnz R0, loop

Branch and Jump
Fun with the LED

Call and Return
• Call is similar to a jump, but
– Call instruction pushes PC on stack before branching
– Allows RETURN back to main program
Absolute call
acall <address ll> ; stack  PC
; PC  address 11
Long call
lcall <address 16> ; stack  PC
; PC  address 16

Return
• Return is also similar to a jump, but
– Return instruction pops PC from stack to get
address to jump to
ret ; PC  stack

Subroutines
call to the subroutine
Main: ...
acall sublabel
...
...
sublabel:...
... the subroutine
ret

Initializing Stack Pointer
• The Stack Pointer (SP) is initialized to 0x07. (Same
address as R7)
• When using subroutines, the stack will be used to store the
PC, so it is very important to initialize the stack pointer.
Location 2F is often used.
mov SP, #0x2F

Subroutine - Example
$include (c8051f020.inc)
GREEN_LED equ P1.6
cseg at 0
ljmp Main reset vector
cseg at 0x100
Main: mov WDTCN, #0DEh
mov WDTCN, #0ADh

orl P1MDOUT,#40h
mov XBR2, #40h
clr GREEN_LED main program
Again: acall Delay
cpl GREEN_LED
sjmp Again
Delay: mov R7, #02
Loop1: mov R6, #00h
Loop0: mov R5, #00h
djnz
djnz
R5, $
R6, Loop0
subroutine
djnz R7, Loop1
ret
END

Subroutine – another example
; Program to compute square root of value on Port 3 (bits 3-0) and
; output on Port 1.
$INCLUDE (C8051F020.inc)
cseg at 0
ljmp Main
reset vector
Main: mov P3MDOUT, #0 ; Set open-drain mode
mov P3, #0xFF ; Port 3 is an input
mov P1MDOUT, #0xFF ; Port 1 is an output
mov XBR2, #40h ; Enable crossbar
loop: mov a, P3 main program
anl a, #0x0F ; Clear bits 7..4 of A
lcall sqrt
mov P1, a
sjmp loop
sqrt: inc a
subroutine
movc a, @a + PC
ret
squares: db 0,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3 data
end

Why Subroutines?
• Subroutines allow us to have "structured"
assembly language programs.
• This is useful for breaking a large design
into manageable parts.
• It saves code space when subroutines can be
called many times in the same program.

Timeout for Subroutines....

Interrupts
…
mov a, #2
mov b, #16
mul ab
mov R0, a
Program Execution
mov R1, b interrupt

mov a, #12 ISR: orl P1MDIN, #40h
mov b, #20
mul ab orl P1MDOUT,#40h
add a, R0 setb P1.6
mov R0, a here: sjmp here
mov a, R1 cpl P1.6
addc a, b reti
mov R1, a return
end

Interrupt Sources
• Original 8051 has 5 sources of interrupts
– Timer 1 overflow
– Timer 2 overflow
– External Interrupt 0
– External Interrupt 1
– Serial Port events (buffer full, buffer empty, etc)
• Enhanced version has 22 sources
– More timers, programmable counter array, ADC, more
external interrupts, another serial port (UART)

Interrupt Process
If interrupt event occurs AND interrupt flag for that
event is enabled, AND interrupts are enabled,
then:
1. Current PC is pushed on stack.
2. Program execution continues at the interrupt
vector address for that interrupt.
3. When a RETI instruction is encountered, the PC
is popped from the stack and program execution
resumes where it left off.

Interrupt Priorities
• What if two interrupt sources interrupt at
the same time?
• The interrupt with the highest PRIORITY
gets serviced first.
• All interrupts have a default priority order.
(see page 117 of datasheet)
• Priority can also be set to “high” or “low”.

Interrupt SFRs
Interrupt enables for the 5 original 8051 interrupts:

Timer 2
Serial (UART0)
Timer 1
Global Interrupt Enable – External 1
must be set to 1 for any Timer 0
interrupt to be enabled 1 = Enable
External 0
0 = Disable

Another Interrupt SFR
Comparator 1 rising edge Program Counter Array
Comparator 1 falling edge ADC0 Window Comparison
Comparator 0 rising edge System Management Bus
Comparator 0 falling edge SPI Interface

Another Interrupt SFR
External ADC 1
Clock
source Serial Timer 4
Valid (UART) 1 ADC 0
External
7 External 6 Timer 3

External Interrupts
• /INT0 (Interrupt 0) and /INT1 (Interrupt 1)
are external input pins.
• Interrupt 6 and Interrupt 7 use Port 3 pins 6
and 7:
INT 6 = P3.6
INT 7 = P3.7
These interrupts can be configured to be
– rising edge-triggered
– falling edge-triggered

External Interrupts
Interrupt flags: Interrupt Edge Configuration:
0 = no falling edges 0 = interrupt on falling edge

detected since bit cleared
1 = interrupt on rising edge
1 = falling edge detected

Example Configuration
Configure Port 3, bit 7 (the pushbutton switch)
to interrupt when it goes low.
anl P3MDOUT, #0x7F ; Set P3.7 to be an input

setb P3.7
mov XBR2, #40h ; Enable crossbar switch
mov P3IF, #0 ; Interrupt on falling edge
mov EIE2, #020h ; Enable EX7 interrupt
mov IE #80h ; Enable global interrupts

Interrupt Vectors
Each interrupt has a specific place in code
memory (a vector) where program
execution (interrupt service routine) begins
(p17).
Examples:
External Interrupt 0: 0x0003 Note that there are
Timer 0 overflow: 0x000B only 8 memory
locations between
External Interrupt 6: 0x0093 vectors.
External Interrupt 7: 0x009B

Interrupt Vectors
To avoid overlapping Interrupt Service routines, it is
common to put JUMP instructions at the vector
address. This is similar to the reset vector.
cseg at 009B ; at EX7 vector
ljmp EX7ISR
cseg at 0x100 ; at Main program
Main: ... ; Main program
...
EX7ISR:... ; Interrupt service routine
... ; Can go after main program
reti ; and subroutines.

Example Interrupt Service Routine
; EX7 ISR to blink the LED 5 times.
; Modifies R0, R5-R7, bank 3.
;----------------------------------------------------
ISRBLK: push PSW ; save state of status word
mov PSW, #18h ; select register bank 3
mov R0, #10 ; initialize counter
Loop2: mov R7, #02h ; delay a while
Loop1: mov R6, #00h
Loop0: mov R5, #00h
djnz R5, $
djnz R6, Loop0
djnz R7, Loop1
cpl P1.6 ; complement LED value
djnz R0, Loop2 ; go on then off 10 times
pop PSW
mov P3IF, #0 ; clear interrupt flag
reti

Key Thinks for ISRs
• Put the ISR vector in the proper space using
a CSEG assembler directive and long jump
• Save any registers/locations that you use in
the routine (the stack is useful here)
• Clear the interrupt flag (unless it is cleared
by hardware)
• Don’t forget to restore any saved
registers/locations and to put the RETI at
the end!
Practice Interrupting…

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The 8051 Assembly Language

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

GREEN_LED equ P1.6 ;symbol for Port 1, bit 6

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

mov a, #0 ;put 0 in the accumulator

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

mov 0xD0, a ; put contents of a into PSW

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Note that 9000 is an address in external memory

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

• A – address 0E0h - use “ACC” for direct mode

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

mov sp, #0x40 ; Initialize SP

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Go do the stack exercise…..

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

a[7..4] a[3..0] R0[7..4] R0[3..0]

Only 4 bits exchanged

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Examples of bit transfers of special function register bits:

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

multiples of 0 and 8 0xF0

Notice that all 4 parallel SFRs

sweta tripathi EE/CS: Microprocessors and Microcontrollers