B.E / B.

Tech Degree Examinations – November / December 2024

Answer Key

Question Paper Code:2412EE3251

II Semester
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EE3251 – ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
(Regulations 2021)

PART A- (10 x 2 = 20 Marks)

Q.NO Questions with Answers

1. Define Kirchhoff’s first Law. (2 Marks)

Kirchhoff's First Law, also known as the Current Law (KCL), states that "The algebraic sum
of currents entering a junction (or node) in an electrical circuit is equal to the algebraic sum
of currents leaving the junction."

Mathematically, this can be expressed as ∑ I in = ∑ I out.

2. Illustrate a network diagram and label its branches, nodes and meshes. (2 Marks)

3. Identify the equivalent voltage source (Veq) for a circuit with a current source (I) =10A and
Source resistance (Rs) = 100Ω. (2 Marks)
Given data:
current source (I) =10A
Source resistance (Rs) = 100Ω
Veq = I*Rs =10*100 = 1000V.
4. Summarize the relation between Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent circuits. (2 Marks)
Both theorems aim to replace a complex circuit, as seen from two terminals (A and B), with a
simpler circuit that behaves identically to the original circuit with respect to any load connected
across those terminals.
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:

Norton’s equivalent circuit:

5. Find the difference between transient and steady-state responses (2 Marks)

Transient response: The transient response refers to the temporary behavior of a system
immediately after a change in its conditions, such as when a voltage or current is suddenly applied
or a disturbance occurs.
Steady-state response: The steady-state response is the behavior of the system after the transient
effects have subsided and the system has settled into a stable operating condition.
6. Infer the voltage across the capacitor Vc at t = τ (one time constant) for an RC circuit with
DC voltage source (Vdc) = 80V and switch closing at t=0. (2 Marks)

In a simple RC circuit with a DC voltage source, the voltage across the capacitor (Vc) as it charges
follows this equation:

Vc(t) = Vdc * (1 - e^(-t/τ))

When t = τ,
Vc(τ) = Vdc * (1 - e^ (-1))
Vc(τ) = Vdc * (1 - 0.368) = 80*0.632 = 50.56V
7. Define anti-resonance. (2 Marks)
In an RLC circuit, anti-resonance occurs when the impedance reaches a maximum, typically when
the resonance of a parallel LC circuit causes current to be minimized.
8. Outline the various types of cascaded small signal tuned amplifiers. (2 Marks)

9. State GPIO ports of Raspberry PI processor. (2 Marks)

The Raspberry Pi has 40 GPIO pins that can be configured as input or output to interface with
external devices. Some pins support special functions like I2C, SPI, UART, and PWM, making it
versatile for hardware projects.
10. Draw the block diagram of smart city in IOT. (2 Marks)
 PART B- (5 x 13 = 65 Marks)
Construct the architecture of 8051.
Block diagram: (4 Marks)

11.(a)
(i)

Central Processing Unit (CPU): (3 Marks)

 8-bit processor capable of processing 8 bits of data at a time.
Memory Organization:
 Program Memory (ROM): Up to 64KB (external).
 Data Memory (RAM): 128 bytes (internal) and up to 64KB (external).
I/O Ports:
 Four 8-bit ports (P0, P1, P2, P3) for parallel data transfer.
Timers/Counters:
 Two 16-bit timers (Timer 0 and Timer 1) for time-sensitive tasks.
Interrupt System:
 Five interrupt sources, including external and timer-based interrupts.
Serial Communication:
 Full-duplex UART for serial data transfer.
 Oscillator/Clock:
 Requires an external crystal oscillator for timing control.
Justify with example about the addressing modes of 8051.
 Immediate Addressing Mode (1 Mark)
The data is directly specified in the instruction.
MOVA, #0AFH;
MOVR3, #45H;
MOVDPTR, #FE00H;

 Register Addressing Mode (1 Mark)

In the register addressing mode the source or destination data should be present in a
register. Data is accessed directly from the CPU registers (R0 to R7).
MOVA, R5;
MOVR2, #45H;
MOVR0, A;

 Direct Addressing Mode (1 Mark)

The address of the data in RAM is specified in the instruction.
MOV80H, R6;
MOVR2, 45H;
MOVR0, 05H;

11.(b) (ii)  Register Indirect Addressing Mode (1 Mark)

In this mode, the source or destination address is given in the register. By using register
indirect addressing mode, the internal or external addresses can be accessed. The R0 and
R1 are used for 8-bit addresses, and DPTR is used for 16-bit addresses, no other registers
can be used for addressing purposes.
MOV0E5H, @R0;
MOV@R1, 80H

 Indexed Addressing Mode (1 Mark)

In the indexed addressing mode, the source memory can only be accessed from program
memory only. The destination operand is always the register A. These are some examples
of Indexed addressing mode.
MOVCA, @A+PC;
MOVCA, @A+DPTR;

 Implied Addressing Mode (1 Mark)

In the implied addressing mode, there will be a single operand. These types of instruction
can work on specific registers only. These types of instructions are also known as register
specific instruction.
RLA;
SWAPA;

11.(b)(ii) Develop the ALP program to make all logical operations using 8051.

ORG 0000H ; Start at address 0000H

; Initialize Data (1 Mark)

MOV A, #0F0H ; Load accumulator with 0F0H
MOV B, #0A5H ; Load register B with 0A5H

; Perform AND Operation (1 Mark)

 ANL A, B ; A = A AND B (A = 0F0H AND 0A5H)
MOV R0, A ; Store result of AND in R0

; Reload Data for OR Operation (1 Mark)

MOV A, #0F0H ; Reload accumulator with 0F0H
ORL A, B ; A = A OR B (A = 0F0H OR 0A5H)
MOV R1, A ; Store result of OR in R1

; Reload Data for XOR Operation (1 Mark)

MOV A, #0F0H ; Reload accumulator with 0F0H
XRL A, B ; A = A XOR B (A = 0F0H XOR 0A5H)
MOV R2, A ; Store result of XOR in R2

; Perform NOT Operation (1 Mark)

MOV A, #0F0H ; Reload accumulator with 0F0H
CPL A ; Complement A (A = NOT 0F0H)
MOV R3, A ; Store result of NOT in R3

; End Program (1 Mark)

SJMP $ ; Stay in an infinite loop
END

Analyze different types of interrupts in 8051.

Interrupts (3 Marks)
Interrupts in 8051 improve the system's responsiveness by handling asynchronous events. Each
type of interrupt is crucial for specific applications:
Types: (4 Marks)
11.(b)  External interrupts are used for external events.
(ii)  Timer interrupts support time-critical tasks.
 Serial interrupts handle communication.
 Reset interrupt ensures system recovery.
By effectively prioritizing and enabling these interrupts, 8051 achieves efficient multitasking and
event-driven processing.

12. Illustrate in detail about embedded system design process with neat diagram.
(a)i) Requirement Analysis (1 Mark)
 Define system functionality, performance, cost, and power constraints.
 Identify hardware and software requirements.
 Example: Specifications for a smart thermostat like temperature range, power efficiency,
and connectivity.
2. System Specification (1 Mark)
 Create detailed documentation of the system architecture, including hardware-software
partitioning.
 Specify components, interfaces, protocols, and performance metrics.
3. Hardware Design (1 Mark)
 Component Selection: Choose microcontroller/microprocessor, sensors, actuators,
memory, and communication interfaces.
 Schematic Design: Create circuit diagrams and decide on the PCB layout.
 Prototype Development: Build hardware prototypes for testing.
 Software Design
 Application Programming: Write and debug the software to perform desired operations.
 Middleware and Drivers: Develop or integrate device drivers and communication
protocols.
 Real-Time Operating System (RTOS): If required, configure an RTOS for multitasking.
4. Integration (1 Mark)
 Combine hardware and software components.
 Ensure seamless communication between sensors, actuators, microcontroller, and user
interfaces.
5. Testing and Debugging (1 Mark)
 Test the system for functionality, reliability, and compliance with requirements.
 Debug issues related to timing, hardware-software integration, and performance.
6. Deployment (1 Mark)
 Prepare the system for manufacturing or implementation in the target environment.
 Ensure scalability, robustness, and maintainability.
7. Maintenance and Updates (1 Mark)
 Provide updates for software improvements, bug fixes, or feature enhancements.
 Ensure system reliability over its lifecycle.

Requirement Analysis

System Specification

Hardware Design
↓

Software Design

↓
Integration

Testing & Debugging

Deployment

Maintenance & Updates

12 (a) Sketch the programming architecture model of ARM processor.

(ii) 1. Registers: (1 Mark)
 o ARM has 37 registers (R0 to R15, status registers, and banked registers), but only
16 are visible at a time in any processor mode.
o General-Purpose Registers (R0–R12):
 Used for data storage and computation.
o Special Registers:
 R13 (SP): Stack Pointer.
 R14 (LR): Link Register (stores the return address for subroutine calls).
 R15 (PC): Program Counter (points to the next instruction).
o Program Status Registers (CPSR and SPSR):
 CPSR: Current Program Status Register (stores condition flags, mode, and
interrupt status).
 SPSR: Saved Program Status Register (used during exceptions).
2. Modes: (1 Mark)
o ARM operates in different processor modes for privilege and exception handling:
 User, FIQ, IRQ, Supervisor, Abort, Undefined, and System modes.
o Each mode has its own set of banked registers for exception handling.
3. Instruction Set: (1 Mark)
o ARM supports:
 ARM Instructions: 32-bit instructions.
 Thumb Instructions: 16-bit instructions for higher code density.
4. Memory Architecture: (3 Marks)
o Harvard Architecture (Separate instruction and data buses for fast access).
o Supports 32-bit address space.

12.(b) Justify the significance of basic compilation techniques in ARM processor.

(i) Compilation Techniques (4 Marks)
ARM processors are widely used in embedded systems with limited memory and processing
power. Effective compilation techniques ensure compact and efficient code, reducing memory
footprint and improving execution speed.
Support for Multiple Instruction Sets
ARM supports both ARM (32-bit) and Thumb (16-bit) instruction sets. Compilation techniques
select the appropriate instruction set based on performance or memory requirements.
Optimization for Pipelining
ARM processors use pipelining for faster execution. Compilers reorder instructions to minimize
pipeline stalls and maximize throughput.
Inline Assembly Integration (3 Marks)
Using inline assembly for cryptographic routines ensures faster execution compared to high-level
 language implementations.
Efficient Use of Registers
ARM architecture has a large number of general-purpose registers (R0–R15). Compilation
techniques ensure efficient register allocation to minimize memory access, which is slower.
Support for Interrupt and Exception Handling
ARM processors handle multiple exception types (e.g., FIQ, IRQ). Compilers generate code that
adheres to the exception model, ensuring the system can handle interrupts efficiently.

12.(b) Summarize the program level performance analysis in ARM processor.

(ii) Program-level performance analysis (3 Marks)
ARM processors ensures that applications run efficiently in terms of speed, memory usage, and
power consumption. By leveraging ARM-specific features like pipelining, instruction sets, and
energy-efficient designs, developers can optimize their programs for maximum performance across
diverse applications.
Instruction Cycle Count
Memory Access Patterns
Instruction Set Utilization
Pipeline Performance
Branch Prediction
Parallelism and Multithreading (3 Marks)
Execution Time: Total time taken by the program.
CPI (Cycles Per Instruction): Efficiency of instruction execution.
Cache Miss Rate: Frequency of cache misses during memory access.
Energy Consumption: Power usage during program execution.
13 (a) Evaluate the priority based scheduling approaches.
(i) (i) Rate Monotonic Scheduling Policies (RMS) (7 Marks)
Rate Monotonic Scheduling (RMS) is a fixed-priority scheduling algorithm used in real-time
systems. It assigns priorities to tasks based on their periodicity: tasks with shorter periods are given
higher priority.
Priority Assignment
 Task priority is inversely proportional to its period.
o Shorter period → Higher priority
o Longer period → Lower priority
 Tasks with shorter periods have tighter deadlines and need more frequent execution.
2. Preemptive Scheduling
 A higher-priority task can preempt a lower-priority task.
 Ensures critical tasks are executed on time, even if a lower-priority task is running.
3. Utilization Bound
A system is schedulable under RMS if the CPU utilization (UUU) satisfies. Ensures the processor
can handle all tasks without deadline misses.
Deadline Assumption
 Policy: RMS assumes deadlines are equal to task periods.
 Justification: This simplifies analysis and guarantees task schedulability if the utilization
bound is satisfied.
5. Independent Tasks
 : RMS assumes tasks are independent (no shared resources or interdependencies).
 Prevents priority inversion and simplifies scheduling.
Advantages of RMS Policies
 1. Predictability
2. Optimality
3. Simplicity
Limitations
1. Task Interdependencies
2. Restricted Utilization
3. Assumes Periodic Tasks

(ii) Earliest Deadline First Scheduling (6 Marks)

Earliest Deadline First (EDF) is a dynamic priority scheduling algorithm used in real-time
systems. In EDF, task priorities are assigned based on their deadlines: the task with the closest
(earliest) deadline gets the highest priority.
Dynamic Priority Assignment
Schedulability:
EDF can fully utilize the CPU up to 100% utilization, unlike fixed-priority schemes like
RMS, which have a utilization limit.
Preemption:
EDF allows preemption, meaning a currently executing task can be interrupted if a task with an
earlier deadline arrives.
Sporadic and Aperiodic Tasks:
EDF can handle tasks with irregular arrival times, provided deadlines are known.
Advantages of EDF
1. Optimal Scheduling
2. Maximum CPU Utilization
3. Flexibility
Limitations of EDF
1. Overhead:
2. Resource Sharing:
3. Complexity, Missed Deadlines
13 (b) With a neat sketches, explain briefly about the various types of Inter Process Communiation.
(i) Inter Process Communiation (4 Marks)
Inter-Process Communication (IPC) refers to mechanisms that allow processes to communicate
and synchronize their actions. It is essential for enabling cooperation among processes, sharing
data, and ensuring coordination in multitasking operating systems.
Block Diagram (3 Marks)
 The choice of IPC mechanism depends on the application's requirements for speed, complexity,
and type of communication. For local, high-speed needs, shared memory or semaphores are ideal,
while networked or distributed systems benefit from sockets or RPC.
13.(b) Illustrate the video accelerator using UML methodology, from design flow analysis to
(ii) architectural design.
Design Flow Analysis (Use Case Diagram): (2 Marks)
 Actors: User, Hardware Controller, Software System.
 Use Cases: Load video, decode stream, render frames, process acceleration.
Activity Diagram:
 Workflow: Load video → Parse frames → Decode → Buffer frames → Render → Display.
Architectural Design (Component Diagram): (2 Marks)
 Components: User Interface, Video Parser, Hardware Decoder, Frame Buffer, Renderer.
 Interaction: UI triggers actions; Decoder accelerates processing; Renderer displays output.
Sequence Diagram:
 Flow: User → UI → Video Parser → Hardware Decoder → Frame Buffer → Renderer.
Class Diagram:
 Classes: VideoPlayer, VideoParser, HardwareDecoder, FrameBuffer, Renderer.
 Methods: play(), decodeFrame(), storeFrame(), renderFrame().
Deployment Diagram: (2 Marks)
 Nodes: User Device (CPU, GPU, Display) and Accelerator Hardware (Hardware Decoder).
 Connections: Software interfaces with GPU for decoding and rendering.

14 (a) Organize the physical design and logical design of IoT.

(i) Physical Design of IoT (4 Marks)
The physical design focuses on the tangible components involved in an IoT system. These include
the hardware, communication devices, and the environment.
Key Components
1. IoT Devices (Things):
o Physical objects with embedded sensors and actuators.
o Examples: Smart home appliances, wearables, industrial machines.
2. Sensors and Actuators:
o Sensors: Collect environmental data (e.g., temperature, humidity, motion).
o Actuators: Perform actions based on data (e.g., turning on lights).
3. Communication Devices:
o Devices enabling connectivity, such as gateways, routers, and network modules.
o Communication technologies include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, LoRaWAN, or
cellular (4G/5G).
4. Edge Devices:
o Devices that perform local data processing (e.g., Raspberry Pi, Arduino).
5. Cloud/Data Center:
o Centralized platforms where data is aggregated, analyzed, and stored
Logical Design of IoT (3 Marks)
The logical design focuses on the conceptual and functional aspects of the IoT system. It involves
data flow, protocols, and system behavior.
Key Elements
1. IoT Functional Blocks:
o Perception Layer: Handles data collection from sensors.
 o Network Layer: Manages data transmission between devices.
o Application Layer: Provides user interfaces and application-specific processing.
o Processing Layer: Includes edge, fog, and cloud computing for data analytics.
2. Data Flow:
o Data flows from sensors → gateways → processing units → cloud → user
applications.
o Real-time or batch processing is performed based on application needs.
3. IoT Protocols:
o Network Protocols: TCP/IP, UDP.
o Application Protocols: MQTT, CoAP, HTTP/HTTPS.
o Data Link Protocols: Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi.
4. Security and Privacy:
o Ensuring secure communication through encryption and authentication.
o Protecting user data through access controls and data anonymization.
5. IoT Data Management:
o Includes storage, retrieval, and analytics.
o Technologies: Big Data platforms, AI/ML algorithms for predictive analytics.
14. (a) Inference the IoT system management with neat configuration.
(ii) IoT Device Configuration (2 Marks)
 Hardware Setup:
o Device ID, MAC address.
o Communication module (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth).
 Software Configuration:
o Install firmware or specific applications.
o Set thresholds (e.g., temperature limits for a smart thermostat).
IoT Network Configuration (2 Marks)
 Assign unique IP addresses using DHCP.
 Configure network protocols (e.g., MQTT, CoAP).
 Use VPN or dedicated gateways for secure communication.
Data Flow Configuration
 Use edge devices for local processing to minimize latency.
 Configure cloud platforms (e.g., AWS IoT, Azure IoT Hub) for centralized analytics and
storage.
Security Configuration
 Implement TLS/SSL for secure data transmission.
 Set up access control policies and firewalls.
 Perform regular security patches and updates.
Management Dashboard Configuration (2 Marks)
 Set up a dashboard for administrators to monitor devices, analyze data, and control
operations.
 Include real-time alerts for device failures or threshold breaches.
 14.b Model the following.
(i)MQTT Protocol (6 Marks)
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a lightweight messaging protocol designed for
low-bandwidth, high-latency, and unreliable networks.
It follows the publish-subscribe model for communication.
Lightweight: Minimal overhead, ideal for constrained devices and networks.
Publish-Subscribe Model: Decouples message producers (publishers) and consumers
(subscribers).
Connection: Client connects to the broker using a unique client ID.
Subscription: Subscriber registers for specific topics.
Publishing: Publisher sends messages to a topic on the broker.
Message Delivery: Broker forwards messages to all subscribers of the topic.
QoS Levels:
 QoS 0: At most once delivery (no acknowledgment).
 QoS 1: At least once delivery (acknowledgment required).
 QoS 2: Exactly once delivery (highest reliability).
Retained Messages: Stores the last published message for new subscribers.
Last Will and Testament (LWT): Sends a predefined message if a client disconnects
unexpectedly.

(ii) BACNet protocol (7 Marks)

BACnet
 BACnet (Building Automation and Control Networks) is a communication protocol for
building automation and control systems.
 It is widely used for integrating devices such as HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning), lighting, access control, fire detection, and energy management systems.
 Standardized as ISO 16484-5.
Interoperability: Enables communication between devices from different manufacturers.
Scalable: Supports small systems to large, complex networks.
Object-Oriented Model: Represents devices as objects with properties and services.
Supports Multiple Network Types: Ethernet, BACnet/IP, MS/TP (Master-Slave/Token-Passing),
LonTalk, ARCNET, etc.
Reliability: Fault-tolerant with robust error-handling mechanism
15.(a) Interpret the basic building blocks of IoT device.
(i) Block diagram (3 Marks)
 1. Sensors and Actuators (3 Marks)
o Sensors detect and measure environmental parameters like temperature, humidity,
motion, and light.
Example: DHT11 (temperature sensor).
o Actuators perform physical actions like turning on lights, moving motors, or
controlling valves.
Example: Servo motor.
2. Microcontroller or Microprocessor
o The brain of the IoT device processes sensor data and makes decisions.
o Microcontroller: Ideal for low-power applications (e.g., ESP32, Arduino).
o Microprocessor: Handles complex tasks and multitasking (e.g., Raspberry Pi).
3. Communication Module
o Facilitates data transmission between IoT devices and networks or cloud platforms.
o Common communication technologies:
 Wi-Fi: Local high-speed communication.
 Bluetooth: Short-range communication.
 LoRa: Long-range, low-power communication.
 Cellular (4G/5G): Wide-area connectivity.
4. Power Management
o Provides energy to the IoT device components.
o Sources include batteries, adapters, or solar panels.
o Power optimization strategies, like low-power modes, extend battery life.
5. Memory and Storage
o RAM: Temporary storage for computations.
o Flash Memory: Non-volatile storage for firmware and configurations.
o External Storage: For storing large data, often supported by SD cards or cloud
platforms.
6. Security Mechanisms
o Protect devices from cyber threats and unauthorized access.
o Features include encryption, authentication, and secure boot to ensure safe
communication and operation.

15. (a) Design high level language program for traffic light controller interface with Raspberry PI
(ii) processor.
Hardware Setup (2 Marks)
1. Components Required:
o 3 LEDs (Red, Yellow, Green).
o 3 Resistors (330Ω each).
o Raspberry Pi (any model with GPIO pins).
 o Breadboard and jumper wires.
2. GPIO Pin Connections:
o Red LED → GPIO Pin 17.
o Yellow LED → GPIO Pin 27.
o Green LED → GPIO Pin 22.
Program (5 Marks)
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time

# Setup GPIO mode

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM) # Use Broadcom pin-numbering scheme

# Define GPIO pins for the LEDs

RED_LED = 17
YELLOW_LED = 27
GREEN_LED = 22

# Setup GPIO pins as output

GPIO.setup(RED_LED, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(YELLOW_LED, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(GREEN_LED, GPIO.OUT)

def traffic_light_controller():
try:
while True:
# Red light ON
GPIO.output(RED_LED, GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(YELLOW_LED, GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(GREEN_LED, GPIO.LOW)
print("RED Light ON")
time.sleep(5) # Red light duration

# Yellow light ON
GPIO.output(RED_LED, GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(YELLOW_LED, GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(GREEN_LED, GPIO.LOW)
print("YELLOW Light ON")
time.sleep(2) # Yellow light duration

# Green light ON
GPIO.output(RED_LED, GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(YELLOW_LED, GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(GREEN_LED, GPIO.HIGH)
print("GREEN Light ON")
time.sleep(5) # Green light duration

except KeyboardInterrupt:
print("Program interrupted!")
 finally:
# Clean up GPIO settings
GPIO.cleanup()
print("GPIO cleanup completed.")

# Run the traffic light controller

if __name__ == "__main__":
traffic_light_controller()
15.(b) Design the Home automation system using IoT with necessary sketches.
(i) Block Diagram (2 Marks)

Living Room Automation: (5 Marks)

 Smart Lights: Automatically turn on/off based on motion or user input via the app.
 Temperature Control: Adjust thermostat settings based on DHT11 sensor readings.
Security System:
 Smart Lock: Unlock/lock doors using the app or voice command.
 PIR Sensor: Detect motion and send alerts to the user.
 Camera: Stream live video via the app for monitoring.
Energy Management:
 Smart Plugs: Monitor and control energy consumption of devices like TVs and
refrigerators.
 Solar Integration: Monitor energy generation from solar panels.
Voice Assistant Integration:
 Use platforms like Google Assistant, Amazon Alexa, or Siri to control devices through
voice commands.
Remote Monitoring and Control: Users can manage devices from anywhere.
Automation: Devices operate based on pre-set conditions (e.g., lights turning on at sunset).
Security: Real-time alerts for unauthorized access or unusual activity.
Energy Efficiency: Monitors and optimizes power consumption.
15.(b) Design the Environment and Agriculture using IoT with necessary sketches.
(ii) Environment and Agriculture using IoT (5 Marks)
Sensors
Environmental Sensors: These sensors monitor parameters related to the environment, such as air
quality, temperature, humidity, and light.

Temperature & Humidity Sensors (e.g., DHT11, DHT22)

Air Quality Sensors (e.g., MQ135)
Light Sensors (e.g., LDR for light intensity measurement)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sensors (e.g., MH-Z19)
Agricultural Sensors: These sensors help monitor soil and crop health, ensuring optimal growth
conditions.

Soil Moisture Sensors (e.g., Capacitive soil moisture sensor)

Soil pH Sensors
Soil Temperature Sensors
Nutrient Sensors (e.g., EC sensor for measuring soil electrical conductivity)
Microcontroller/Processing Unit
The microcontroller processes the data from sensors, makes decisions, and sends the processed
data to the cloud or local server for further analysis. Common microcontrollers used in IoT-based
agriculture systems include:

ESP32
Arduino
Raspberry Pi (if more processing power is needed)
Actuators
Actuators perform actions in response to sensor data, such as irrigation, lighting, and pest control:

Water Pumps (for irrigation systems)

Valves (for controlling water flow)
Fans (for temperature regulation)
Sprayers (for pest control or fertilizer application)
Motorized Blinds (to control sunlight exposure)
Communication
IoT devices communicate data to the cloud or local servers for real-time monitoring. The
communication can happen through:

Wi-Fi: Used for local and cloud-based communication (e.g., ESP32, Raspberry Pi).
LoRaWAN: For long-range communication, especially in large agricultural fields.
Bluetooth: For short-range communication.
Zigbee: For low power, low-bandwidth communication.
Cloud Platform
Data collected by sensors is sent to the cloud for analysis, storage, and visualization. Common
platforms include:

AWS IoT
Google Cloud IoT
ThingSpeak (open-source platform)
Microsoft Azure IoT
User Interface
A mobile or web application provides real-time data visualization, remote control of actuators, and
alert notifications.
Block Diagram (2 Marks)
 PART C-(1 x 15 = 15 Marks)
16.(a) Assuming the design of Model train controller using UML with neat block diagram
representation. Details how the machine should generate the address, correct message and
parameters.
Designing a Model Train Controller involves creating a system to manage the operations of
multiple trains on a track by controlling their speed, direction, and addresses. Below is an outline
of how to approach the design using UML and a block diagram:
Block Diagram (4 Marks)
Components
1. User Interface: Allows user to configure and monitor trains.
2. Controller Logic: Core system to handle train operations.
3. Address Generator: Generates unique addresses for trains.
4. Message Encoder/Decoder: Prepares and validates commands.
5. Communication Interface: Manages data transfer to trains.
6. Train Units: Physical or virtual trains on the system.

System Requirements (2 Marks)

1. Address Generation: Each train has a unique address to identify it on the track.
2. Message Handling: Send and receive commands to control trains (e.g., speed, direction,
stop).
3. Parameter Validation: Ensure valid messages and parameters are passed for train control.
4. Communication Protocol: Interface with hardware components like tracks and
controllers.

UML Diagrams (5 Marks)

Use Case Diagram
Key actors and use cases:
  Actors:
o User (Train Operator): Manages the trains through the controller.
o System (Controller): Processes user input and communicates with trains.
 Use Cases:
o Generate train address.
o Configure parameters (speed, direction).
o Validate messages.
o Send/receive commands to/from trains.

Class Diagram (4 Marks)

Key classes and relationships:
 TrainController
o Responsibilities: Manage train operations.
o Attributes: controllerId, connectedTrains[].
o Methods: generateAddress(), sendMessage(), validateMessage().
 Train
o Responsibilities: Represent a single train.
o Attributes: address, speed, direction.
o Methods: updateSpeed(), changeDirection().
 Message
o Responsibilities: Encapsulate commands and parameters.
o Attributes: messageId, parameters, timestamp.
o Methods: validate(), encode(), decode().
 CommunicationInterface
o Responsibilities: Handles communication between the controller and hardware.
o Attributes: protocolType, port.
o Methods: sendCommand(), receiveResponse().
Sequence Diagram
Shows the interaction for a basic operation like sending a control command to a train:
1. The User sends a command via the TrainController (e.g., set speed to 50).
2. The TrainController:
o Validates the command.
o Encodes it into a Message.
o Sends the message to the CommunicationInterface.
3. The CommunicationInterface sends the command to the Train.
4. The Train updates its speed.
(b) Experiment with Assembly, Linking and Loading with suitable programs.

Assembler: (5 Marks)
Converts symbolic instructions and labels into machine code and symbolic addresses.

section .data
num1 db 5 ; First number
num2 db 3 ; Second number
result db 0 ; Store result

section .text
global _start

_start:
mov al, [num1] ; Load num1 into AL
add al, [num2] ; Add num2 to AL
mov [result], al ; Store the result in memory

; Exit program
mov eax, 60 ; syscall: exit
xor edi, edi ; status: 0
syscall

Linker : (5 Marks)
Resolves external symbols, adjusts addresses, and produces an executable.

section .text
global add_numbers

add_numbers:
mov al, [rdi] ; Load num1 into AL
add al, [rsi] ; Add num2 to AL
ret ; Return result in AL

Loader : (5 Marks)

Places the executable into memory, adjusts relative/absolute addresses, and starts execution.

section .text
 global _start

_start:
mov rsi, msg ; Load address of msg
mov rdx, 13 ; Length of msg
mov rax, 1 ; syscall: write
mov rdi, 1 ; File descriptor: stdout
syscall

mov rax, 60 ; syscall: exit

xor rdi, rdi ; status: 0
syscall

section .data
msg db "Hello, World!", 0x0A

Name of the Faculty Member : Mr. M. Chairman

Designation / Department : AP / ECE
Date & Session of Examination : 25.11.2024 & AN

Signature of the Faculty Member Head of the Department IQAC Coordinator

(Signature with Seal) (Signature with Seal)