Introduction to Intersection Control
Introduction
1. Persimpangan merupakan komponen
penting dalam jaringan transportasi
Seringkali merupakan tempat terjadinya
banyak kecelakaan termasuk kecelakaan
fatal dan luka berat
Umumnya kapasitas lebih rendah dari pada
ruas yang dihubungkannya
Kinerjanya mempunyai dampak besar pada
efisiensi sitem transportasi
Introduction (Cont.)
Dealing with conflicting traffic movements
Mix of vehicles (cars, trucks, bikes) and
pedestrians
Underlies the safety and efficiency problems
Can separate conflicting flows in
space (grade separation)
time (priority rules or traffic signals)
Perancangan Persimpangan
Potensi kecelakaan di persimpangan
ditandai oleh jumlah dan jenis konflik
Tujuan adalah mengurangi potensi
konflik antar kendaraan (termasuk
pejalan kaki) selain itu juga
memaksimalkan pergerakan yang
nyaman dan mudah
Tiga Jenis Persimpangan
1. Persimpangan Sebidang
Stop or Give Way Signs
Roundabouts
Signalised Intersections
2. Grade separations (w/o ramps)
3. Interchanges (with ramps)
High capacity junctions, usually linking freeway to
freeway with full ramps and merging of flows
At Grade Intersections
Grade Separation without Ramps
Interchanges
Conflict Points at Intersections
Intersection Design Options
Intersection Design Considerations
Four basic design considerations:
Human factors
Driving habits, decision and reaction times
Traffic considerations
Capacity, speeds, size and distribution of vehicles
Physical elements
Characteristics and use of abutting property, sight distance,
geometric features and constraints
Economic factors
Costs, benefits, energy consumption, environmental
impacts etc.
Traffic Control Devices
Traffic Control devices include signs,
barriers and signals
Aim to provide safe and efficient
functioning of intersections by separating
conflicting vehicle streams in time
Types of Intersection Controls
Stop Signs
Unsignalised intersection in signalised area
Combination of high speed, restricted view, serious accident
record
Give Way
Stop Not Necessary at all times
Reduces delays were safe to use
Channelisation
Separation or regulation of conflicting traffic movements
into paths of travel by use of islands or pavement marking
Aims to increase capacity, improve safety and instill driver
confidence
Warrants for using 2-way STOP or YIELD control
Lihat Roess and Mc Shane p 414
Warrants for 2-way STOP Signs
Lihat Roess and Mc Shane p 414
Warrants for YIELD Signs
Lihat Roess and Mc Shane p 416
Warrants for Traffic Signals
Lihat Roess and Mc Shane p 418 and MUTCD 2009
Channelisation
Types of Intersection Controls (Cont.)
Roundabouts
Essentially act as a series of T intersections
Reduces delays particularly off-peak relative to signals
Reduced conflict points often improves accident
record but pedestrians and bikes may not be safer
Problems when approach flows are unbalanced
Options are to:
Meter one approach
Signalised (referred to as rotaries in some countries overseas)
Arc de Triomphe
20
Arc de Triomphe
21
Columbus Circle in New York City
22
Mini Roundabout
23
Typical Urban Double-lane Roundabout
24
Raindrop Roundabout: bentuk tidak bundar
sempurna, bahkan dapat berbentuk seperti air jatuh.
25
“Magic” Roundabout
26
“Magic” Roundabout
Types of Intersection Controls (Cont.)
Signals
Improve overall safety
Angle and side collisions often reduced
But may increase rear end collisions
Pedestrian accidents usually reduced
Increase capacity and so decrease travel time
through the intersection
Fuel consumption and environmental benefits
Attempt to equalise (or manage) the quality of
service for all or most approaching traffic streams
Assist in traffic management and so meet other environmental
objectives
Signalised
Intersection
Pengaruh Sinyal Lalu Lintas
1. Menyediakan pergerakan lalu lintas yang teratur.
2. Jika digunakan perancangan geometrik dan pengatur
yang tepat, dapat meningkatkan kapasitas
persimpangan.
3. Mengurangi jumlah kecelakaan tertentu, khususnya
jenis tegak-lurus.
4. Pada kondisi baik, dapat dikoordinasikan untuk
menyediakan pergerakan menerus sepanjang rute
terpilih.
5. Dapat digunakan untuk menyela lalu lintas tinggi
pada suatu rentang waktu untuk memungkinkan lalu
lintas lain, kendaraan atau pejalan kaki, untuk
memotong.
PENGARUH TRAFFIC SIGNALS, lanjut…
Faktor-faktor berikut akan terjadi jika pemasangan
sinyal tidak tepat atau belum diperlukan:
1. Terjadi delay yang berlebihan.
2. Terdorong untuk mengabaikan indikasi sinyal
3. Untuk menghindari sinyal, banyak menggunakan
rute lain.
4. Frekuensi kecelakaan akan meningkat (khususnya
rear-end crashes).
Bagaimana Mengevaluasi Kebutuhan Signal
• TRAFFIC COUNTS
an eight hour “turning count” is conducted during peak traffic
hours in which all incoming vehicles are tabulated according to the
direction they leave the intersection.
• CRASH RECORDS
The traffic engineer uses these crash reports to study the problems
at the subject location and determine which crash patterns are
susceptible to correction through application of various measures,
including traffic signals.
• FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
In addition, the engineer also conducts an on-site investigation to
observe the intersection and its operating characteristics. Some of
the points the traffic engineer looks for are type and condition of
the road, schools and “school crossings”; large traffic generators,
such as shopping centers; existence of parking and bus stops; and
the proximity of other traffic signals.
Before and after signals crash study
Right angle
Rear end AFTER
SIGNALIZATION
BEFORE
Head on, LT SIGNALIZATION
Other
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