HYBRID CARS
GUIDED BY:CHANDANA SUBUDHI
SUBMITTED BY:SANDEEP KUMAR MOHAPATRA
ROLL NO:ME-15-41
REGISTRATION NO:1501230167
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• What makes it a hybrid ?
• Evolution of Hybrid cars
• Why Hybrid cars ?
• Components , model and how it works ?
• Variants
• Hybrid performance , efficiency and maintenance
• Advanced technologies
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Conclusion
• References
PREFACE
• In an era where energy conservation is a developing “trend” not only
among the learned but also among the ordinary responsible citizens.
• Fuel efficiency along with minimum pollution has become the
benchmark for any new automobile.
• In the same context “Hybrid Cars” come as the latest addition.
WHAT MAKES IT HYBRID
• Any vehicle is hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power.
• A Simple Example: A mo-ped (a motorized pedal like) is a type of
hybrid because it combines the power of a gasoline engine with the
pedal power of its rider.
• A hybrid-electric vehicle(HEV) combines the power of a conventional
internal combustion engine with an electric motor.
EVOLUTION OF HYBRID CARS
• 1839: First electric vehicle
• 1898: Ferdin and Porsche built a hybrid
• 1905: Gas-electric car
• 1997: Toyota prius available in japan
• 1999: Honda insight released in US
• 2002: Honda Civic Hybrid launched
• 2004: Toyota Prius ii introduced ; Ford Escape Hybrid introduced
• 2007: Toyota Highlander Hybrid
• 2009: Mercedes-Benz $400 Blue Hybrid
• 2010: Mazda Tribute Crossover
WHY HYBRID CARS
• As there is a constant rise in the fuel prices, it is a must for us to look for
alternatives such as hybrids.
• Hybrids have the optimum mileage in its class.
• Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased.
• They produce much less emissions and use about 50% less than the average new
vehicle in the same class(partial-zero emissions).
CONTD……
• Regenerative braking actually makes city driving more economical than on the
highway.
• Plug-in Hybrid vehicles eventually can be charged at parking locations using
renewable energy. They will use at least half as much fuel as the hybrids.
REGENERATIVE BRAKING
• A regenerative brake is an energy recovery mechanism.
• Converts kinetic energy into electrical form.
• While braking , it absorbs 80% of kinetic energy.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF HYBRID
CARS
• IC Engine
• Electric motor
• Batteries
• transmission
HOW HYBRID CARS WORK?
• Hybrid car integrate the power of the conventional gasoline engine with
that of an electric motor.
• A high powered battery pack provides energy to the motor which itself
gets recharged when the car is decelerating.
• The gas engine can also assist the battery in recharging , which kills the
need to plug the car to an external source of energy.
CONTD…..
• Mild Hybrids are incapable of independently operating the
vehicle.
• The electric motor acts as a side-kick to the gas engine ,
assisting it whenever surplus power is needed.
• The Internal Combustion Engines (both gasoline and diesel)
installed in Hybrids cars are often smaller than those in
normal cars for a simple reason that hybrids have the electric
motor for assistance.
VARIANTS OF HYBRIDS
1: Series Hybrid
Ex:Chevrolet Volt
2 : Parallel Hybrid
Ex:Honda Insight
HYBRID PERFORMANCE
• The key factor for the hybrid car is its ability to use a smaller
engine.
• The hybrid engine is sized for running at the average power not the
peak.
• When it does reach that point that it needs help up a hill or to pass
someone , it draws extra power from the batteries to run the
electric motor to get the job done.
HYBRID EFFICIENCY
• Shuts the engine off at low speeds.
• Recovers energy and stores it into the battery.
• Displacement of cylinders is small so less fuel consumption.
• They use electric power at starts and stops.
• They use the gasoline engine at cruising speeds.
• Smaller engines are most efficient.
HYBRID MAINTENANCE
• WARRANTIES:
The average warranty for a hybrid now is around either
8yr/100,000 mileS or even 10yr/150,000 miles.
• BRAKE PADS:
No maintenance.
• BATTERIES:
$6800 for new Toyota and Honda Hybrid
but batteries tested to go for 180,000 miles and more.
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
• Regenerative braking
• Electric motor drive assist
• Automatic start/shutoff
RECENT ADVANCEMENTS
REVOLUTION IN BATTERY TECHNOLOGY
Today’s automotive starter batteries : Lead-acid.
RAV4 EV (Toyota Prius hybrid battery):Nickel Metal-Hydride.
New batteries based on Lithium I-ion or Li-polymer :5x lighter for same
energy!
These advancements make it possible for larger battery storage in
vehicles.
CONTD….
• BMW’s BRIGHT IDEA:
• BMW has moved on to the hybrid gas-electric vehicle,
with X3 SUV that features super capacitors instead of
batteries to store energy.
• The “super caps” are safely designed so that in the case
of an accident they get discharged immediately, so as to
avoid further possible damage.
ADVANTAGES
• Excellent gas mileage
• Fewer tapeline emissions
• Lighter batteries than electric vehicles
• Regenerative braking system that stores electrical
energy in batteries
• Uses less fuel to recharge batteries
• 20% -25% better mileage than ICE
• 30% reduction in emissions
• Less maintenance compared to conventional cars
• Increased engine life
AND A FEW
LIMITATIONS
• Reduced , but not emission-free.
• HFC’s are partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEV’s)-they
produce zero emissions only when engine is not running.
• Slightly expensive than conventional vehicles.
• Has a payback period in average use.
• Batteries are expensive and toxic waste.
CONCLUSION
• Present day automobiles, not only stress on power , performance and
luxury , but also focuses on emissions , efficiency and reliability.
• The demand for fossil fuels will be at a critical stage in the coming
future , resulting in high prices of fuels.
• The present emission rates from the vehicles are so high that they
add to the global warming.
• There is a need for clean and less emission vehicles.
• Hence, Hybrids are the vehicles of the future.
REFERENCES
• www.howstuffworks.com
• www.hybridcars.org
• www.greencar.com
• www.alternativefuels.about.com
• www.fueleconomy.gov
• Electric and Hybrid Cars : A history by Judy Anderson
• All about Electric and Hybrid Cars by Stephanie Bearce.
