Hybrid Electric Vehicle

presented by -

Sunil Kakkar
General Manager – Supply Chain
Maruti suzuki India Ltd
What Is a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)

The combination of an internal combustion engine

(ICE) with one or more electric motor/generators
and a battery pack
 Why Hybrid Vehicles?

• Emission is causing global warming and human sickness.

 Why Hybrid Vehicles?

• Oil reserves being in scarce

• Natural gas extraction for the world will peak within a decade or
two.
 Why Hybrid Vehicles?

• Hybrid vehicles produce much less emissions and use about

50% less fuel than the average new vehicle in the same class.
(Partial-Zero emissions)
 Why Hybrid Vehicles?

• Overcome short range travel in single charging unlike electric

vehicles
• Plug-in Hybrid vehicles eventually will be charged at parking
locations using renewable energy.
 HEV Advantages
•Reduced fuel consumption
•Excellent mileage
•Fewer tailpipe emissions
•Mixed urban driving is modestly favorable
•HEV use smaller engines than conventional
automobiles
•The engine can shut off when the car stops.
•Choose to operate the engine only at its highest
efficiency.
•No problem of coldstart
•Regenerative braking system stores electrical energy in
Batteries
•Uses less fuel to recharge batteries
 HEV Disadvantages

• Reduced, but not emission-free

•HEVs are partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs) –

they produce zero emissions only when engine is not
running

•More expensive than conventional Vehicles

•Has a payback period in average use

 Hybrid Powertrain Topology
Conventional

Micro Hybrid
Engine
Mild Hybrid

Parallel
Full Hybrid

Electric
Motor
Battery

Electric Vehicle

Range extender
Battery
Series Electric
Motor
Series Hybrid

Engine Generator

Fuel Cell Fuel Cell

 Early Electric Cars
• Electric vehicles are clean and easy to use.
• Low maintenance, available infrastructure.
• Electric motors were easy to control.
• Motors have
high power-to-
weight ratio.
• 1914 Detroit
Electric car.
• Limited range.
 Early Hybrid Cars
• The advantages of electric drives are substantial, but
range is a challenge.
• Hybrids can deliver energy for long intervals.
• Retain the reliability
and ease-of-use
advantages of
electric cars.
• The 1900 Porsche
hybrid.
 Gasoline Car Culture
• The Ford Model T in 1909 made cars affordable.
Original list price: US$290.
• Gasoline was a waste product of oil refining.
• Low-cost mass production, low fuel costs, and
performance limits helped fuel-driven cars overtake
electric cars by 1920.
• Reliability has been improving
continuously for fuel vehicles.
• There was little change in
electric car technology until
the 1960s.
 Revival
• Revival of hybrid
cars about 1970.
• New electronics
attempted in the
1980s (GM Sunraycer).
• Mature power electronics since early 1990s.
• NiMH batteries matured
enough in the late 90s.
• Li-ion almost there now.
 Revival
• Maturing power electronics overcame major
performance barriers
in the 1990s.
• 2000 General Motors
EV1 high-performance
electric car prototype.
• Limited range. Storage
problems unresolved.
 Parts of HEV
Gasoline engine - The hybrid car has a
gasoline engine much like the one you will find on most cars.
However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses
advanced technologies to reduce emissions and increase
efficiency.
Electric motor - The electric motor on a hybrid car is
very sophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a
motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to,
it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car.
But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and
return energy to the batteries.
Generator - The generator is similar to an electric Generator
motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power. It is used
mostly on series hybrids.
Batteries - The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy
storage device for the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in
the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the
Transmission
electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the
batteries as well as draw energy from them.
Transmission - The transmission on a hybrid car
performs the same basic function as the transmission on a
conventional car.
Hybrids Can Have Multiple Configurations
Parallel hybrid, both the
gasoline engine and the
electric motor can turn the
Parallel transmission at the same time,
and the transmission then turns
the wheels.

Series hybrid, the gasoline

engine turns a generator, and
the generator can either charge
Series the batteries or power an
electric motor that drives the
transmission. Gasoline engine
never directly powers the
vehicle.

Power split, acts both as series

Power Split and parallel. Motor/Generator 1
and 2 alternately power each
other via the power split
planetory unit
 How a HEV work?
•At standstill motor can be switched off
instantly
• •During start, Battery drives the motor,
•Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
which in turn drives the transmission
Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
•
•Honda Accord Hybrid
•Engine is disengaged by automatic
Honda Accord Hybrid
•
clutch
•Honda Civic Hybrid
Honda Civic Hybrid
•
•Emission is less
•Ford Escape Hybrid
Ford Escape Hybrid
•
•GMC Silverado Hybrid
GMC Silverado Hybrid
•
•GMC Sierra Hybrid
GMC Sierra Hybrid
/Recharging •
•Toyota Prius
Toyota Prius
•
•Toyota Highlander Hybrid
Toyota Highlander Hybrid
•
•Lexus 400h
Lexus 400h
 How a HEV work?

•
•Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
•
•Honda Accord Hybrid
Honda Accord Hybrid
•
•Honda Civic Hybrid
Honda Civic Hybrid
•
•Ford Escape Hybrid
Ford Escape Hybrid
•
•GMC Silverado Hybrid
GMC Silverado Hybrid
•
•GMC Sierra Hybrid
GMC Sierra Hybrid
/Recharging •
•Toyota Prius
Toyota Prius
•
•For Hard acceleration, both engine
and motor provide power
•Toyota Highlander Hybrid
•At standstill motor can be switched off
Toyota Highlander Hybrid
•
•Lexus 400hinstantly
•Clutch automatically engages with
Lexus 400h
transmission
•During to cater
start, Battery tothe
drives high power
motor, which
in requirement
turn drives thealong with motor
transmission
•Engine is disengaged by automatic clutch
 How a HEV work?

•
•Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
•
•Honda Accord Hybrid
Honda Accord Hybrid
•
•Honda Civic Hybrid
Honda Civic Hybrid
•
•Ford Escape Hybrid
Ford Escape Hybrid
•
•GMC Silverado Hybrid
GMC Silverado Hybrid
•
•GMC Sierra Hybrid
GMC Sierra Hybrid
/Recharging •
•Toyota Prius
Toyota Prius
•
•During cruising, battery disconnects
as it cannot sustain long.
•Toyota Highlander Hybrid
•At standstill motor can be switched off
Toyota Highlander Hybrid
•
•Lexus 400hinstantly
•Engine now drives the vehicle thru’
Lexus 400h
auto clutch.
•During start, Battery drives the motor, which
in turn drives the transmission
•Simultaneously engine also charges
•Engine is via
battery disengaged by automatic clutch
the generator.
 How a HEV work?
•During braking, recaptures kinetic
energy normally lost as heat.
•
•Electric motor acts as generator •Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
when brakes applied. •
•Honda Accord Hybrid
Honda Accord Hybrid
•Kinetic energy is converted to •
•Honda Civic Hybrid
electrical energy which can be stored Honda Civic Hybrid
•
in batteries. •Ford Escape Hybrid
Ford Escape Hybrid
•
•GMC Silverado Hybrid
GMC Silverado Hybrid
•
•GMC Sierra Hybrid
GMC Sierra Hybrid
/Recharging •
•Toyota Prius
Toyota Prius
•
•Toyota Highlander Hybrid
Toyota Highlander Hybrid
•
•Lexus 400h
Lexus 400h
 How a HEV work?

•
•Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
•
•Honda Accord Hybrid
Honda Accord Hybrid
•
•Honda Civic Hybrid
Honda Civic Hybrid
•
•Ford Escape Hybrid
Ford Escape Hybrid
•
•GMC Silverado Hybrid
GMC Silverado Hybrid
•
•GMC Sierra Hybrid
GMC Sierra Hybrid
/Recharging •
•Toyota Prius
Toyota Prius
•
•Toyota Highlander Hybrid
Toyota Highlander Hybrid
•
•Lexus 400h
Lexus 400h
 Myth: Limited market
“No one wants to buy a second car suitable just for
commuting.”

Fact: Most driving needs can be met with a car that has
just 40 miles of range.
Fact: Most of my neighbors own multiple cars, with at least
one used almost exclusively for commuting.

Source: www.edmunds.com
Myth: Inadequate infrastructure
“Houses and businesses will need much more electrical
infrastructure to support plug-in hybrids and electrics.”

Fact: The best designs use about 150 W-h/mile.

A 6 h charge from a 120 V outlet is more than enough for
a 40 mile battery.
 Myth: Stepping stones
• {Hybrid, electric, fuel cell} vehicle designs are a
stepping stone toward longer term {hybrid, electric, fuel
cell} vehicles.

• Fact: ALL vehicle designs are increments toward

people’s aspirations for personal transportation.

Source: msnbcmedia.msn.com
www.xtec.es
 Myth: Industry as a group is
converging toward the best solutions
• “Existing design are proven and capable, and should be
emulated.”
• Fact: Hybrids on the road have not achieved the
performance levels and efficiencies of
known electric car designs.

www.popularmechanics.com
© Brad Waddell. Used by permission.
•In 2005, US President signed a bill allowing tax
credits for the purchase of new electric hybrid
vehicles, in addition to other tax discounts offered
by states for the purchase of HEVs.
•Many cities in the USA waived parking fees, allow
HEVs to use carpool lanes without restrictions, and
try to initiate other benefits to encourage the use of
hybrid electric vehicles.
•The use of the electric motor for propulsion in low
speed environments and the technology that allows
a HEV to turn off the combustion engine when
idling greatly reduces the emissions from the
vehicle. Hybrid electric vehicles use smaller
engines than conventional automobiles and have
less moving parts that are prone to wearing out and
creating waste.
•Hybrid electric vehicles are not a recent invention. Although there were earlier HEVs built, it wasn't
until 1905 that the American Engineer, H. Piper, filed for a patent to add an additional electric engine
to a gasoline combustion engine in order to speed the engine's acceleration capabilities. By the time
this patent was approved, the gasoline combustion engine had evolved to achieve the desired
acceleration rate without the additional electric support and interest in the idea waned. Henry Ford's
development and implementation of the assembly line to produce gasoline powered engine further
destroyed interest in developing a Hybrid Electric Engine.
In 1931, the German inventor, Erich Gaichen, built a Hybrid Electric Vehicle that introduced a
recharging technology that is still in use today in Toyota's Prius design, Gaichen's HEV would recharge
itself as it went down hill, foreshadowing the regenerative braking system (RESS) found in the Prius
and other modern HEVs.
A resurgence of interest in hybrid vehicles occurred in the USA in the 1960's when Congress began to
see bills introduced that suggested that producing HEVs would help cut air pollution. By 1970, General
Motors had developed a hybrid electric vehicle prototype that used electric power up to 13 mpg and
then switched to gasoline power. In 1993, the Department of Energy introduced the HEV program that
created a partnership with the three largest U.S. automakers to develop Hybrid Electric Vehicles with a
goal to have realistic models by the year 2000, and usable, low cost vehicles available to the public by
2003. Despite efforts by all three automakers, as well as other car manufacturers during the 80's and
early 90's, the public remained unenthusiastic about the electric vehicles introduced into the market.
Not until the late 1990's, with the introduction of the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius, did HEVs
become viable products on the market.
 CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
So, the HEVs have more efficiency,
Low Fuel Economy, High Reliability and
Less Air Pollution.
Optimum Utilisation of these Vehicles
will yield in good Results, especially
Reduction of pollution.
 Hybrid Reliability(contd…)
Hybrid Reliability(contd…)
The cost of maintenance is reduced due to operation
of hybrid technology
Regenerative braking reduces wear on brakes
 Idle stop extends engine life
 Electric accessories reduce load on

engine
 Thank you

presented by -
Sunil Kakkar
General Manager – Supply Chain
Maruti Suzuki India Ltd