SERIES HYBRID

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PARALLEL HYBRID

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THE PRIUS PLANETARY GEAR SET

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE VEHICLE

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ELECTRIC VEHICLE

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TOYOTA HYBRID SYSTEM

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SPLIT HYBRID SYSTEM

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THE FRONTAL AREA PROFILE OF A SMALL
AND LARGE CAR

This drag force can be reduced in a variety of ways. One sure way is to
reduce the frontal area of the car. Think of how a big SUV has to push a
much greater area through the air than a tiny sports car.
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 HYBRID VEHICLE
Source:
www.fueleconomy.gov/fed/hybridAnimation/Fulhybrid

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POPULAR HYBRID CARS

• Honda Insight, a
hybrid gas-electric
vehicle

• Toyota Prius, a hybrid

gas-electric vehicle

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 HYBRID VEHICLES
• A gas-powered car has a fuel tank, which supplies
gasoline to the engine. The engine then turns a
transmission, which turns the wheels.
– It has long driving range (480 km between re-fueling), fast refueling but
poor gas mileage and relatively large amount of pollution.
• An electric car, on the other hand, has a set of batteries
that provides electricity to an electric motor. The motor
turns a transmission, and the transmission turns the
wheels.
– It has low driving range (80 to 160 km between charges) but produces
almost no pollution.
• The hybrid is a compromise. It attempts to significantly
increase the mileage and reduce the emissions of a gas-
powered car while overcoming the shortcomings of an
electric car.
– It has high mileage, low fuel consumption and low emissions.
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 ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID ELECTRIC
VEHICLES (HEVs)
• Regenerative braking capability helps minimize energy loss
and recover the energy used to slow down or stop a vehicle.
• Engines can be sized to accommodate average load, not
peak load, which reduces the engine's weight.
• Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (hybrids consume
significantly less fuel than vehicles powered by gasoline
alone).
• Emissions are greatly decreased.
• HEVs can reduce dependency on fossil fuels because they
can run on alternative fuels.
• Special lightweight materials are used to reduce the overall
vehicle weight of HEVs.
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 TYPES OF HYBRID VEHICLES
• Series hybrid
– In a series hybrid, the gasoline engine turns a generator, and
the generator can either charge the batteries or power an
electric motor that drives the transmission. Thus, the gasoline
engine never directly powers the vehicle.
• Parallel hybrid (Honda Insight)
– It has a fuel tank that supplies gasoline to the engine and a set
of batteries that supplies power to the electric motor. Both the
engine and the electric motor can turn the transmission at the
same time, and the transmission then turns the wheels.
• Split hybrid (Toyota Prius)
– The engine drives one axle and the electric motor drives the
other. There is no connection between the engine and the
electric components except “through the road.”
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 Hybrid vehicles

• Series drivetrain
• Parallel drivetrain
• Series/parallel drivetrain

hybrid_vehicle.exe
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HYBRID SYSTEM COMPARISON

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 5 Steps to Hybridization
• Idle-off capability
• Regenerative braking capacity
• Power Assist and Engine downsizing (at
this step you reach a "mild" hybrid)
• Electric-only drive (at this step you reach a
"full" hybrid)
• Extended battery-electric range (at this
step you become a "plug-in" hybrid)
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Hybrid checklist

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 Hybrid cars: Why sales are growing
at a slower pace
• Speed. Hybrid cars are not so fast as
cars that run on only gas. Why?
Technology
• Not enough advertisements/promotion
for hybrid cars.
• Lack of awareness.
• Fuel prices are high but manageable.
• Lack of choice
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 Battery

Gasoline Power Electric

Generator Split
Engine Motor
Device

Schematic diagram of hybrid vehicle 19

 COMPONENTS
• Gasoline engine: same as conventional engine
except it is much smaller and more efficient.
• Fuel tank: The fuel tank in a hybrid is the
energy storage device for the gasoline engine.
Gasoline has a much higher energy density than
batteries do. For example, it takes about 1,000
pounds of batteries to store as much energy as
1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline.
• Generator: the generator converts mechanical
energy from the engine to electricity which can
be used by the electric motor or stored in the
battery. It is also used to start the gasoline
engine instantly when needed.
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 COMPONENTS
• Power split device: the power split device is a
gearbox connecting the gasoline engine,
generator, and electric motor. It allows the
engine & motor to power the car independently
or in tandem and allows the engine to change
the batteries or provide power to the wheels as
needed.
• Electric motor: It powers the vehicle at low
speeds and assists the gasoline engine when
additional power is needed. It also converts
otherwise wasted energy from barking into
electricity & stores in the battery.
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 COMPONENTS
• Battery: It stores energy generated from
the gasoline engine or, during
regenerative braking from the electric
motor. Since the battery powers the
vehicle at low speeds, it is larger and
holds much more energy than batteries
used to start conventional vehicles.

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 REGENERATIVE BARKING
• In regenerative braking, the electric
motor is reversed so that, instead of using
electricity to turn the wheels, the rotating
wheels turn the motor and create
electricity. Using energy from the wheels
to turn the motor slows the vehicle down.

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 A HYBRID CAR CAN

• Recover energy and store it in the

battery
• Sometimes shut off the engine
• Use advanced aerodynamics to reduce
drag
• Use low-rolling resistance tires
• Use lightweight materials (carbon fiber,
Al, Mg etc.)
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 WHY HYBRID ?
• To reduce tailpipe emissions
– Decreasing fuel consumption will decrease
emissions as well as CO2 (GHG)
• To improve mileage (i.e., to reduce fuel
consumption)
– Hybrid: 60 mpg (3.92 liters per 100 km)
– Conventional: 27.5 mpg (8.55 liters per 100 km)
• To optimize fuel efficiency and performance
• To recover energy from regenerative braking
• To use existing gas refueling stations
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CHALLENGES OF HYBRIDS
• Complexity of two power trains
• Components availability
– batteries,
– power train,
– power electronics

• Higher initial cost

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 Honda Insight Toyota Prius
(2 seaters) (5 seaters)
Side – by - side

MPG (CITY) 60 60
MPG (HIGHWAY) 66 51
MPG (COMBINED) 63 55
Worst Best Worst Best

Annual GHG emissions

15.1 3.1 15.1 3.1
3.1 Tons 3.5 Tons
Engine capacity I.0 L, 3 cylinder 1.5 L, 4 cylinder
Cost $19,330 – 21,530 $20,875 – 25,940
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Hybrid Electric Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle

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 EXAMPLES OF HYBRID VEHICLES

• ford.pdf
• 10c.pdf

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 HYBRID MILEAGE TIPS
• Drive slower
– slow speed - less drag
• Maintain a constant speed
– By maintaining a constant speed, you will
make the most efficient use of your fuel.
• Avoid abrupt stops
– Abrupt stops waste a lot of energy.

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THE ULTIMATE
ECO CAR

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WELL TO WHEEL (VEHICLE EFFICIENCY)

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 TOYOTA HYBRID SYNERGY DRIVE

Ordinary powertrains waste energy at stoplights, during braking,

and all other times the engine is not running at optimum speed
under ideal load conditions. By reducing energy wastage and
applying energy more efficiently, a hybrid system can
simultaneously double fuel economy, slash emissions and deliver
"fun to drive" performance.

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Parallel

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Series

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