A First Book of C++

Chapter 7
Arrays

Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:

One-Dimensional Arrays
Array Initialization
Arrays as Arguments
Two-Dimensional Arrays
Common Programming Errors
Searching and Sorting Methods

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

One-Dimensional Arrays
One-dimensional array (single-dimension array or
vector): a list of related values
All items in list have same data type
All list members stored using single group name

Example: a list of grades

98, 87, 92, 79, 85
All grades are integers and must be declared
Can be declared as single unit under a common name
(the array name)

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

One-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

Array declaration statement provides:
The array (list) name
The data type of array items
The number of items in array

Syntax
dataType arrayName[numberOfItems]
Common programming practice requires defining
number of array items as a constant before declaring
the array

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One-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

Examples of array declaration statements:
const int NUMELS = 5; // define a constant
// for the number of
// items
int amts[NUMELS];
// declare the array
const int NUMELS = 4;
char code[NUMELS];
const int SIZE = 100;
double amount[SIZE];
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One-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

Each array allocates sufficient memory to hold the
number of data items given in declaration
Array element (component): an item of the array
Individual array elements stored sequentially
A key feature of arrays that provides a simple
mechanism for easily locating single elements

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One-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

One-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

Index (subscript value): position of individual
element in an array
Accessing of array elements: done by giving array
name and elements index
grade[0] refers to first grade stored in grade array

Subscripted variables can be used anywhere that

scalar variables are valid:
grade[0] = 95.75;
grade[1] = grade[0] - 11.0;

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One-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

A First Book of C++ 4th Edition

One-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

Subscripts: do not have to be integers
Any expression that evaluates to an integer may be
used as a subscript
Subscript must be within the declared range

Examples of valid subscripted variables (assumes i

and j are int variables):
grade[i]
grade[2*i]
grade[j-i]

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Input and Output of Array Values

Individual array elements can be assigned values
interactively using a cin stream object
cin >> grade[0];
cin >> grade[1] >> grade[2] >> grade[3];
cin >> grade[4] >> prices[6];

Instead, a for loop can be used

const int NUMELS = 5;

for (int i = 0; i < NUMELS; i++)
{
cout << "Enter a grade: ";
cin >> grade[i];
}

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Input and Output of Array Values

(cont'd.)
Bounds checking: C++ does not check if value of
an index is within declared bounds
If an out-of-bounds index is used, C++ will not
provide notification
Program will attempt to access out-of-bounds
element, causing program error or crash
Using symbolic constants helps avoid this problem

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Input and Output of Array Values

(cont'd.)
Using cout to display subscripted variables:
Example 1
cout << prices[5];

Example 2
cout << "The value of element " << i << " is
" << grade[i];

Example 3
const int NUMELS = 20;
for (int k = 5; k < NUMELS; k++)
cout << k << " " << amount[k];

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Input and Output of Array Values

(cont'd.)
Program example of array I/O (Program 7.1):
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
const int NUMELS = 5;
int i, grade[NUMELS];
for (i = 0; i < NUMELS; i++) // Enter the grades
{
cout << "Enter a grade: ";
cin >> grade[i];
}
cout << endl;
for (i = 0; i < NUMELS; i++) // Print the grades
cout << "grade [" << i << "] is " << grade[i] <<
endl;
return 0;
}
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Input and Output of Array Values

(cont'd.)
Sample run using Program 7.1:
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter

a
a
a
a
a

grade[0]
grade[1]
grade[2]
grade[3]
grade[4]

grade:
grade:
grade:
grade:
grade:

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is
is
is
is
is

85
90
78
75
92

85
90
78
75
92

15

Array Initialization
Array elements can be initialized within declaration
statements
Initializing elements must be included in braces
Example:
const int NUMGALS = 20;
int gallons[NUMGALS] =
{19, 16, 14, 19, 20, 18, // initializing values
12, 10, 22, 15, 18, 17, // can extend across
16, 14, 23, 19, 15, 18, // multiple lines
21, 5};

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Array Initialization (cont'd.)

Size of array may be omitted when initializing values
are included in declaration statement
Example: the following are equivalent
const int NUMCODES = 6;
char code[6] = {'s', 'a', 'm', 'p', 'l', 'e'};
char code[ ] = {'s', 'a', 'm', 'p', 'l', 'e'};

Both declarations set aside six character locations

for an array named code

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Array Initialization (cont'd.)

Simplified method for initializing character arrays
char codes[ ] = sample;
//no braces or commas

This statement uses the string sample to initialize

the code array
The array is comprised of seven characters
The first six characters are the letters:
s, a, m, p, l, e
The last character (the escape sequence \0) is called
the null character
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Array Initialization (cont'd.)

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Arrays as Arguments
Array elements are passed to a called function in
same manner as individual scalar variables
Example:
findMax(grades[2], grades[6]);

Passing a complete array to a function provides

access to the actual array, not a copy
Making copies of large arrays is wasteful of storage

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Arrays as Arguments (cont'd.)

Examples of function calls that pass arrays:
int nums[5];
// an array of five integers
char keys[256];
// an array of 256 characters
double units[500], grades[500];// two arrays of
// 500 doubles

The following function calls can then be made:

findMax(nums);
findCharacter(keys);
calcTotal(nums, units, grades);

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Arrays as Arguments (cont'd.)

Suitable receiving side function header lines:
int findMax(int vals[5])
char findCharacter(char inKeys[256])
void calcTotal(int arr1[5],
double arr2[500],
double arr3[500])

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Arrays as Arguments (cont'd.)

Example of passing arrays as arguments (Program
7.4):
Constant MAXELS is declared globally
Prototype for findMax() uses constant MAXELS to
declare that findMax() expects an array of five
integers as an argument
As shown in Figure 7.5, only one array is created in
Program 7.4
In main(), the array is known as nums
In findMax(), it is known as vals

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Arrays as Arguments (cont'd.)

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Two-Dimensional Arrays

Two-dimensional array (table): consists of both

rows and columns of elements
Example: two-dimensional array of integers
8
3
14

16
15
25

9
27
2

52
6
10

Array declaration: names the array val and

reserves storage for it
int val[3][4];

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Two-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

Locating array elements (Figure 7.7)
val[1][3] uniquely identifies element in row 1,
column 3

Examples using elements of val array:

price = val[2][3];
val[0][0] = 62;
newnum = 4 * (val[1][0] - 5);
sumRow = val[0][0] + val[0][1] + val[0][2]
+ val[0][3];

The last statement adds the elements in row 0 and

sum is stored in sumRow
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Two-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

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Two-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

Initialization: can be done within declaration
statements (as with single-dimension arrays)
Example:
int val[3][4] = { {8,16,9,52},
{3,15,27,6},
{14,25,2,10} };

First set of internal braces contains values for row 0,

second set for row 1, and third set for row 2
Commas in initialization braces are required; inner
braces can be omitted

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Two-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

Processing two-dimensional arrays: nested for loops
typically used
Easy to cycle through each array element
A pass through outer loop corresponds to a row
A pass through inner loop corresponds to a column

Nested for loop in Program 7.7 used to multiply each

val element by 10 and display results

Output of Program 7.7

Display of multiplied elements
80
30
140

160
150
250

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90
270
20

520
60
100
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Two-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

Prototypes for functions that pass two-dimensional
arrays can omit the row size of the array
Example (Program 7.8):
display (int nums[ ][4]);

Row size is optional, but column size is required

The element val[1][3] is located 28 bytes from the
start of the array (assuming 4 bytes for an int)

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Two-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

Determining offset of an array
Computer uses row index, column index, and column
size to determine offset

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Two-Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

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Larger Dimensional Arrays

Arrays with more than two dimensions allowed in C+
+ but not commonly used
Example: int response[4][10][6]
First element is response[0][0][0]
Last element is response[3][9][5]

A three-dimensional array can be viewed as a book

of data tables (Figure 7.10)
First subscript (rank) is page number of table
Second subscript is row in table
Third subscript is desired column
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Larger Dimensional Arrays (cont'd.)

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Common Programming Errors

Forgetting to declare an array
Results in a compiler error message equivalent to
invalid indirection each time a subscripted variable is
encountered within a program

Using a subscript that references a nonexistent

array element
For example, declaring array to be of size 20 and
using a subscript value of 25
Not detected by most C++ compilers and will probably
cause a runtime error

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Common Programming Errors (cont'd.)

Not using a large enough counter value in a for
loop counter to cycle through all array elements
Forgetting to initialize array elements
Dont assume compiler does this

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Summary
One-dimensional array: a data structure that stores
a list of values of same data type
Must specify data type and array size
Example:
int num[100]; creates an array of 100 integers

Array elements are stored in contiguous locations in

memory and referenced using the array name and a
subscript
Example: num[22]

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Summary (cont'd.)
Two-dimensional array is declared by listing both a
row and column size with data type and name of
array
Arrays may be initialized when they are declared
For two-dimensional arrays, you list the initial values,
in a row-by-row manner, within braces and separating
them with commas

Arrays are passed to a function by passing name of

array as an argument

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Chapter Supplement: Searching and

Sorting Methods
Most programmers encounter the need to both sort
and search a list of data items at some time in their
programming careers

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Search Algorithms
Linear (sequential) search
Each item in the list is examined in the order in which it
occurs until the desired item is found or the end of the
list is reached
List doesnt have to be in sorted order to perform the
search

Binary search
Starting with an ordered list, the desired item is first
compared with the element in the middle of the list
If item is not found, you continue the search on either
the first or second half of the list
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