Gollis University
Department of Telecommunication
Engineering
Linux Administration
Chapter two : Unix/Linux
Outlines
Introduction to Unix
History of UNIX
What is LINUX
LINUX Distributions
Unix OS Structure
Unix File System
Unix Directories, Files and Inodes
Users, Groups and Permissions
Linux
Linus Torvalds (Linux developer)
Operating system types
In chapter one we have discussed different types of
opening systems. Those types can be broadly
categorized into three major types:
1. Single user and single tasking operating system
Example:- MS-DOS
2. Single user and multitasking operating system
Example: Windows
3. Multi user and multitasking operating system
Example: Unix/Linux
What is UNIX ?
Unix is a multi-user, multi-tasking & multiprocessing
operating system.
You can have many users logged into a system
simultaneously, each running many programs.
It's the kernel's job to keep each process and user
separate and to regulate access to system hardware,
including cpu, memory, disk and other I/O devices.
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History of UNIX
Who develop Unix?
First Version was created in Bell Labs in 1969.
The father of Unix is Denis Ritchie
Unix is developed by C language
Some of the Bell Labs programmers who had worked on
this project, Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Rudd Canaday,
What is of Linux?
Linux is a free Unix-type operating system originally created by
Linus Torvalds in 1991in University of Helsinki.
Linux is multi user,Multitasking,multiprocessing system
It is Graphical User Interface (GUI)
To use commands , you have to use shell or terminal window
Runs on multiple platforms
Free Software Foundation(FSF)
Free software as defined by FSF standard:
you must able to:
Run the program for any purpose you want
View the programs source code
Modify the programs sources code if you need
Share the program with others
Linux version
Linux come both as
desktop edition
server edition
Note :
in Linux both editions are multi-user and multi-tasking
operating systems.
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Linux Version
desktop edition
It has x window
Server edition
no x window
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Flavors of Unix(Distributions)
BSD
unix
SCO
unix
IBM
AIX
HP
UX
Sun
Solaris
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Why use Linux?
some common reasons for using Linux are the following
Powerful, modern design
Freely available source code
Thousands of free, powerful application
Lower total cost of ownerships
Stable, powerful, and virus-free
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Flavors of Linux (Distributions)
Linux is developed by different organizations.
Red Hat Linux
Arch Linux
Centos
Gentoo Linux
Linux Mint
SUSE Linux
Ubuntu Linux
Kali
Novell Linux Desktop
Fedora Core Linux
Debian GNU Linux
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Advantages of Linux
Linux is open source /free software
Linux systems are extremely stable
No treat of viruses
Higher degree of customization
Linux comes with most of required software preinstalled
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UNIX Architecture
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Unix Architecture
Shell means command interpreter
Shell is an interface b/n user and kernel
Shell translates user data into kernel understandable form
Shell is not part of the system kernel ,but uses the system kernel
to execute programs, create files etc.
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Linux System Architecture
The Linux system architecture consists of the following
layers
Hardware layer
Kernel layer
Shell
Applications
User
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Linux System Architecture
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Types of Unix shell
There are three types unix shell
1.
Bourne shell
BSH $ general purpose
2.
Korn shell
KSH $ general purpose
3.
C shell
CSH %
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Types of Linux Shell
Bash shell
Tcsh Shell
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Application of Linux
Linux can be used in:
Desktops
Servers
Embedded devices such as
routers
Wireless access points
tablet computers
Smart phones
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Advantage of Linux over windows
Availability of the Source Code
Stability
Compatibility
Customization
Security
Freedom of choice
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Advantage of Linux over windows
Stability
Since the basis for Linux was the operating system UNIX,
Linux inherits the same stability UNIX established.
Designed to run corporate servers, it was essential for UNIX
to possess rock-solid stability and Linux users now reap those
benefits.
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Advantage of Linux over windows
Compatibility
Due to its flexibility and the availability of the source code,
Linux systems can be customized to work with any network,
running any number of applications, and supported by
numerous hardware platforms.
Linux systems can run on both Macs and PCs, eliminating
common operating system lock-in and providing consumers
with viable alternatives to Windows and MacOS
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Advantage of Linux over windows
Customization
Similar to the benefits that allow Linux solutions to provide
com-portability with the contents of any corporate networks,
Linux systems and applications can be customized to fit the
individual needs of any corporation. perfect fit.
An
accomplishment that is seemingly impossible with other
solutions
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Advantage of Linux over windows
Security
One of the main missions of the open source methodology
is to utilize the expertise of thousands of developers in a
collaborative network to create secure and powerful
solutions for computing.
Evolving from the successful collaboration of these
programmers is the Many Eyes theory regarding security
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Advantage of Linux over windows
Freedom of Choice
With the ability to modify and improve upon pre-existing
code, there are many distributions of Linux available. Most
contain similar functionalities but all possess a uniqueness to
differentiate themselves from the herd.
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