This document discusses three main types of production methods: job production, mass production, and batch production. Job production involves producing one-off products for specific customers. Mass production operates continually to produce high volumes of standardized products using assembly lines. Batch production completes all components at a workstation before moving to the next, allowing for some variety but with inefficiencies between batches. The document provides examples and advantages and disadvantages of each type.
This document discusses three main types of production methods: job production, mass production, and batch production. Job production involves producing one-off products for specific customers. Mass production operates continually to produce high volumes of standardized products using assembly lines. Batch production completes all components at a workstation before moving to the next, allowing for some variety but with inefficiencies between batches. The document provides examples and advantages and disadvantages of each type.
This document discusses three main types of production methods: job production, mass production, and batch production. Job production involves producing one-off products for specific customers. Mass production operates continually to produce high volumes of standardized products using assembly lines. Batch production completes all components at a workstation before moving to the next, allowing for some variety but with inefficiencies between batches. The document provides examples and advantages and disadvantages of each type.
This document discusses three main types of production methods: job production, mass production, and batch production. Job production involves producing one-off products for specific customers. Mass production operates continually to produce high volumes of standardized products using assembly lines. Batch production completes all components at a workstation before moving to the next, allowing for some variety but with inefficiencies between batches. The document provides examples and advantages and disadvantages of each type.
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CHAPTER 2.
1 PRODUCTION METHODS
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Outline
Type of production methods
Job production Mass production Batch production
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Learning Objectives
Explain the strategic importance of process
selection. Explain the influence that process selection has on an organization. Describe the basic processing types.
Production method 1.Jobbing - A type of process used to make a one at a time product exactly to customer specification 2.Mass - A type of process that operates continually to produce a high volume of a fully standardized product 3.Batch - A type of process used to produce a small quantity of products in groups or batches based on customer order or specifications
Job production - involves producing a one-off product for a specific customer. - Job production is most often associated with small firms (making railings for a specific house, building/repairing a computer for a specific customer, making flower arrangements for a specific wedding etc.) but large firms use job production too. Examples include: Designing and implementing an advertising campaign Auditing the accounts of a large public limited company Building a new factory Installing machinery in a factory There are a number of features that should be implemented in a job production environment, they include: i. Clear definitions of objectives should be set. ii. Clearly outlined decision making process.
Benefits and disadvantages
Key benefits of job production include: i. work is generally of a high quality ii.a high level of customisation is possible to meet the customer's exact requirements iii. significant flexibility is possible, especially when compared to mass production iv.workers can be easily motivated due to the skilled nature of the work they are performing Disadvantages include: i. higher cost of production ii. requires the use of specialist labour (compare with the repetitive, lowskilled jobs in mass production) iii. slow compared to other methods (batch production and mass production)
Mass Production
- also called flow production, repetitive flow production,
series production, or serial production) - is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines. - The concepts of mass production are applied to various kinds of products, from fluids and particulates handled in bulk (such as food, fuel, chemicals, and mined minerals) to discrete solid parts (such as fasteners) to assemblies of such parts (such as household appliances and automobiles). - capital intensive and energy intensive, as it uses a high proportion of machinery and energy in relation to workers. -typically uses electric-motor-powered moving tracks or conveyor belts to move partially complete products to workers, who perform simple repetitive tasks. It improves on earlier high-throughput, continuous-flow mass production made possible by the steam engine. -It is also usually automated to the highest extent possible. With
Advantages i.each worker repeats one or a few related tasks that use the same tool to perform identical or near-identical operations on a stream of products (improve productivity) ii.The exact tool and parts are always at hand, having been moved down the assembly line consecutively. The worker spends little or no time retrieving and/or preparing materials and tools, and so the time taken to manufacture a product using mass production is shorter than when using traditional methods. iii.probability of human error and variation is also reduced, as tasks are predominantly carried out by machinery. iv.A reduction in labour costs, as well as an increased rate of production, enables a company to produce a larger quantity of one product at a lower cost than using traditional, non-linear methods.
Disadvantages i.inflexible because it is difficult to alter a design or production process after a production line is implemented. ii.all products produced on one production line will be identical or very similar, and introducing variety to satisfy individual tastes is not easy. However, some variety can be achieved by applying different finishes and decorations at the end of the production line if necessary.
Batch production -The primary characteristic of batch production is that all components are completed at a workstation before they move to the next one. Examples: 1.Batch production is popular in bakeries and in the manufacture of sports shoes, pharmaceutical ingredients, inks, paints and adhesives. 2.In the manufacture of inks and paints, a technique called a colour-run is used. A colour-run is where one manufactures the lightest colour first, such as light yellow followed by the next increasingly darker colour such as orange, then red and so on until reaching black and then starts over again. This minimizes the cleanup and reconfiguring of the machinery between each batch. White (by which is meant opaque paint, not transparent ink) is the only colour that cannot be used in a colour-run due to the fact that a small amount of white pigment can adversely affect the medium colours.
-There are inefficiencies associated with batch production. The
production equipment must be stopped, re-configured, and its output tested before the next batch can be produced. Time between batches is known as 'down time'. -Batch production is useful for a factory that makes seasonal items or products for which it is difficult to forecast demand. -Batch production are products that are made, very similar and without too much detail, for example, cars-all cars would have the same body shape and therefore, all can be made at the same time and with no extra cost.
Advantages 1.it can reduce initial capital outlay because a single production line can be used to produce several products. 2.can be useful for small businesses who cannot afford to run continuous production lines. Also, companies can use batch production as a trial run. If a retailer buys a batch of a product that does not sell then the producer can cease production without having to sustain huge losses.
