MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES: KINEMATICS
Prepared By: Floriza P. de Leon, PTRP
Introduction
Kinesiology study of motion
Combining theories of and principles from anatomy, physiology, psychology, anthropology, and mechanics
Biomechanics application of mechanics to the living human body
Statics concerned with bodies at rest or in uniform motion Dynamics treats bodies that are accelerating or decelerating
Note: Since most of the motion with which physical and occupational therapists deal therapeutically is slow and lacks rapid accelerations, the concepts from mechanics applicable to clinical practice using principles from statics. Note: The purpose of studying clinical kinesiology is to understand the forces acting on the human body and to manipulate these forces in treatment procedures so that human performance may be improved and further injury may be prevented. Kinematics science of motion of bodies in space
Movement of a single point in the body (COG) Position of several segments (UE) Position of a single joint or motions that occur between adjacent joint surfaces
Subdivisions of kinematics
Osteokinematics concerned with the movements of the bones Arthrokinematics addresses the movements occurring between joint surfaces
Anatomic Body Position
Defined as standing erect with the head, toes, and palms of the hands facing forward and with the fingers extended. 3 imaginary planes are arranged perpendicular to each other through the body, with their axes intersecting at the COG of the body (slightly anterior to the S2). These planes are called cardinal planes of the body.
Frontal Plane
AKA Coronal plane (XY plane) Parallel to the frontal bones and divides the body into front and back parts Movement that occurs: abduction and adduction Abduction is a position or motion of the segment away from the midline, regardless of which segment moves. Adduction is position or motion toward the midline Motion of abduction and adduction occur around the Z axis
Sagittal Plane
AKA midsagittal plane (YZ plane) It is vertical and divides the body into right and left sides Joint motions occurring in the sagittal plane are flexion and extension Flexion indicates two segments approach each other Extension occurs when two segments move away from each other Hyperextension is an extension that goes beyond the anatomic reference position Motions of flexion and extension occurs around the x axis
Horizontal Plane
AKA transverse plane (XZ plane) Divides the body into upper and lower parts Rotation occurs in this plane around the vertical y axis Internal rotation (inward or medial rotation) is a transverse rotation oriented to the anterior surface of the body.
Pronation is the term used for IR of the forearm
External Rotation (outward or lateral rotation) is in the opposite direction and is oriented to the posterior surface of the body
Supination is the term used at the forearm
Special Cases
Secondary Planes sagitttal, frontal and horizontal planes may be laid through points other than the COG of the body In the hand, the sagittal plane is centered through the 3 rd segment In the foot, the sagittal plane is centered through the 2 nd segment At the wrist, the motion of abduction is called radial deviation and adduction is called ulnar deviation Movement of the dorsum of the foot toward the tibia is called dorsiflexion, and the movement of the sole of the foot away from the tibia is called plantarflexion The thumb is also a special case because it is rotated 90 deg from the plane of the hand. Thus flexion/extension occurs in the frontal plane and abduction/adduction in the sagittal plane
Goniometry
It is an application of the coordinate system to a joint to measure the degrees of motion present in each plane of a joint. Two systems of recording exist:
1st uses zero deg as reference point for the standard anatomic position 2nd uses 180 deg as the reference point for the standard anatomic position
Normal individual ranges of motion vary with bony structure, muscular, development, body fat, ligamentous integrity, gender and age
Normal End Feel
AKA Physiologic end feel The resistance that is felt by the examiner to further motion at the end of its ROM (felt when the joint is moved passively) Described as hard, firm or soft
Hard/bony felt when motion is stopped by contact of bone on bone Firm/springy limitation is from ligamentous, capsular, or muscle structures.
Soft occurs with contact of adjacent soft tissues
Pathologic End feel occur at a different place in the ROM or have an end feel that is not characteristic of the joint Empty end feel pathologic type denoting pain on motion but absence of resistance
Rotary and Translatory Motion
Rotary/angular/rotation
Movements occurring around an axis or a pivot point
Takes place about a fixed or relatively fixed axis
These motions are called rotary because every point on a segment adjacent to the joint follows the arc of a circle, the center of which is the joint axis
Translatory
Movements of a body in which all of its parts move in the same direction with equal velocity It can be either be in a straight line (linear) or follow a curve (curvilinear)
Degrees of Freedom
One degree of freedom
Joints that move in one plane possess one axis and have one degree of freedom
Two degrees of freedom
If a joint has two axes, the segments can move in two planes
Three degrees of freedom
Movements take place about three main axes, all of which pass through the joints center of rotation Maximum number that a single joint can possess in planar motion
Circumduction
Performed during which the moving segment follows the surface of a cone and the tip of the segment traces a circular path Circumduction is characteristic of joints with two and three degrees of freedom but cannot take place in joints with one degree of freedom
There are actually six degrees of freedom
Kinematic chains
Combination of several joints uniting successive segments constitutes a kinematic chain. The more distal segments can have higher degrees of freedom than do proximal ones
Open and Closed Kinematic Chains
Open Kinematic Chains
Distal segment of the chain moves in space
Segments can move independently or not at all
Proximal segment is fixed and the distal segment moves Ex: UE reaching or bringing the hand to the mouth
Closed Kinematic Chains
Distal segment is fixed, and proximal parts move Ex: Crutch walking, Elevating the body using an ovebed trapeze
