Kinesiology | Batch 2023

Basic Kinesiology

I. Introduction II. Kinematics

Kinesiology — study of movement

2 TYPES OF DISPLACEMENT
Kinematics — type of motions w/o regards to the forces
acting on the body 1. Translatory/Linear Motion
- there is no resistance - motion is parallel to the axis

- ALL points of the moving object travel at the SAME time,

Kinetics — forces acting on the body

- forces that either produce or resist the motion

velocity, and distance

Biomechanics — application of the principles of mechanics to the

living human body

Clinical Kinesiology — application of kinesiology to the

environments of the healthcare professional

Anatomical Position — used as a reference position and to locate a

motion

2. Rotatory/Angular Motion
S — Standing Erect - follows the arc of a circle

H — Head facing Forward - EACH point of the moving object travel at DIFFERENT time,
velocity, and distance

A — Arms at the Side w/ Palms facing Forward

- Based on their distance from the axis

F — Feet slightly apart - If mas lapit ka, mas dasig ka maka abot; If layo ka, mas dugay ka
T — Toes facing Forward

Fundamental Position — position used to initiate motion

Palms are facing midline or to the body

Axes & planes

- 3-dimensional model

Axis Planes Actions

X Axis
Sagittal Plane - Flexion-Extension
Subtypes of kinematics
- Medio-lateral Axis
- Y-Z Plane - Dorsi exion-
- Horizontal Axis
Plantar exion Osteokinematics — focuses on the movement of bony segment

- Frontal/Coronal Axis
Arthrokinematics — focuses on the minute movement of the joints
Y-Axis Transverse/Horizontal - Rotation
Types Structure Function Mobility Examples
- Supero-Inferior Axis
Plane

- Vertical Axis - X-Z Plane Synarthroidal Fibrous - Stability

Non/Very - Sutures

- Fixed/Fused Connective - Shock Slight - Gomphosis

- Abduction-Adduction
- Same Tissue absorption
- Syndesmosis
Z-Axis Frontal/Coronal Plane - Force
- Antero-Posterior Axis - X-Y Plane - Lat. Flexion

- Radial and Ulnar transmission

Deviation Amphiarthroidal - Fibrous
- Stability
- Symphysis Pubis

Limited
- Cartilaginous
- Limited - IV Disc

- Disc in b/n mobility - Synchrondrosis

(epiphyseal plate)

- 1st Sternocostal jt

Di-Arthroidal - Synovial Mobillity - -

A. Non-Axial Irregular planes Contributory Sliding/ - carpals

motions Gliding - Tarsals

B. Uni-axial Hinge/ Motion in Flexion- - Elbow

Ginglymus jt
sagittal plane Extension - IP joints

- Knee (modi ed
hinge jt)

- Ankle

Pivot/Trochoid Motion in Rotation - AA Jt

1st CMC Joint Transverse - FA

consists of 1st Metacarpal and Trapezium

Bi-Axial Condyloid Motions in - Flex-Ext
- MCP jts

sagittal and - Abd- - AO Jt

Rotated 90o
coronal plane Add

- Slight
Action Axis Plane Palm of the Hand Lat. Flex

Flexion-Extension Z-Axis Frontal/Coronal Plane Parallel Ellipsoid - Flex-Ext

- Radiocarpal Jt
- Rd-Ud
Abduction-Adduction X-Axis Sagittal Plane Perpendicular

1 PTRP, MD
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 Kinesiology | Batch 2023

Saddle/Sellar - Flex-Ext
- 1st CMC Jt

- Abd- - SC Jt
Add
Open Pack Position Closed Pack Position
- Protracti
on- Incongruent (not fully in contact) Congruent
Retracti
on

- Depress Ligaments are LAX Ligaments are TAUT

ion-
Elevatio Ligaments attachments are CLOSE to each Ligament attachments are FAR
n other

Tri-Axial Ball-And- ALL Planes All - Shoulder Jt

Used for ASSESSMENT and Tx — Joint Mechanical Stability
Socket/ - Hip Jt Mobilization
Enarthrodial Jt
Walking is a combination of OKC and CKC

3 TYPES OF ARTHROKINEMATIC MOTIONS

Rolling
Clinical application of kinematics
Gliding/Sliding Joint Mobilization
Spinning - Joint should be in OPP

- Distal segment is mobilized or is the one moving

1. Rolling - Apply the concave-convex rule of gliding/sliding

- rotatory or angular motion

• Concave side: SAME direction as motion

- all points of the moving object meet new points of the other
• Convex side: OPPOSITE direction to motion
surface

- Follows the direction of the motion

⬆ Knee Flexion
Tibia (concave)

Motion: Posterior

Mob/Glide: Posterior

⬆ Elbow Flexion
Ulna (concave)

Motion: Anterior

Mob/Glide: Anterior

⬆ FA Supination
2. Gliding/Sliding
Radial Head (convex)

- linear or translatory motion

Motion: Posterior

- Only ONE point meets NEW points Mob/Glide: Anterior

- Convex side: opposite the direction of the motion

- Concave side: same direction

III. Kinetics

forces (push or pull)

Produces displacement

Formula: Forces = MA

Mass (M) — matter contained w/in an object (kg)

Acceleration (A) — rate of change (m/s2)

3. Spinning
Velocity — distance travelled over time, w/ direction (m/s)

- Rotatory or angular
Speed — distance travelled over time (m/s)
- ONE points remains in contact with the SAME point

Newton’s laws of motion

1) Law of Inertia “Law of Equilibrium”

An object at rest, remains at rest

An object in motion, remains in motion; unless an

externally applied force is acted upon the object

2) Law of Acceleration Is inversely proportional to mass

Directly proportional to force

3) Law of Interaction “Law of Action-Reaction”

Closed-Kinematic chain vs open-kinematic Chain For every action, there is an opposite reaction

Kinematic Chain — a combination of several joints uniting

successive movements Types of forces
OKC CKC
Gravity Most prevalent force

Moving Segment Distal Proximal Imaginary force that attracts objects towards
the center of the Earth

Fixed Segment Proximal Distal

Gravitational Force = weight

Function Skillful and Fast movements Stability and Power • F = MA (9.8 m/s2)
Relation to Other Segment Independent Dependent

2 PTRP, MD

 Kinesiology | Batch 2023

Center of Gravity (COG) Theoretical point where the concentration of Externally Applied Machines and equipments

mass is located
Forces Ex: Dumbells
Balance

Location: Slightly ant to S2; falls near the ASIS

Friction Force that resists motion
55% of the person’s height

Male: Slightly higher

Female: Slightly lower IV. LEVERS

Head: Sphenoid Sinus

Code: FWE (located in the middle)

Neck: Basioccipital

F — Fulcrum or Axis

Chest and Head, Neck, and Trunk: Ant. T11

W — Weight or Resistance

UE: above elbow jt

Arm: Medial Head of Triceps

E — E ort or Force
Forearm: Pronator Teres

Hand: 3rd MCP

LE: Just above the knee jt

Thigh: Adductor Brevis

Leg: Popliteus

Foot: 2nd MTT

Line of Gravity Gravitational vector

Downward direction

Fxn: balance

1) LOG is w/in the BOS

Class 1 For Balance and Stability

2) COG is near the BOS

EFW

3) Wide BOS

Mechanical Advantage (MA) = 1

Makes use of a plumbline
Examples:

T — through odontoid process - AO Jt

A — anterior to Antlanto-Occipital jt - IV Jts

T — Cervical vertebrae - Shoulder (supraspinatus)

A — Thoracic vertebrae
T — Lumbar vertebrae Class 2 For Power
P — Hip jt E ort arm is longer
A — Knee jt FWEeeee

A — Ankle jt MA = >1 or 2

Muscles Insu ciencies

Examples:

1) Passive Insu ciency - Bilateral Stance

- Lengthened position of mm
- Elbow exion (brachialis and wrist extensors)

- Does not allow further movement of the - MTP Jt (triceps surae lifting body around the axis of the toes)
opposite muscle

2) Active Insu ciency Class 3 MC

- shortened position of mm

For speed
- ⬇ force of contraction
FEW
MA = <1 or 0.5
Type of Contractions 1) Isometric
- contraction w/out change in jt position
Examples:

- Same distance
- GH Jt (deltoid)

- IP Jt (FDS)
2) Isotonic - Wrist (extensor carpi radialis)

- no change in muscle tone all throughout - Ankle jt (tibialis anterior)

the contraction
- Elbow (biceps and brachialis)

- Same tone
- Quadriceps muscle actin on the leg

3) Isokinetic
- No change in the rate of movement all
throughout the mm contraction

- same rate of movement

4) Concentric
- Shortening of the mm

5) Eccentric
- Controlled Lengthening of the mm

Functional Role of Muscles Agonist — prime mover

Antagonist — located OPPOSITE the agonist mm

- Action is OPPOSITE the agonist

- Passive lengthening

Synergist — prevents unwanted movements from

the agonist

- assists the agonist

Fixator — isometric mm contraction

3 PTRP, MD
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