Data Booklet

Physics

Standard Grade and Access 3 to Advanced Higher

Physics Data Booklet Standard Grade and Access 3 to Advanced Higher

For use in National Qualification Courses leading to the 2008 examinations and beyond

Published date: February 2008 Publication code: BB2099 ISBN: 978 1 85969 697 2

Published by the Scottish Qualifications Authority The Optima Building, 58 Robertson Street, Glasgow G2 8DQ Ironmills Road, Dalkeith, Midlothian EH22 1LE www.sqa.org.uk

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Contents
Introduction 1 Relationships for Access 3 and/or Intermediate 1 2 Relationships for Standard Grade and/or Intermediate 23 Relationships for Higher 4 Relationships for Advanced Higher 6 Additional relationships 8 Electron arrangements of elements 9

Introduction
This data booklet is intended for use by candidates in examinations in Physics at Standard Grade, Intermediate 1, Intermediate 2, Higher and Advanced Higher Levels from the 2008 examination diet. It is recommended that candidates become familiar with the contents of the data booklet through use in undertaking Units of these Courses, including Physics Units at Access 3. The range of data contained in the booklet has been limited to that syllabus content which may be assessed through written examination papers. This data should be supplemented by other resource material as necessary during the course, eg by using data sheets. However, should any additional information (or data not included in this booklet) be required in an examination, such information will be included in the examination paper. Additional relationships, which candidates may find useful, are contained on page 8. A periodic table of elements is included on page 9. From the variety of data offered in this booklet, candidates will be expected to demonstrate the ability to select an appropriate: o formula o relationship o element or data pertaining to an element

Relationships for Access 3 and/or Intermediate 1

resistance = current = speed = voltage current

weight = 10 mass average speed =

voltage gain =

distance time

power voltage

output voltage input voltage distance time

Relationships for Standard Grade and/or Intermediate 2

d = vt s = vt a= a= v t RT = R1 + R2 + ... 1 1 1 = + + ... RT R1 R2 R2 Vs R1 + R2

W = mg
F = ma p = mv

E k = mv P= E t
1 2

E p = mgh

E w = Fd

percentage efficiency = percentage efficiency =

M

V = IR

Q = It

E h = ml

E h = cm T

vu t

V2 =

V1 R1 = V2 R2
P = IV P=

P = I 2R

useful Po !100 Pi

useful Eo !100 Ei

V gain =

Ip ns V s = = np V p Is

V2 R

Pgain = v = f 1 f

Vo Vi

Po Pi

P=

A=
D=

H = Dw R

E m

N t

Relationships for Higher

M
1 2

a=

v = u + at

v t

s = ut+ 1 at 2 2 s=

V = IR

R1 R 3 = R2 R4

v 2 = u 2 + 2as

F = ma

(u +v)t

V peak = M2V rms

I peak = M2I rms C= Q V

P = IV = I 2 R =

V2 R

E k = 1 mv 2 2 E P= t p = mv

E p = mgh

E w = Fd

m t= V P= F A

Ft = mv mu

V o = (V 2 V 1 )
T= 1 f

Rf Vo = V1 R1

E = 1 QV = 1 CV 2 = 2 2

1 2

Q2 C

Rf

R1

v = f

P = tgh

path difference = n

W = QV
E=

PV = constant T

E = V + Ir

n=

d sin = n sin 1 sin 2

path difference = (n + 1 ) 2

RT = R1 + R2 + ... 1 1 1 = + + ... RT R1 R2

IR

sin 1 1 v1 = = sin 2 2 v2 k d2 1 n

sinc = I=

Relationships for Higher

E = hf I= P A I = Nhf Ek = hf hf 0

W 2 W1 = hf
E = mc2

A=

D=

N t

H = DwR H= H t max. value min. value number of values

E m

random uncertainty =

Relationships for Advanced Higher

a= dv d 2 s = dt dt 2 L = I F= Erot = 1 I 2 2 Gm1m2 r2 Gm r

v = u + at

s = ut + 1 at 2 2 m= mo

v 2 = u 2 + 2as v2 c2

V =
v=

1 E = mc 2

d d 2 = = 2 dt dt = o t + 1 t 2 2 s = r = o + t

d = dt

= 2f

2Gm r

v = +

y = A cost or y = A sint

d2y = 2 y 2 dt

Ek = 1 m 2^A 2 y 2h 2 E p = 1 m 2 y 2 2 h p

]A

y 2g

2 = o 2 + 2 v = r

v2 ar = = r 2 r

at = r

mvr = F= E=

T = Fr T = I

mv 2 F= = mr 2 r

V=

Q 4for 2 Q 4for

Q1Q2 4for 2

nh 2

L = mvr = mr 2 6

F = QE

Relationships for Advanced Higher

V = Ed
B= F = IlBsin F no I1 I 2 = 2r l dI dt no I 2r

optical path difference = m

x= l 2d

optical path difference = ( m + 1 ) 2

M

2x

f = fs

v + vo v

f = fs

m= c=

c1 c2 2 (n 2)

m1 m2 2 (n 2)

v v + vs

X=

Y 2 + Z2

E = 1 LI 2 2

n = tani p X = X

x y = A sin 2 ft

f = L

F = qvB

d=

4n

x=

D d

Y Y

Z Z

Additional Relationships
Circle

circumference = 2r area = r 2

Table of standard derivatives sin ax f (x) a cosax f '(x)

Sphere

cos ax

a sin ax

area = 4r 2

4 volume = 3 r 3

Table of standard integrals f (x) 8 f (x)dx

Trigonometry sin = cos = tan =

sin ax cos ax

opposite hypotenuse opposite adjacent

adjacent hypotenuse

1 sin ax + C a

1 cos ax + C a

sin 2 + cos 2 =1 Moment of inertia point mass I = mr 2 rod about centre 1 I = 12 ml 2 rod about end I = 1 ml 2 3 disc about centre I = 1 mr 2 2 sphere about centre I = 2 mr 2 5 8

Electron Arrangements of Elements

Group Group Group Group Group Group

Group Group

Hydrogen (13) 2, 3 Boron

H B
2, 4 Carbon 5 (14)

(1)

1 3 He
Helium 2 10 (18) 2

2 4 6 7 0

Key Atomic number Symbol Electron arrangement Name

(15) 2, 5 Nitrogen (16) 2, 6 Oxygen 16 (17) 2, 7 Fluorine

Lithium

Li C
15 17 2, 8, 6 Sulphur 2, 8, 5 Phosphorus

2, 1 13 2, 8, 4 Silicon 14

3 6

Sodium

2, 8, 1

Na

11

Beryllium

Be N F O

(2) 7 8 9

2, 2

2, 8, 8, 1 2, 8, 13, 1 Chromium

K Cr Zn
2, 8, 18, 3 Gallium

19

Magnesium (6) 24

2, 8, 2

Mg

12

2, 8 Neon

Ne

Transition Elements
Mn Ge Sn Tl
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 Mercury 81 50 2, 8, 14, 2 Iron (7) 25

2, 8, 8, 2

Ca Fe
2, 8, 15, 2 Cobalt

20

Sc Co
2, 8, 16, 2 Nickel

(3) (8) (9) 27 26

21

Ti Mo
42 2, 8, 13, 2 Manganese

(4)

22

V Tc In
43

(5)

23

Ni
2, 8, 18, 1 Copper

(10)

28

Cu Ga
2, 8, 18, 4 Germanium 2, 8, 18, 2 Zinc

(11) 30 31 32

29

(12)

2, 8, 3 Aluminium

Al Si P As
33

Se
2, 8, 18, 5 Arsenic

34

2, 8, 7 Chlorine

Cl

Br Sb
51 2, 8, 18, 6 Selenium

35

2, 8, 8 Argon

Ar

18

Kr Te
52 2, 8, 18, 7 Bromine 53

36

9
Ru
44

Potassium

2, 8, 18, 8, 1

Rubidium

Rb Rh Pd Ag Cd W
74

37 45 49 47

Calcium 46 48

2, 8, 18, 8, 2

2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1 Caesium 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 Tungsten 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2 Seaborgium 59 60 61 62 63

Cs Sg
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2 Bohrium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2 Hassium 106 2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2 Rhenium

55

Strontium

Sr Re
75

38

2, 8, 9, 2 Scandium

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1 Francium

Fr Hs
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2 Meitnerium 64 2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2 Europium 94 93 95

87

2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 Barium

Ba Bh
107 108 2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2 Osmium 2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2 Iridium

56

2, 8, 18, 9, 2 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 2, 8, 18, 13, 1 2, 8, 18, 13, 2 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 2, 8, 18, 16, 1 2, 8, 18, 18, 0 2, 8, 18, 18, 1 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 Palladium Cadmium Yttrium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Silver Zirconium

39

2, 8, 10, 2 Titanium

Zr

40

2, 8, 11, 2 Vanadium

Nb

41

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2 Radium

Ra

88

2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2 Lanthanum

La

57

2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2 18, 9, 2 32, 11, 2 Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium

Ac

89

2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2 Hafnium

Hf

72

Rf

104

2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2 Tantalum

Ta

73

Os

76

Ir

77

Db

105

Mt

109

2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1 Platinum

Pt

78

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 Gold

Au

79

Hg

80

2, 8, 18, 18, 3 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 2, 8, 18, 18, 7 2, 8, 18, 18, 8 Xenon Tin Tellurium Antimony Indium Iodine 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3 Thallium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 Lead

2, 8, 18, 8 Krypton

Xe

54

Pb

82

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 Bismuth

Bi

83

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6 Polonium

Po

84

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7 Astatine

At

85

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 Radon

Rn

86

57

58

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

Lanthanides
91 92

2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2 Lanthanum

La

89

2, 8, 18, 20, 2, 8, 18, 21, 2, 8, 18, 22, 2, 8, 18, 23, 2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2 8, 2 8, 2 8, 2 8, 2 Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Cerium

Ce

Pr

Nd

Pm

Sm

Eu

90

2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 Gadolinium 96

Gd

2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2 Terbium 97

Tb

2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2 Dysprosium 98

Dy

2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2 Holmium 99

Ho

2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2 Erbium 100

Er

2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 Thulium 101

Tm

2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2 Ytterbium 102

Yb

2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2 Lutetium 103

Lu

Actinides

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2 Actinium

Ac U

2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2 21, 9, 2 18,10, 2 Thorium Protactinium Uranium

Th

Pa

2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2 Neptunium

Np

2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 Plutonium

Pu

2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2 Americium

Am

2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2 Curium

Cm

2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2 Berkelium

Bk

2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2 28, 8, 2 Californium Einsteinium

Cf

Es

2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2 32, 9, 2 30, 8, 2 32, 8, 2 Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Fm

Md

No

Lr

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BB2099 February 2008

ISBN: 978 1 85969 697 2