DEVELOPING READING PROFICIENCY 2

archon ‫يكي از افسران عاليرتبه آتن قديم‬ - it was the palace of one of the Archons, the superintendents of the religious life of Athens who
superintendent ‫ مدير‬- ‫سرپرست‬ tried those people accused of offending the gods.
offend ‫ رنجاندن‬- ‫تخطي كردن‬ try = ‫محاكمه كردن‬
accused ‫متهم‬
elect ‫ انتخاب‬- ‫راي دادن‬ - Five hundred judges, elected by the citizens, decided by secret ballot whether the accused were
ballot ‫راي مخفي‬ guilty or not and how severe the penalty should be.
severe ‫ طاقت فرسا‬- ‫سخت‬
penalty ‫ جريمه‬- ‫ كيفر‬- ‫جزا‬
white-bearded man of 70 ‫ ساله‬70 ‫مرد ريش سفيد‬ - an old, white-bearded man of 70 stood before the judges. He had been accused by three men of
lack ‫فقدان‬ lack of respect for the city gods.
sentence ‫ (محكوميت‬- ‫ فتوي‬- ‫) حكم‬ - his sentence could be extremely severe. It might be exile or, perhaps, even death.
exile ‫ تبعيد كردن‬- ‫تبعيد‬
scholar ‫ دانش‌پژوه‬- ‫محقق‬ - although scholars are not sure, they think that Socrates was born in 469 B.C.
sculptor ‫ پيكرتراش‬- ‫مجسمه ساز‬ - his father was a sculptor and his mother was a midwife, a woman who helped other women when
midwife ‫ قابله‬- ‫ماما‬ they were about to have babies.
thoughtful ‫ انديشمند‬- ‫متفكر‬ - when Socrates grew up he proved himself to be an intelligent and thoughtful man.
disturb ‫ آشفتن‬- ‫مضطرب ساختن‬ - Socrates was disturbed by many ideas popular in the city at that time.
sophist ‫ زبان باز‬- ‫ سفسطه باز‬- ‫سوفيسطايي‬ - at the same time that Socrates lived, there was in Greece a group of men called sophists.
boast ‫ خودستايي كردن‬- ‫ رجز خواندن‬- ‫باليدن‬ - they boasted that they knew everything.
justice ‫عدالت‬ - Socrates fought this idea. He said that truth, justice, goodness, and honesty did exist.
goodness ‫نيكي‬
poor ‫فقير‬ - Socrates remained poor and said, "do not love riches and the other good of the body in
preference ‫ رجحان‬- ‫برتري‬ preference to those of the soul."
soul (seek) ‫روان‬
warn ‫هشدار دادن‬ - he warned against twisting the truth by using words and false arguments.
twist ‫ پيجاندن‬- ‫كج كردن‬
ruler ‫حاكم‬ - he told his listeners not to follow the wishes of rulers or anyone else, big or small, if the ideas they
preach ‫ وعظ كردن‬- ‫موعظه كردن‬ preached were wrong.
declare ‫ اعلم كردن‬- ‫ گفتن‬- ‫اظهار داشتن‬ - seek the truth, and declare and defend it against any one, at all costs and always …. Beyond
defend ‫ حمايت كردن‬- ‫دفاع كردن از‬ this world is God, who will judge you and them.
at all costs ‫به هر قيمتي‬

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 beyond ‫ماورا‬
gadfly ‫ آدم مزاحم و مردم آزار‬- ‫خرمگس‬ - calling himself a gadfly -a kind of fly that annoys and stings- because he believed that everybody
annoy ‫ اذيت كردن‬- ‫آزردن‬ had to be pestered, if necessary, into seeing what was really true.
sting ‫ گزيدن‬- ‫نييش‬
pester ‫ بيحوصله كردن‬- ‫ بستوه آوردن‬- ‫اذيت كردن‬
went about the city ‫گشتن در شهر‬ - Socrates went about the city. He talked about the things he considered to be just with the
common people ‫مردم عادي‬ common people -especially the young men. He made them think.
deeply ً ‫عميقا‬ - he loved his city and was deeply religious, but many people hated him and wanted to silence him
criticize ‫ نكوهش كردن‬- ‫انتقاد كردن‬ because he criticized what he thought was wrong.
defeat ‫شكست دادن‬ - he had defeated the sophists often in arguments. He and his students criticized the government.
carry out ‫انجام دادن‬ sometimes he refused to carry out orders he considered unjust.
unjust ‫ناعادلنه‬
shame ‫شرمنده كردن‬ - he shamed dishonest men with his courage and honesty.
all-wise ‫كامل ً عاقل‬ - also, he believed in one God, the all-wise and all-good ruler of the world, while the Greeks at that
all-good ‫كامل ً خوب‬ time still worshipped the many gods on mount Olympus -Zeus, Apollo, Athena and many others.
worship ‫ عبادت‬- ‫پرستش كردن‬
mount Olympus ‫كوه المپيك‬
threaten ‫ ترساندن‬- ‫تهديد كردن‬ - Socrates was offered titles and riches. He was threatened, nothing could silence him. Finally three
charge (against) ‫ متهم ساختن‬- ‫اتهام‬ men made false charges against him and he was sent before the tribunal.
tribunal ‫ ميز محاكمه‬- ‫ ديوان محاكمات‬- ‫دادگاه محكمه‬
serene ‫ آرام‬- ‫متين‬ - Socrates, serene and thoughtful, spoke in his own defence and tried to get the court and his
defence ‫ دفاع كردن‬- ‫دفاع‬ accusers to admit that the charges were false.
court ‫دادگاه‬
accuser ‫متهم كننده‬
outspoken ‫ صريح الهجه‬- ‫ رك و راست‬- ‫پرحرف‬ - but he was still outspoken in his criticisms.
criticism ‫ عيب جويي‬- ‫انتقاد‬
assure ‫اطمينان دادن‬ - he assured them that, if he lived, he would continue to speak the truth and would never leave his city
dishonesty ‫نادرستي‬ - he stood firmly against dishonesty and injustice. And he was condemned to death.
injustice ‫بي عدالتي‬
condemn ‫ محكوم شدن‬- ‫محكوم كردن‬
followers ‫پيروان‬ - Socrates' followers were greatly distressed at the outcome of his trail, but he took
distress ‫ مضطرب كردن‬- ‫ اندوه‬- ‫پريشاني‬ the verdict calmly.
outcome ‫ پي آمد‬- ‫نتيجه‬

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 verdict ‫ راي هيت منصفه‬- ‫راي‬
calmly ‫ با آرامي‬- ‫با خاطر آسوده‬
everlasting ‫ ازلي‬- ‫جاوداني‬ - while in prison waiting for death, he discussed the everlasting life of the soul with his friends.
persuade ‫وادار كردن‬ - many of the men tried to persuade him to escape, but Socrates, always true to his idea of truth,
true ‫ (پايبند‬- ‫ راست‬- ‫)پابرجا‬ refused.
idea of truth ‫مفهوم راستگويي‬
obey ‫اطاعت كردن‬ - he told that the verdict had come from a legal court, and so he had no choice but to obey it.
weep ‫ اشك ريختن‬- ‫گريه كردن‬ - when the time came for him to carry out his sentence, this great man comforted his weeping
a cup of poison ‫جام زهر‬ friends and calmly drank a cup of a poison, called hemlock, that had been prepared for him.
hemlock ‫شوكران‬
offensive ‫ رنجانندن‬- ‫مهاجم‬ - at the time of trial, Socrates was not offensive and wild.
superintendents of the ‫ناظران ديني‬
religious life
take part ‫شركت كردن‬ - Socrates refused to take part in public affairs because he was afraid he would have to go against
sense of truth ‫مفهوم راستگويي‬ his sense of truth and justice if he did.
principle ‫ معتقد به اصول و مبادي‬- ‫اصول و مبادي‬ - he made the citizens of Athens angry many times because he refused to give up his principles.
naval ‫ وابسته به نيروي دريايي‬- ‫وابسته به كشتي‬ - after the naval battle of Arginusae in 406 B.C., he spoke against citizens when they unjustly
demand ‫ مطالبه كردن‬- ‫تقاضا كردن‬ demanded the death of ten generals who had been unable to burry the dead.
bury ‫ از نظر پوشاندن‬- ‫به خاك سپردن‬
terror ‫ ترس زياد‬- ‫دهشت‬ - again, in 404 B.C. during the period of terror which followed the loss of the war, Socrates went
loss ‫ فقدان‬- ‫ خسارت‬- ‫زيان‬ against the orders of the thirty tyrants who ruled Athens.
tyrant ‫ حاكم ستمگر‬- ‫ستمگر‬
disobedience ‫ نافرماني‬- ‫سرپيچي‬ - Socrates would have been condemned to death for his disobedience, but the government of the
overthrow ‫ منقرض كردن‬- ‫برانداختن‬ thirty tyrants was soon overthrown.
corrupt ‫ خراب كردن‬- ‫فاسد كردن‬ - he was also charged with corrupting the youth of Athens by his teachings.
youth ‫ جوان‬- ‫نوباوگان‬
light sentence ‫)محكوميت سبك (كمتر‬ - a clever lawyer might have been able to allow Socrates to escape with a light sentence.
apology ‫ پوزش‬- )‫ عذرخواهي (رسمي‬- ‫مدافعه‬ - instead he gave his own defense, the famous " Apology of Socrates" which explained his life.
tyranny ‫ حكومت ستمگري‬- ‫حكومت استبدادي‬ - he proved in this speech that he was not being tried for any crimes. But his beliefs and way of life
state ‫ كشور‬- ‫دولت‬ were a threat to the tyranny of the state, and was found guilty and condemned to death.
misdeed ‫ جرم‬- ‫ سوء عمل‬- ‫بد كرداري‬ - to bring charges against someone for a misdeed.
bear ‫تحمل كردن‬
debate ‫ مناظره كردن‬- ‫بحث‬

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 accomplishment ‫ انجام‬- ‫ فضيلت‬- ‫هنر‬
irritate ‫ آزردن‬- ‫عصباني كردن‬
harass ‫ خسته كردن‬- ‫بستوه آوردن‬
prevalent ‫ متداول‬- ‫رايج‬
strict ‫ يك دنده‬- ‫ اكيد‬- ‫سخت‬
harsh ‫ ناگوار‬- ‫خشن‬
violent ‫ قاهر‬- ‫ شديد‬- ‫تند‬
spiritual ‫ روحي‬- ‫ معنوي‬- ‫روحاني‬ - the spiritual nature of man.
authority ‫ توانايي‬- ‫اختيار‬ - a person who has the authority to supervise or direct.
supervise ‫نظارت كردن‬
evidence ‫ مدرك‬- ‫گواه‬ - the examination of evidence and law by a judge to determine the issue of charges or claims
determine ‫ مصمم شدن‬- ‫تصميم گرفتن‬
claim ‫ادعا كردن‬
moan ‫ زاري‬- ‫ناله‬
honour (honor) ‫ افتخار‬- ‫ عزت‬- ‫احترام‬
significance ‫ اهميت‬- ‫ مفهوم‬- ‫ مقصود‬- ‫معني‬ - what is the significance of sleeping in our lives?
one third ‫يك سوم‬ - nearly one third of our lives is spent sleeping.
decade ‫دهه‬ - yet only within the last four decades have scientists begun seriously to study, understand and
demystify ‫كشف راز كردن‬ demystify what goes on when we sleep.
traditional modern view ‫نظريه جديد مرسوم‬ - the traditional modern view is that sleep represents a stage of renewal, where the body repairs
represent ‫ نشان دادن‬- ‫نماياندن‬ and restores worn-out tissues and cells.
stage ‫مرحله‬
renewal ‫ باز نو كني‬- ‫ تكرار‬- ‫تجديد‬
worn-out ‫ كهنه‬- ‫ زهوار در رفته‬- ‫خسته و كوفته‬
tissue ‫بافت‬
restore ‫ (بازپروري كردن‬- ‫ پس دادن‬- ‫)تعمير كردن‬
inactive ‫ غيرفعال‬- ‫بي جنبش‬ - people used to think that sleep was a period of total inactivity for the body.
web ‫ بافت يا نسج‬- ‫شبكه‬ - we now know that a complicated web of chemical interactions occurs while we sleep.
interaction ‫فعل و انفعال‬
shut off ‫ بستن‬- ‫تعطيل كردن‬ - the brain, rather than shutting itself off, registers a whole series of electrochemical changes.
electrochemical ‫الكتروشيميايي‬
electroencephalograph ‫الكتروآنسيوفالوگراف‬ - scientists working with an electroencephalograph have been able to pinpoint those shifting
pinpoint ‫ با دقت اشاره كردن به (نقاط‬- ‫)چيز كوچك‬ brain-wave patterns as well as follow the physical changes which occur during our nightly odyssey.

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 odyssey ‫ (خواب طولني‬- ‫)مسافرت‌هاي پرحادثه‬
seamless ‫ بدون درز‬- ‫يكپارچه‬ - during the night, we do not move seamlessly from consciousness into total withdrawal, but pass
consciousness ‫ خبر‬- ‫ هوشياري‬- ‫آگاهي‬ through a series of sleep stages.
withdrawal ‫ باز گرفتن‬- ‫پس گرفتن‬
threshold ‫آستانه‬ - the first stage is when we move from the threshold of everyday consciousness into a light slumber.
slumber ‫ چرت زدن‬- ‫ خواب سبك‬- ‫چرت‬
subtle ‫ ماهرانه‬- ‫دقيق‬ - subtle physiological changes are registered: blood pressure, respiration, pulse rate, and
physiological ‫وابسته به علم فيزيولوژي‬ temperature are all on the downswing.
respiration ‫تنفس‬
pulse rate ‫ميزان ضربان نبض‬
downswing ‫نوسان به طرف پايين‬
smooth rhythms ‫ريتم هاي صاف‬ - brain waves begin to shift from the smooth rhythms of alpha waves into a more irregular pattern.
netherworld ‫ (عالم خواب‬- ‫ عالم اسفل‬- ‫)عالم اموات‬ - in stage two, the sleeper moves deeper into the netherworld of sleep.
eyeball ‫مردمك چشم‬ - at this point, the eyeballs begin to move from side to side, while the amplitude and frequency of
from side to side ‫از سويي به سوي ديگر‬ the brain waves increase.
amplitude ‫دامنه‬
descent ‫ هبوط‬- ‫نزول‬ - the sleeper continues his descent into stage three.
set in ‫شروع كردن‬ - total relaxation has set in.
drop ‫افتادن‬
roll ‫ گشتن‬- ‫غلت خوردن‬ - by stage four, large, slow, delta waves roll regularly across the EEG screen.
abandon ‫ واگذار كردن‬- ‫تسليم شدن‬ - this is the stage where the sleeper has abandoned himself to deep sleep.
arbitrary ‫اختياري‬ - the magic number of eight hours a night is fairly arbitrary.
graduate student ‫دانشجوي دوره دكترا‬ - in 1952, Eugene Aserinsky, a graduate student under Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman at he university of
under ‫زير نظر‬ Chicago, discovered that a sleeper's eyes darted back and forth behind his eyelids during certain
dart ‫ به سرعت حركت كردن‬- ‫حركت تند‬ sleep phases.
eyelid ‫پلك چشم‬
phase ‫ دوره تغيير و تحول‬- ‫مرحله‬
interval ‫ وقفه‬- ‫ مدت‬- ‫فاصله‬ - these rapid eye movements, or REMs as they are called, occur with great regularity at roughly
roughly ً ‫تقريبا‬ 90-minutes intervals during the night.
paradoxical ‫ (متناقص‬- ‫)مهمل نما‬ - REM sleep is called "paradoxical sleep" because it is filled with great internal activity.
heartbeat ‫ضربان قلب‬ - breathing becomes irregular, heartbeat rises, and the brain-wave patterns resemble those of the
resemble ‫داشتن‬ ‫شباهت‬ waking state.
waking state ‫حالت بيداري‬

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 most importantly ‫مهم تر از همه‬ - most importantly, this the period where we do most of our dreaming.
demonstrate ‫ شرح دادن‬- )‫اثبات كردن (با دليل‬ - the importance of REM sleep was first demonstrated in a study made by Dr. William Dement of
in the early 1960s 1960 ‫در اويل سال‌هاي‬ Stanford University in the early 1960s.
volunteer ‫داوطلب‬ - volunteers were interrupted from their REM phase by a buzzer.
interrupt ‫ منقطع كردن‬- ‫گسيختن‬
buzzer ‫ (صداي سوت‬- ‫)زنگ اخبار‬
experiment ‫آزمايش‬ - as the experiment continued the subjects became increasingly hard to arouse.
arouse ‫ تحريك كردن‬- ‫ برانگيختن‬- ‫بيدار كردن‬
deprivation ‫ فقدان‬- ‫محروميت‬ - they seemed to be fighting the deprivation of REM sleep, although they were getting the usual
short-tempered ‫ زود رنج‬- ‫عصباني‬ amount of the other sleep phases. They became short-tempered and irritable in the morning.
irritable ‫ تند مزاج‬- ‫ كج خلق‬- ‫زودرنج‬
compensate ‫ عوض دادن‬- ‫جبران كردن‬ - when those volunteers were finally allowed to sleep through the night undisturbed, the
undisturbed ‫ مختل نشده‬- ‫غير مختل‬ compensated for their loss by having a night filled with dreams.
pill ‫ (قرص‬- ‫)حب دارو‬ - sleeping pills generally lose their effectiveness by the end of the first month in their normal dosage.
effectiveness ‫اثر‬
dosage ‫ مقدار استعمال دارو‬- ‫مقدار تجويز شده دارو‬
beneficial ‫ مفيد‬- ‫سودمند‬ - in the end, they actually prove more harmful than beneficial, for they can dramatically reduce a
dramatically ‫ به طور نمايشي‬- ‫به طور مهيج‬ person's REM sleep.
alcoholic ‫الكلي‬ - Alcohol also reduce this vital phase of the cycle. Once an alcoholic is detoxified, he will find his
detoxify ‫رفع كردن مسمويت‬ sleep at night saturated with vivid and sometimes terrifying dreams.
saturate ‫ اشباغ كردن‬- ‫ پر كردن‬- ‫آغشتن‬
vivid ‫ روشن‬- ‫ واضح‬- ‫زنده‬
terrify ‫وحشت زده كردن‬
hallucination ‫ خطاي حس‬- ‫ توهم‬- ‫ خيال‬- ‫تجسم‬ - According to one theory, the hallucinations of the dreaming times are actually a concentrated
dose ‫مقدار دارو‬ dose of REM dreams spilling over into waking life.
spilling over
concentrate ‫ متمركز كردن‬- ‫تغليظ‬
disturbance ‫ اختلل‬- ‫ مزاحمت‬- ‫آشفتگي‬ - sleep disturbance is one of our most common disorders. For example, an estimated 30 million
disorder ‫ بي نظمي‬- ‫اختلل‬ people in the U.S. suffer from chronic insomnia.
an estimated ‫براساس يك تخمين‬
chronic ‫مزمن‬
insomnia ‫ مرض بيخوابي‬- )‫بيخوابي (غيرعادي‬
transitional ‫به طور گذرا‬ - brain-wave recordings have shown that poor sleepers generally spend much more of their total time

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 physiologically ‫از لحاظ فيزيكي‬ in the transitional light phase of sleep than average sleepers. Physiologically they are closer to waking
recoup ‫ تلفي كردن‬- ‫جبران كردن‬ - many people sleep little at night, but recoup their loss with naps during the day.
nap ‫ خواب نيمروز‬- ‫چرت‬
dim ‫ تاريك‬- ‫مبهم‬ - Edison, who slept only 3 or 4 hours a night, took a dim view of the whole experience.
precious ‫ با ارزش‬- ‫گرانبها‬ - for him the eight-hour sleep cycle was a waste of precious time, "a heritage from our cave days."
heritage ‫ميراث‬
cave days ‫دوران غارنشيني‬
barbaric ‫ وحشي‬- ‫بربريت‬ - he hoped that his electric light would help reduce our dependency on this barbaric nighttime custom
sleeplessness ‫بي خوابي‬ - the record for sleeplessness was set in 1977 by Weston, who stayed awake for 449 hours during
rocking chair ‫صندلي چرخان‬ a rocking chair marathon.
marathon ‫مسابقه دو ماراتون‬
mental patient ‫بيمار رواني‬ - during 1963-1964, a study of mental patients was made at Yale Medical School.
medical school ‫دانشكده پزشكي‬
psychiatric ‫وابسته به روانپزشكي‬ - a psychiatric team issued questionnaires to several hundred patients with psychosis,
issue ‫ (پخش كردن‬- ‫) انتشار دادن‬ depressions and other mental ailments.
questionnaire ‫پرسشنامه‬
psychosis ‫ جنون‬- ‫بيماري رواني‬
depression ‫افسردگي‬
ailment ‫ درد‬- ‫بيماري مزمن‬
correlation ‫همبستگي‬ - from the beginning, they discovered a close correlation between mental stability and healthy
stability ‫ ثبات‬- ‫ استواري‬- ‫استحكام‬ sleeping habits.
intrigue ‫ توطئه چيدن‬- ‫ فريفتن‬- ‫دسيسه كردن‬ - the Yale study also found an intriguing connection between suicide and dreams.
intriguing connection ‫ارتباط پيچيده‬
suicide ‫خودكشي‬
an unusually ‫تعجب‌آور اينكه‬ - an unusually height proportion of the suicidal were people who normally dreamed but who had
proportion ‫ تناسب‬- ‫ نسبت‬- ‫مقدار‬ recently found that they had stopped dreaming or else simply could no longer remember their dreams
suicidal ‫وابسته يا متمايل به خودكشي‬
internal order ‫ترتيب دروني‬ - dreams follow their own internal order.
immediate problem ‫يك مسئله زودگذر و فوري‬ - our first dream is usually short, concerns an immediate problem, and is really a kind of curtain
curtain ‫پرده‬ raiser for the ones to follow.
raiser ‫ برپا كننده‬- ‫بال برنده‬
for the ones to follow ‫دهند‬ ‫رخ‬ ‫تا‬ ‫براي روياهاي بعدي‬
shuffle ‫ با هم مخلوط كردن‬- ‫بهم آميختن‬ - the next two dreams generally shuffle the past and the present.

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 fourth ‫چهارم‬ - the fourth one is often set in the future and is frequently a wish fulfillment dream, along Freudian
frequently ً ‫مكررا‬ specifications.
wish-fulfillment ‫تكميل كننده‬
along ‫ (بر طبق‬- ‫)موازي با طول‬
Freudian specification ‫نظريه فرويد‬
specification ‫ تشخيص‬- ‫تعيين‬
grand ‫ (طولني‬- ‫ مهم‬- ‫) بزرگ‬ - the fifth is usually the final one, and it is a grand finale, incorporating elements from the previous
finale ‫ نهايي‬- ‫بخش آخر‬ dreams but finishing in the present.
grand finale ‫بخش نهايي روياي طولني‬
incorporating ‫تركيبي‬
duration ‫مدت‬ - the duration of an action in a dream usually corresponds to the time it take to perform that action
correspond ‫ به هم مربوط بودن‬- ‫برابر بودن‬ in reality.
phenomenon ‫پديده‬ sleeping has been considered a phenomenon worth studying.
reveal ‫آشكار كردن‬ - study of the changes in brain waves during the sleeping time has revealed many things to scientists
imitate ‫تقليد كردن‬ - people do not imitate their sleeping habits.
downward ‫ رو به پايين‬- ‫پايين‬
somewhat ‫ تا حدي‬- ‫قدري‬
interior ‫ داخلي‬- ‫دروني‬
mild mannered ‫رفتار ميانه‬ - even mild-mannered persons become very irritable if they have lost much sleep.
symptom ‫ علئم مرض‬- ‫نشانه‬ - if a person goes without sleep for 3 days, he may start showing abnormal mental symptoms.
partial ‫ بخشي‬- ‫جزئي‬ - many scientists have tested the effects of partial lack of sleep upon our mental abilities.
desert ‫ ترك كردن‬- ‫گريختن‬ - abandon: neglect, desert.
extent ‫ مقدار‬- ‫وسعت‬ - amplitude: size, extent.
subjective ‫ فردي‬- ‫ دروني‬- ‫ذهني‬ - arbitrary: not precise, subjective.
precise ‫دقيق‬
uncivilized ‫غيرمتمدن‬ - barbaric: uncivilized, primitive.
primitive ‫اوليه‬
periodic ‫دوره اي‬ - chronic: last for a long time, periodic.
equivalent ‫ هم بها‬- ‫معادل‬ - correspond: be equivalent or similar
deprive ‫ محروم كردن‬- ‫بي بهره كردن‬ - deprive: take something away from somebody.
downfall ‫ زوال‬- ‫سقوط‬ - downswing: downfall.
illusion ‫وهم‬ - hallucination: illusion of seeing or hearing something when no such thing is actually present.
comprise ‫ در بر داشتن‬- ‫شامل بودن‬ - incorporate: include, comprise.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 8

 fascinating ‫ شيفته‬- ‫مجذوب‬ - intriguing: unusual, fascinating.
endure ‫تحمل كردن‬ - marathon: long lasting event which is hard to endure.
underworld ‫عالم اموات‬ - netherworld: the world of the dead, underworld.
contradiction ‫ مغايرت‬- ‫تناقض‬ - paradox: contradiction.
gap ‫ اختلف زياد‬- ‫ درز‬- ‫رخنه‬ - seamless: direct, without a gap or parting line.
definite ‫ روشن‬- ‫ معين‬- ‫معلوم‬ - shuffle: avoid being definite, confuse.
delicate ‫ حساس‬- ‫ظريف‬ - subtle: delicate, fine.
gratification ‫ سربلندي‬- ‫لذت‬ - wish fulfilment: gratification of a desire.
supernatural ‫ماوراء طبيعي‬ - Ancient Greeks believed in gods who were supposed to be of supernatural powers who controlled …
grandchild ‫نوه‬ - the Titans were their children, and the gods were their grandchildren.
elder ‫بزرگتر‬ - the Titans often called the Elder Gods, were for untold ages supreme in the universe.
untold ‫ بي حساب‬- ‫ناگفته‬
untold ages ‫اعصار بي پايان‬
supreme ‫ افضل‬- ‫ اعلي‬- ‫عالي‬
enormous ‫عظيم‬ - they were of enormous size and of incredible strength.
mythology ‫افسانه شناسي‬ - there were many of them, but only a few appear in the stories of mythology.
dethrone ‫ عزل كردن‬- ‫خلع كردن‬ - he ruled over the other Titans until his son Zeus dethroned him and seized the power for himself.
seize ‫ قاپيدن‬- ‫بتصرف آوردن‬
ascend ‫جلوس كردن بر‬ - The Romans said that when Jupiter ascended the throne, Saturn fled to Italy and brought in the
throne ‫ بر تخت نشستن‬- ‫ سرير‬- ‫تخت‬ Golden age, a time of perfect peace and happiness, which lasted as long as he reigned.
flee (fled) ‫ فرار كردن‬- ‫گريختن‬
reign ‫ حكمراني كردن‬- ‫سلطنت‬
notable ‫ جالب توجه‬- ‫شخص برجسته‬ - the other notable Titans were OCEAN, the river that was supposed to encircle the earth.
encircle ‫ احاطه كردن‬- ‫حلقه زدن‬
translate ‫ (همراه بودن‬- ‫)ترجمه كردن‬ - THEMIS, usually translated by Justice.
bore - ATLAS, who bore the world on his shoulders, and PROMETHEUS, who was the saviour of mankind
saviour ‫ ناجي‬- ‫نجات دهنده‬
banish ‫ (منسوخ كردن‬- ‫ دور كردن‬- ‫)تبعيد كردن‬ - these alone among the older gods were not banished with coming of Zeus, but they took a lower place.
Olympian ‫ آسماني‬- ‫وابسته به كوه المپيك‬ - the twelve great Olympians were supreme among the gods who succeeded to the Titans.
succeed ‫ كاميابي‬- ‫موفق شدن‬
Olympus ‫ آسمان‬- ‫كوه المپيك در مقدونيه‬ - they were called the Olympians because Olympus was their home.
mountain top ‫قله كوه‬ - there is no doubt that at first it was held to be a mountain top.
earliest poem ‫اشعار اوليه‬ - but even in the earliest Greek poem, the Iliad, this idea is beginning to give way to the idea of an

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 9

 region ‫ناحيه‬ Olympus in some mysterious region far above all the mountain of the earth.
mysterious region ‫ناحيه اسرار آميز‬
topmost ‫ اعلي ترين‬- ‫بالترين‬ - in one passage of the Iliad, Zeus talks to the gods from "the topmost peak of many-ridged
peak ‫قله‬ Olympus" clearly a mountain.
ridge ‫ مرز‬- ‫برآمدگي‬
pinnacle ‫ منتهي درجه‬- ‫اوج‬ - but only a little further on he says that if he willed he could hang earth and sea from a pinnacle
even so ‫حتي اگر چنين باشد‬ of Olympus, clearly no longer a mountain. Even so it is not heaven.
dwelling ‫مسكن‬ - wherever it was, the entrance to it was a great gate of clouds kept by the seasons. Within were
feast ‫ جشن گرفتن‬- ‫مهماني‬ the god's dwellings, where they lived and slept and feasted on ambrosia and nectar and listened
ambrosia ‫مائده بهشتي‬ to Apollo's lyre.
nectar ‫شهد‬
lyre ‫ بربط‬- ‫چنگ‬
abode ‫مسكن‬ - it was an abode of perfect blessedness. No wind, Homer says, ever shakes the untroubled peace
blessedness ‫ (آرامش‬- ‫)خجستگي‬ of Olympus; no rain ever falls there or snow; but the cloudless firmament stretches around it on all
shake ‫ تكان دادن‬- ‫ارتعاش‬ sides and the white glory of sunshine is diffused upon its walls.
untroubled ‫بي دغدغه‬
cloudless ‫بي ابر‬
firmament ‫ آسمان‬- ‫فلك‬
stretch ‫ امتداد دادن‬- ‫كشيدن‬
glory ‫ شكوه‬- ‫ نور‬- ‫جلل‬
diffuse ‫ پراكنده‬- ‫منتشر شده‬
divine family ‫خانواده مقدس‬ - the twelve Olympians made up a divine family.
draw (drew) ‫ (تصاحب كردن‬- ‫) دريافت كردن‬ - Zeus and his brothers drew lots for their share of the universe. The sea fell to Poseidon, and the
cloud gatherer ‫جمع كننده ابر‬ underworld to Hades. Zeus became the supreme ruler, he was lord of the sky, the rain-god and the
wield ‫ اداره كردن‬- ‫گردانيدن‬ cloud-gatherer, who wielded the awful thunderbolt.
thunderbolt ‫ آذرخش‬- ‫صاعقه‬
divinity ‫ الهيات‬- ‫خدا‬ - his power was greater than that of all the other divinities together.
mighty ‫ توانا‬- ‫نيرومند‬ - in the Iliad he tells his family, "I am mightiest of all. Make trial that you may know. Fasten a rope
make trail ‫امتحان كنيد‬ of gold to heaven and lay hold, every god and goddess. You could not drag down Zeus. But if I
lay hold ‫چنگ زدن‬ wished to drag you down, then I would.
drag ‫كشيدن‬
rope ‫طناب‬
bind ‫بستن‬ - the rope I would bind to a pinnacle of Olympus and all would hang in air, yes, the very earth and

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 10

 hang ‫ آويزان كردن‬- ‫آويختن‬ the sea too."
nevertheless ‫با وجود اين‬ - nevertheless he was not omnipotent or omniscient, either. He could be opposed and deceived.
omnipotent ‫قادر مطلق‬
omniscient ‫واقف به همه چيز‬
oppose ‫ ضديت كردن‬- ‫در افتادن‬
deceive ‫گول زدن‬
dupe ‫گول زدن‬ - Poseidon dupes him in the Iliad and so does Hera. Sometimes, too, the mysterious power, fate is
fate ‫ قضا و قدر‬- ‫سرنوشت‬ spoken of as stronger than he.
scorn ‫ استهزاء كردن‬- ‫تمسخر‬ - Homer makes Hera ask him scornfully if he proposes to deliver from death a man
scornfully ‫از روي استهزاء‬ fate has doomed.
propose ‫پيشنهاد كردن‬
deliver ‫ آزاد كردن‬- ‫نجات دادن‬
doom ‫ حكم دادن‬- ‫ سرنوشت بد‬- ‫حكم مجازات‬
sacrifice ‫ فداكاري كردن‬- ‫قرباني كردن‬ - Zeus and his brothers didn't divide the world by sacrificing to older gods.
eminence ‫ بزرگي‬- ‫برجستگي‬ - Poseidon was the ruler of the sea, Zeus's brother and second only to him in eminence.
seamen ‫ملوانان‬ - the Greeks on both sides of the Aegean were seamen and the god of the sea was all important to them.
granddaughter ‫ دختر پسر‬- ‫ دختر دختر‬- ‫نوه‬ - his wife was Amphitrite, a granddaughter of the titan, Ocean.
splendid ‫ با جلل‬- ‫با شكوه‬ - Poseidon had a splendid palace beneath the sea, but he was oftener to be found in Olympus.
oftener ‫بيشتر‬
sank (into) ‫ غرق شد‬- ‫فرو رفت‬ - but when he drove in his golden car over the waters, the thunder of the waves sank into stillness,
stillness ‫ سكوت‬- ‫خاموشي‬ and tranquil peace followed his smooth-rolling wheels.
tranquil ‫آرام‬
smooth-rolling
commonly ً ‫متعارفا‬ - he was commonly called "earth-shaker" and was always shown carrying his trident, a three-
trident ‫نيزه سه شاخه‬ pronged spear, with which he would shake and shatter whatever he pleased.
pronged ‫چنگك دار‬
spear ‫نيزه‬
shatter ‫ شكستن‬- ‫ داغان كردن‬- ‫خرد كردن‬
bull ‫گاو نر‬ - he had some connection with bulls as well as with horses.
Aegean ‫مربوطه به درياي اژه‬
residence ‫ محل اقامت‬- ‫مقر‬ - abode: home, residence.
extraordinary ‫ غيرعادي‬- ‫فوق العاده‬ - incredible: extraordinary, amazing.
explanation ‫ بيان‬- ‫ تعريف‬- ‫توضيح‬ - giving explanations of natural events, such as the seasons.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 11

 summit ‫قله‬ - pinnacle: peak, summit
contempt ‫ اهانت‬- ‫تحقير‬ - scorn: strong contempt.
myth ‫ اسطوره‬- ‫افسانه‬
maiden ‫دوشيزه‬ - there was once a king who had three daughters, all lovely maidens, but the youngest, psyche,
excel ‫برتري داشتن از‬ excelled her sisters so greatly that beside them she seemed a very goddess consorting with mere
consort ‫ همنشين شدن‬- ‫جور كردن‬ mortals.
mere ‫ تنها‬- ‫فقط‬
mortal ‫ فاني‬- ‫انسان‬
fame ‫شهرت‬ - the fame of her surpassing beauty spread over the earth, and everywhere men journeyed to gaze
surpass ‫ تفوق جستن‬- ‫پيش افتادن از‬ upon her with wonder and adoration and to do her homage as though she were in truth one of
surpassing ‫فزاينده‬ the immortals.
gaze ‫ زل زل نگاه كردن‬- ‫خيره نگاه كردن‬
adoration ‫ عشق ورزي‬- ‫ستايش‬
homage ‫ بيعت‬- ‫تجليل‬
to do her homage ‫سر تعظيم بياورند‬
immortal ‫ ابدي‬- ‫جاويدان‬
throng ‫ هجوم‬- ‫ازدحام كردن‬ - as they thronged in ever-growing numbers to worship her loveliness no one any more gave a
worship ‫ ستايش‬- ‫پرستش‬ thought to Venus herself. Her temples were neglected; her altars foul with cold ashes; her favorite
loveliness ‫ زيبايي‬- ‫دلفريبي‬ towns deserted and falling in ruins.
temple ‫ معبد‬- ‫پرستشگاه‬
neglect ‫ غفلت كردن‬- ‫فروگذاري‬
altar ‫ محراب‬- ‫قربانگاه‬
foul ‫ گير كردن‬- ‫بهم خوردن‬
ash ‫خاكستر‬
desert ‫ (متروك‬- ‫ ترك كردن‬- ‫) ول كردن‬
once ً ‫ سابقا‬- ‫روزگاري‬ - all the honours once hers were now given to a mere girl destined some day to die.
destine ‫ سرنوشت تعيين كردن‬- ‫مقدر كردن‬
put up ‫ كنار گذاردن‬- ‫متحمل شدن‬ - it may well be believed that the goddess would not put up with this treatment.
treatment ‫ معامله‬- ‫رفتار‬
winged ‫بالدار‬ - as always when she was in trouble she turned for help to her son, that beautiful winged youth
arrow ‫تير‬ whom some call cupid and others love, against whose arrows there is no defense, neither in
defense ‫ دفاع‬- ‫دفاع كردن‬ heaven nor on the earth.
bid ‫ پيشنهاد‬- ‫ پيشنهاد كردن‬- ‫فرمودن‬ - she told him her wrongs and as always he was ready to do her bidding.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 12

 bidding ‫درخواست‬
hussy ‫ دختر گستاخ‬- ‫دختر جسور‬ - "use your power," she said, "and make the hussy fall madly in love with the vilest and most
fall madly in love ‫ديوانه وار عاشق شدن‬ despicable creature there is in the whole world."
vilest ‫ فرومايه ترين‬- ‫پست‌ترين‬
despicable ‫ منفور‬- ‫مطرود‬
had no power to utter a ‫بياورد‬
word ‫قدرت نداشت حرفي به زبان‬ - he said nothing to his mother, indeed he had no power to utter a word.
rage ‫ شدت داشتن‬- ‫ خشم‬- ‫ديوانگي‬ - never thinking in her jealous rage what such beauty might do even to the god of love himself.
swiftly ‫ به طور سريع‬- ‫با سرعت‬ - and Venus left him with the happy confidence that he should swiftly bring about psyche's ruin.
horrible ‫ زشت‬- ‫مخوف‬ - psyche did not fall in love with a horrible wretch, she did not fall in love at all.
wretch ‫ بيچاره‬- ‫ بدبخت‬- ‫پست‬
content ‫ خشنود كردن‬- ‫راضي كردن‬ - men were content to look and wonder and worship, and then pass on to marry someone else.
pass on ‫ (منصرف شدن‬- ‫)گذشتن‬
inexpressibly ‫ بطور ناگفتني‬- ‫بطور غيرقابل بيان‬ - both her sisters, inexpressibly inferior to her, were splendidly married, each to a king.
inferior ‫ نامرغوب‬- ‫ درجه دوم‬- ‫پايين رتبه‬
splendidly ‫ با جلل‬- ‫با شكوه‬
solitary ‫ تنها‬- ‫ گوشه نشين‬- ‫مجرد‬ - psyche, the all-beautiful, sat sad and solitary, only admired, never loved.
oracle ‫ وحي‬- ‫ پيشگويي‬- ‫الهام الهي‬ - her father finally travelled to an oracle of Apollo to ask his advice on how to get her a good husband.
accordingly ‫ از اين رو‬- ‫ بر اين منوال‬- ‫برطبق آن‬ - accordingly Apollo said that psyche, dressed in deepest mourning, must be set on the summit of
mourning ‫عزاداري‬ a rocky hill and left alone, and that there her destined husband, a fearful winged serpent, stronger
rocky hill ‫تپه سنگلخي‬ than the gods themselves, would come to her and make her his wife.
fearful ‫ترسناك‬
serpent ‫مار‬
misery ‫بدبختي‬ - the misery of all when psyche's father brought back this lamentable new can be imagined.
the misery of all ‫بدتر از همه‬
lamentable ‫ سوگناك‬- ‫اسفناك‬
as though ‫گويي‬ - they dressed the maiden as though for her death and carried her to the hill with greater sorrowing
sorrow ‫سوگ‬ than if it had been to her tomb.
tomb ‫ قبر‬- ‫گور‬
weep (wept) ‫ گريستن‬- ‫گريه كردن‬ - but psyche herself kept her courage. "you should have wept for me before," she told them.
despair ‫ ياس‬- ‫نوميدي‬ - they went in despairing grief, leaving the lovely helpless creature to meet her doom alone, and
grief ‫ اندوه‬- ‫حزن‬ they shut themselves in their palace to mourn all their days for her.
mourn ‫كردن‬ ‫سوگواري‬
tremble ‫ لرز‬- ‫لرزيدن‬ - there as she wept and trembled, soft breath of air came through the stillness to her, the gentle

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 13

 stillness ‫سكوت مطلق‬ breathing of Zephyr, sweetest and mildest of winds.
mild ‫ معتدل‬- ‫مليم‬
grassy ‫ پوشيده از چمن‬- ‫علف مانند‬ - she felt it lift her up. She was floating away from the rocky hill and down until she lay upon a grassy
meadow ‫ بيشه‬- ‫ علف زار‬- ‫مرغزار‬ meadow soft as a bed and fragrant with flowers.
fragrant ‫ معطر‬- ‫خوشبو‬
mansion ‫عمارت بزرگ‬ - she woke beside a bright river; and on its bank was a mansion stately and beautiful as though
stately ‫ با شكوه‬- ‫مجلل‬ built for a god, with pillars of gold and walls of silver and floors inlaid with precious stones.
pillar ‫ستون‬
inlaid ‫ جواهر نشان شده‬- ‫منبت كاري شده‬
drew near ‫نزديك شد‬ - the place seemed deserted and psyche drew near, awestruck at the sight of such splendour.
awestruck ‫ خوف زده‬- ‫وحشت زده‬
sight ‫ منظره‬- ‫ بازرسي كردن‬- ‫ديد زدن‬
splendour ‫ زرق و برق‬- ‫شكوه و جلل‬
hesitate ‫ تامل كردن‬- ‫مردد بودن‬ - as she hesitated on the threshold, voices sounded in her ear, she could see no one, but the words
sound ‫ نواختن‬- ‫صدا دادن‬ they spoke came clearly to her. She must enter without fear and bathe and refresh herself.
bathe ‫ شستشو كردن‬- ‫استحمام كردن‬
banquet ‫ ضيافت‬- ‫مهماني‬ - then a banquet table would be spread for her.
spread ‫گستردن‬
delightful ‫لذت بخش‬ - the bath was the most delightful, the food the most delicious, she had ever enjoyed.
dine ‫ شام خوردن‬- ‫ناهار خوردن‬ - while she dined, sweet music breathed around her: great choir seemed to sing to a harp, but
breathe ‫ استنشاق كردن‬- ‫دم زدن‬ she could only hear, not see, them.
choir ‫كر‬
harp ‫چنگ‬
companionship ‫مصاحبت‬ - throughout the day, except for the strange companionship of the voices, she was alone, but in
inexplicable ‫غيرقابل توضيح‬ some inexplicable way she felt sure that with the coming of the night her husband would be with her.
murmur ‫ زمزمه كردن‬- ‫زمزمه‬ - and so it happened. When she felt him beside her and heard his voice softly murmuring in her ear
monster ‫ عفريت‬- ‫هيول‬ all her fear left her. She knew without seeing him that here was no monster or shape of terror, but
shape of terror ‫موجود وحشتناك‬ the lover and husband she had longed and waited for.
long ‫آرزوي چيزي را داشتن‬
huntsman ‫شكارچي‬ - she was the lady of wild things, huntsman-in-chief to the gods, an odd office for a woman.
odd ‫ فرد‬- ‫عجيب و غريب‬
preserve ‫ باقي نگهداشتن‬- ‫حفظ كردن‬ - like a good huntsman, she was careful to preserve the young; she was the protectress of dewy
dewy ‫ مرطوب‬- ‫تازه‬ youth everywhere.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 14

 startle ‫ تكان دادن‬- ‫جهش‬ - nevertheless, with one of those startling contradiction so common in mythology, she kept the
contradiction ‫ مغايرت‬- ‫تناقض‬ Greek fleet from sailing to Troy until they sacrificed a maiden to her.
fleet ‫ عبور سريع‬- ‫ناوگان‬
sail ‫با كشتي حركت كردن‬
fierce ‫ تندخو‬- ‫درنده‬ - in many another story, too, she is fierce and revengeful.
revenge ‫ كينه جويي كردن‬- ‫انتقام كشيدن‬
revengeful ‫كينه توز‬
painless ‫بي درد‬ - on the other hand, when women died a swift and painless death, they were held to have been
slain ‫ كشته شده‬- ‫مقتول‬ slain by her silver arrows.
neither ‫هيچ يك از اين دو‬ - neither name originally belonged to her.
so too ‫همينطور‬ - Phoebe was a titan, one of the older gods. So too was Apollo.
poet ‫شاعر‬ - in the later poets, Artemis is identified with Hecate.
identify ‫شناختن‬
wrap ‫ پوشانيدن‬- ‫پيچيدن‬ - Hecate in the lower world and in the world above when it is wrapped in darkness.
associate ‫ همدست‬- ‫هم پيوند‬ - she was associated with deeds of darkness.
deed ‫ كار‬- ‫ سند‬- ‫كردار‬
crossway ‫ به شكل صليب‬- ‫سرتاسر‬ - the goddess of the crossways, which were held to be ghostly places of evil magic. In her is shown
ghost ‫ چون روح به خانه ها سر زدن‬- ‫روح‬ most vividly the uncertainly between good and evil which is apparent in every one of the divinities.
evil ‫ بدي‬- ‫ زيان آور‬- ‫ مضر‬- ‫بد‬
magic ‫ جادو‬- ‫سحرآميز‬
vividly ‫ به وضوح‬- ‫به روشني‬
apparent ‫ ظاهر‬- ‫آشكار‬
cypress ‫درخت سرو‬ - the cypress was sacred to her; and all wild animals, but especially the deer.
sacred ‫مقدس‬
deer ‫آهوي كوهي‬
shrine ‫ جاي مقدس‬- ‫معبد‬ - altar: shrine; sacrificial table.
sacrificial ‫ مستلزم فداكاري‬- ‫وابسته به قرباني‬
soil ‫ كثيف كردن‬- ‫خاكي كردن‬ - foul: dirty; soiled.
sexually ‫از نظر جنسي‬ - hussy: sexually immoral woman.
immoral ‫ هرزه‬- ‫بدسيرت‬
deity ‫خدا‬ - immortal: god; deity
prophet ‫پيامبر‬ - oracle: prophet.
glorious ‫ با شكوه‬- ‫مجلل‬ - splendid: glorious; magnificent.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 15

 impressive ‫ برانگيزنده احساسات‬- ‫برانگيزنده‬ - stately: impressive; magnificent.
grave ‫قبر‬ - tomb: grave; shrine.
moan ‫ زاري‬- ‫ناله‬ - weep: cry; moan.
half-and-half ‫نصف به نصف‬ - this half-and-half companionship could not fully content psyche; still she was happy and the
still ‫ معذلك‬- ‫بازهم‬ time passed swiftly.
unseen ‫ از ديده پنهان‬- ‫ناديده‬ - one night, however, her dear though unseen husband spoke gravely to her and warned her that
gravely ‫بطور جدي‬ danger in the shape of her two sisters was approaching.
approach ‫نزديك شدن‬
caress ‫ نوازش كردن‬- ‫ دلجويي‬- ‫نوازش‬ - she was still in tears when her husband came and even his caresses could not check them.
check ‫ ممانعت كردن‬- ‫جلوگيري كردن از‬
yield ‫تسليم كردن يا شدن‬ - at last he yielded sorrowfully to her great desire.
sorrowful ‫ محزون‬- ‫غمگين‬
destruction ‫ ويراني‬- ‫خرابي‬ - "do what you will," he said, "but you are seeking your own destruction."
solemnly ‫ بطور رسمي‬- ‫بطور تشريفاتي‬ - then he warned her solemnly not to be persuaded by anyone to try to see him, on pain of being
persuade ‫ ترغيب كردن‬- ‫وادار كردن‬ separated from him forever.
on pain of being separated ‫دچار شدن به درد جدايي‬
cry (out) ‫گريه كردن‬ - psyche cried out that she would never do so. She would die a hundred times over rather than
she would die a‫اين‬ ‫ به جاي‬times
hundred ‫او ترجيح مي دهد صدها بار بميرد‬ live without him.
over rather than live ‫كه تنها و بدون او زندگاني كند‬
without him
it should be so ‫اينكار را براي او انجام خواهد داد‬ - sadly he promised her that it should be so.
embrace ‫ در بر گرفتن‬- ‫در آغوش گرفتن‬ - their joy was too great to be expressed except by tears and embraces.
their joy was‫بود‬
too‫بيان‬ ‫قابل‬
great to ‫حد‬
be ‫شادي و خوشحاليشان بيش از‬
expressed
treasure ‫ گنجينه‬- ‫كنج‬ - but when at last they entered the palace and the elder sister saw its surpassing treasures; when
marvellous ‫ عجيب‬- ‫حيرت آور‬ they sat at the rich banquet and heard the marvellous music, bitter envy took possession of them
bitter ‫ جگرسوز‬- ‫تلخ‬ and a devouring curiosity as to who was the lord of all this magnificence and their sister's husband.
envy ‫ رشك‬- ‫حسد‬
possession ‫ مالكيت‬- ‫تصرف‬
took possession of them ‫بر آنها احاطه شد‬
devour ‫ حريصانه خوردن‬- ‫ فرو بردن‬- ‫بلعيدن‬
devouring ‫حرص و ولع‬
curiosity ‫حس كنجكاوي‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 16

 magnificence ‫ جلل‬- ‫شكوه‬
expedition ‫ اردوكشي‬- ‫ سفر‬- ‫هيئت اعزامي‬ - she told them only that he was a young man, away now on a hunting expedition.
hunting expedition ‫سفر چند روزه‬
bear ‫حمل كردن‬ - then filling their hands with gold and jewels, she had Zephyr bear them back to the hill.
she had Zephyr‫برگرداند‬ ‫به زفير دستور داد آنها را به سوي تپه‬
bear them
back to the hill
willing ‫ راغب‬- ‫ راضي‬- ‫مايل‬ - they went willingly enough, but their hearts were on fire with jealousy.
envious ‫ غبطه خور‬- ‫حسادت اميز‬ - their envious anger so worked in them that they came finally to plotting how to ruin her.
plot ‫توطئه چيدن‬
once more ‫بارديگر‬ - that very night psyche's husband warned her once more.
wicked ‫ شرير‬- ‫ بابكار‬- ‫بدجنس‬ - he yielded as before, and very soon the two wicked women arrived, with their plot carefully
work out ‫ براثركاروزحمت ايجاد كردن‬-‫ تمرين‬-‫تدبير كردن‬ worked out.
stumble ‫ لكنت داشتن‬- ‫لغزيدن‬ - already, because of psyche's stumbling and contradictory answers when they asked her what her
contradictory ‫ضد و نقيض‬ husband looked like, they had become convinced that she had never set eyes on him and did not
reproach ‫ عيب جويي كردن‬- ‫سرزنش‬ really know what he was. They did not tell her this, but they reproached her for hiding her terrible
knew for a fact ‫به راستي مي‌دانستند‬ state from them, her own sisters. They had learned, they said, and knew for a fact, that her husband
turn upon ‫حمله ور شدن‬ was not a man, but the fearful serpent Apollo's oracle had declared he would be. but he would
declare ‫ اعلم كردن‬- ‫ گفتن‬- ‫اظهار داشتن‬ certainly turn upon her some night and devour her.
aghast ‫ وحشت زده‬- ‫ مات‬- ‫مبهوت‬ - psyche, aghast, felt terror flooding her heart instead of love.
flood ‫ (پر كردن‬- ‫ طغيان كردن‬- ‫) سيل‬
dreadful ‫ بد‬- ‫وحشتناك‬ - she had wondered so often why he would never let her see him. There must be some dreadful reason.
cruel ‫ ظالم‬- ‫بيرحم‬ - if he was not horrible to look at, then he was cruel to forbid her ever to behold him.
forbid ‫ منع كردن‬- ‫قدغن كردن‬
behold ‫ مشاهده كردن‬- ‫ديدن‬
in extreme misery ‫در نهايت بدبختي‬ - in extreme misery, faltering and stammering, she gave her sisters to understand that she could
falter ‫ گير كردن‬- ‫با شبهه و ترديد سخن گفتن‬ not deny what they said, because she had been with him only in the dark. "there must be something
stammer ‫ من من كردن‬- ‫لكنت پيدا كردن‬ very wrong" she sobbed, "for him so to shun the light of day"
deny ‫ رد كردن‬- ‫ انكار كردن‬- ‫حاشا كردن‬
sob ‫ هق هق‬-‫همراه با سكسكه و بغض گريه كردن‬
shun ‫ دوري كردن از‬- ‫دوري و اجتناب‬
beforehand ‫ آماده‬- ‫پيشاپيش‬ - they had their advice all prepared beforehand.
fast asleep ‫خواب عميق‬ - that night she must hide a sharp knife and a lamp near her bed. When he was fast asleep …
steel ‫ مانند فولد محكم كردن‬- ‫ استوار‬- ‫محكم‬ - she must steel herself to plunge it swiftly into the body of the frightful being the light would

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 17

 plunge ‫فرو بردن‬ certainly show her.
frightful ‫وحشتناك‬
being ‫ مخلوق‬- ‫موجود‬
frightful being ‫موجود ترسناك‬
tear (torn) ‫ دريده‬- ‫پاره شده‬ - then they left her torn by doubt and distracted what to do.
distract ‫پريشان كردن‬
loathe ‫ منزجر بودن‬- ‫ بيزار بودن‬- ‫نفرت داشتن از‬ - she loved him; he was her dear husband, no; he was a horrible serpent and she loathed him.
certainty ‫ اطمينان‬- ‫يقين‬ - she would kill him --, she would not. She must have certainty --, she did not want certainty.
lay ‫ گذاردن‬- ‫خواباندن‬ - when at last he lay sleeping quietly, she summoned all her courage and lit the lamp.
summon ‫ احضار‬- ‫فراخواندن‬
tiptoe ‫ نوك پنجه‬- ‫با نوك پا راه رفتن‬ - she tiptoed to the bed and holding the light high above her she gazed at what lay there.
rapture ‫ شعف و خلسه روحاني‬- ‫از خود بيخودي‬ - oh, the relief and the rapture that filled her heart. No monster was revealed, but the sweetest and
at whose sight ‫كه از نگاهش‬ fairest of all creatures, at whose sight the very lamp seemed to shine brighter.
folly ‫ ناداني‬- ‫حماقت‬ - in her first shame at her folly and lack of faith, psyche fell on her knees and would have plunged
fell (on) ‫بزمين زدن‬ the knife into her own breast if it had not fallen from her trembling hands.
fell on her knees ‫زانو زده‬
unsteady ‫ متزلزل كردن‬- ‫لرزان‬ - but those same unsteady hands that saved her betrayed her, betrayed her, too, for as she hung
betray ‫ فاش كردن‬- ‫خيانت كردن به‬ over him, ravished at the sight of him and unable to deny herself the bliss of filling her eyes with his
hung over ‫ (خم شدن‬- ‫) خمار‬ beauty, some hot oil fell from the lamp upon his shoulder.
ravish ‫ مسحور كردن‬- ‫از خود بيخود شدن‬
bliss ‫ بركت‬- ‫خوشي‬
faithlessness ‫بي ايماني‬ - he started awake: he saw the light and knew her faithlessness, and without a word he fled from her.
rush ‫كاري را با عجله و اشتياق‬-‫يورش‬-‫حركت شديد‬ - she rushed out after him into the night.
bid (bade) ‫ پيشنهاد‬- ‫خداحافظي كردن‬ - she could not see him, but she heard his voice speaking to her. He told her who he was, and
farewell ‫ خداحافظ‬- ‫ بدرود‬- ‫وداع‬ sadly bade her farewell.
fly (flew) ‫پرواز كردن‬ - "love cannot live where there is no trust," he said, and flew away.
wretch that I am ‫من آدم بدبخت و بينوايي هستم‬ - "the god of love!" she thought, "he was my husband, and I, wretch that I am, could not keep faith
at any rate ‫بهر حال‬ with him. Is he gone from me forever? At any rate," she told herself with rising courage, "I can
with rising courage ‫با جسارت زياد‬ spend rest of my life searching for him.
meanwhile ‫ در اثناء‬- ‫در اين ضمن‬ - he meanwhile had gone to his mother's chamber to have his wound cared for.
chamber ‫اتاق‬
wound ‫ زخم‬- ‫جراحت‬
care (for) ‫ پرستاري‬- ‫مواظبت‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 18

 went forth ‫پيش تاخت‬ - she left him angrily alone in his pain, and went forth to find the girl of whom he had made her still
draw down ‫بهم زدن‬ more jealous. She was determined to show psyche what it meant to draw down the displeasure
displeasure ‫ ناخشنودي‬- ‫رنجش‬ of a goddess.
despairing wanderings ‫سرگرداني نااميد كننده‬ - poor psyche in her despairing wanderings was trying to win the gods over to her side.
to win the gods over‫كند‬ ‫جلب‬side
to her ‫محبت خدايان را به سوي خود‬
ardent ‫ سوزان‬- ‫گرم‬ - she offered ardent prayers to them perpetually, but not one of them would do anything to make
perpetually ‫بطور مدام‬ Venus their enemy.
perceive ‫ دريافتن‬- ‫درك كردن‬ - at last she perceived that there was no hope for her, either in heaven or on earth, and she took a
desperate ‫ بسيار بد‬- ‫ بسيار سخت‬- ‫ بيچاره‬- ‫بي اميد‬ desperate resolve.
resolve ‫ مقرر داشتن‬- ‫تصميم گرفتن‬
humble ‫ متواضع‬- ‫فروتن‬ - she would go straight to Venus; she would offer herself humbly to her as her servant, and try to
soften her anger ‫خشم او را آرامتر كند‬ soften her anger.
set forth ‫براه افتاد‬ - so she set forth to find the goddess who was looking everywhere for her.
presence ‫ پيشگاه‬- ‫حضور‬ - when she came into Venus' presence the goddess laughed aloud and …
ill-favoured ‫نگون بخت‬ - she said, "you are so plain and ill-favoured a girl that you will never be able to get you a lover
diligent ‫ كوشا‬- ‫ كوشنده‬- ‫سخت كوش‬ except by the most diligent and painful service.
service ‫ خدمت‬- ‫كار‬
good will ‫نيت خوب‬ - I will therefore show my good will to you by training you in such ways.
train ‫ (آزمايش كردن‬- ‫)تربيت كردن‬
quantity ‫مقدار‬ - with that she took a great quantity of the smallest of the seeds, wheat and poppy and millet and
seed ‫ بذر‬- ‫دانه‬ so on, and mixed them all together in heap.
wheat ‫گندم‬
poppy ‫خشخاش‬
millet ‫ارزن‬
so on ‫و غيره‬
heap ‫ انبوه‬- ‫توده‬
nightfall ‫ شبانگاه‬- ‫شب هنگام‬ - "by nightfall these must all be sorted," she said. "see to it for your own sake." and with that
sort ‫ دسته دسته كردن‬- ‫سوا كردن‬ she departed.
‫دهي‬to
see ‫انجام‬
it for‫‌تواني‬
your‫ي‬own
‫ را م‬sake
‫ببين به خاطر خودت هم شده اين كار‬
depart ‫ حركت كردن‬- ‫ روانه شدن‬- ‫راهي شدن‬
still ‫ ساكت‬- ‫آرام‬ - psyche, left alone, sat still and stared at the heap. Her mind was all in a maze because of the
stare ‫كردن‬ ‫خيره نگاه‬ cruelty of the command; and, indeed, it was of no use to start a task so manifestly impossible.
her mind was all in a maze ‫ذهنش كامل ً آشفته بود‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 19

 maze ‫هذيان‬
cruelty ‫ ستم‬- ‫ بيداد‬- ‫ظلم‬
it was of no use ‫بي فايده بود‬
manifestly ‫ بطور بارز‬- ‫آشكارا‬
direful ‫ مهيب‬- ‫وحشتاك‬ - but at this direful moment she who had awakened no compassion in mortals or immortals was
awaken ‫ بيدار شدن‬- ‫بيدار كردن‬ pitied by the tiniest creatures of the field, the little ants, the swift-runners.
compassion ‫ رحم‬- ‫ دلسوزي‬- ‫شفقت‬
pity ‫ متاثر شدن‬- ‫دلسوزي كردن‬
tiniest creatures ‫كوچكترين موجودات‬
field ‫صحرا‬
ant ‫مورچه‬
have mercy on this poor ‫به اين بيچاره رحم كنيد‬ - they cried to each other, "come, have mercy on this poor maid and help her diligently." at once
maid ‫دوشيزه‬ they came, waves of them, one after another, and they laboured separating and dividing, until what
at once ً ‫فورا‬ had been a confused mass lay all ordered, every seed with its kind.
one after another ‫يكي پس از ديگري‬
confused mass ‫توده مغشوش‬
‫است‬
your work is by no means ‫كار تو به هيچ وجه تمام نشده‬
over - very angry she was to see it. "your work Is by no means over" she said.
crust ‫قسمت خشك و سخت نان‬ - then she gave psyche a crust of bread and bade he sleep on the ground while she herself went off
crust of bread ‫تكه نان خشك‬ to her soft fragrant couch.
go off ‫بيرون رفتن‬
couch ‫تخت‬
labour ‫ زحمت‬- ‫كار‬ - surely if she could keep the girl at hard labour and half starve her, too, that hateful beauty of hers
hateful ‫منفور‬ would soon be lost.
securely ‫بطور مطمئني‬ - until then she must see that her son was securely guarded in his chamber when he was still
guard ‫محافظت كردن‬ suffering from his wound.
the way matters were‫‌گرفت‬ ‫روشي كه كارها داشت شكل مي‬
shaping - Venus was pleased at the way matters were shaping.
devise ‫ درست كردن‬- ‫تدبير كردن‬ - the next morning she devised another task for psyche, this time a dangerous one.
riverbank ‫ساحل رودخانه‬ - "down there near the riverbank," she said, "where the bushes grow thick, are sheep with fleeces
the bushes grow thick ‫بوته‌هاي پرپشت مي‌رويد‬ of gold. Go fetch me some of their shining wool."
sheep ‫گوسفند‬
fleece ‫پشم گوسفند‬
fetch ‫ رفتن و آوردن‬- ‫آوردن‬
wool ‫پشم‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 20

 worn (out) ‫خسته و كوفته‬ - when the worn girl reached the gently flowing stream, a great longing seized her to throw
gently flowing stream‫رودخانه كه آرام و بي صدا جريان داشت‬ herself into it and end all her pain and despair.
a great longing seized her ‫از ته دل خواست‬
reed ‫ني‬ - but as she was bending over the water she heard a little voice from near her feet, and looking down
thicket ‫ درختزار انبوه‬- ‫بيشه‬ saw that it came from a green reed.
briar ‫ (بوته‌هاي خاردار‬- ‫) گل رشتي‬ - she could go into the thicket and find plenty of the golden wool hanging on the sharp briars.
cruel ‫ ظالم‬- ‫بيرحم‬ - was able to carry back to her cruel mistress a quantity of the shining fleece.
mistress ‫ الهه‬- ‫بانو‬
evil ‫ بد‬- ‫شريرانه‬ - Venus received it with an evil smile. "someone helped you," she said sharply.
sharply ‫به تندي‬
stout ‫ قوي‬- ‫نيرومند‬ - however I will give you an opportunity to prove that you really have the stout heart and the singular
singular ‫ منحصر به فرد‬- ‫خارق العاده‬ prudence you make such a show of.
prudence ‫ پروا‬- ‫ حزم‬- ‫احتياط‬
yonder ‫ واقع در آنجا‬- ‫ آنطرف‬- ‫آنسو‬ - do you see that black water which falls from the hill yonder?
steep ‫ تند‬- ‫ سرازير‬- ‫سراشيب‬ - only a winged creature could reach it, so steep and slimy were the rocks on all sides, and so
slimy ‫ ليز‬- ‫ لجن آلوده‬- ‫لجن مال‬ fearful the onrush of the descending waters.
onrush ‫ يورش‬- ‫پيشروي‬
descend ‫ پايين آمدن‬- ‫فرود آمدن‬
evident ‫ بديهي‬- ‫آشكار‬ - but by this time it must be evident to all the readers of this story that although each of her trails …
eagle ‫عقاب‬ - this time her saviour was an eagle, who poised on his great wings beside her, seized the flask
poise ‫ ثابت واداشتن‬- ‫وقار‬ from her with his beak and brought it back to her full of the black water.
poised on his great wings ‫با بالهاي بزرگ فرود آمد‬
beak ‫منقار‬
but Venus kept on ‫اما ونوس به امر و نهي خود ادامه داد‬ - but Venus kept on. One cannot but accuse her of some stupidity.
one cannot but‫ديگري‬ ‫چيز‬
accuse her‫انسان اين كارها را جز حماقت او‬
of some stupidity ‫نمي تواند تصور كند‬
stupidity ‫ خريت‬- ‫حماقت‬
obedient ‫ حرف شنو‬- ‫ مطيع‬- ‫فرمانبردار‬ - obediently as always psyche went forth to look for the road to Hades.
obediently as always ‫مثل هميشه پيشنهاد را پذيرفت‬
ferryman ‫مرد قايق ران‬ - then down to the river of death, where she must give the ferryman, Charon, a penny to take her
threeheaded ‫سه سر‬ across. From there the road led straight to the palace. Cerberus, the threeheaded dong, guarded …
foretell (foretold) ‫كردن‬ ‫پيشگويي‬ - all happened, of course, as the tower had foretold. Proserpine was willing to do Venus a service,
greatly encouraged ‫عميقا ً خرسند‬ and psyche, greatly encouraged, bore back the box, returning far more quickly than she gone down.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 21

 encourage ‫ تشويق كردن‬- ‫دلگرم كردن‬
still more ‫از همه بيشتر‬ - her next trial she brought upon herself through her curiosity and, still more, her vanity.
vanity ‫ خودسري‬- ‫غرور‬
charm ‫ دلربايي‬- ‫افسون‬ - she felt that she must see what that beauty- charm in the box was; and perhaps, use a little of it …
temptation ‫ اغوا‬- ‫وسوسه‬ - she was unable to resist the temptation; she opened the box.
deadly ‫ كشنده‬- ‫مهلك‬ - to her sharp disappointment she saw nothing there, it seemed empty. Immediately, however,
languor ‫ مستي‬- ‫ضعف‬ a deadly languor took possession of her and she fell into a heavy sleep.
juncture ‫ پيوستگي‬- ‫ الحاق‬- ‫اتصال‬ - at this juncture the god of love himself stepped forward.
at this juncture ‫در اين مرحله‬
heal ‫شفا دادن‬ - cupid was healed of his wound by now and longing for psyche. It is a difficult matter to keep love
imprison ‫ نگهداشتن‬- ‫بزندان افكندن‬ imprisoned.
wipe ‫ زدودن‬- ‫پاك كردن‬ - in a moment he had wiped the sleep from her eyes and put it back into the box.
prick ‫خراش سوزن‬ - then waking her with just a prick from one of his arrows, and scolding her a little for her curiosity.
scold ‫سرزنش كردن‬
thereafter ‫ از آن به بعد‬- ‫پس از آن‬ - he bade her take Proserpine's box to his mother and he assured her that all thereafter would be well
joyful ‫شاد‬ - while the joyful psyche hastened on her errand, the god flew up to Olympus.
hasten ‫ تسريع زدن‬- ‫شتافتن‬
errand ‫ فرمان‬- ‫ماموريت‬
consent ‫ راضي شدن‬- ‫موافقت‬ - he went straight to Jupiter, the father of gods and men, consented at once to all that cupid asked.
dignity ‫ مقام‬- ‫ جاه‬- ‫بزرگي‬ - he said, "you have done me great harm in the past, seriously injured my good name and my
swan ‫قو‬ dignity by making me change myself into a bull and a swan and so on.
assembly ‫ همگذاري‬- ‫مجمع‬- - then he called a full assembly of the gods, and announce to all, including Venus, that cupid and
full assembly ‫جلسه عمومي‬ psyche were formally married, and that he proposed to bestow immortality upon the bride.
announce ‫ اخطار كردن‬- ‫اعلن كردن‬
bestow ‫ بخشيدن‬- ‫ارزاني داشتن‬
immortality ‫ جاودانگي‬- ‫ابديت‬
bride ‫ تازه عروس‬- ‫عروس‬
object ‫ مخالفت كردن‬- ‫اعتراض كردن‬ - this, of course, completely changed the situation. Venus could not object to a goddess for her
alliance ‫ پيوستگي‬- ‫اتحاد‬ daughter-in-law; the alliance had become eminently suitable.
eminently ‫ بطور چشمگيري‬- ‫بطور برجسته‬
suitable ‫ مناسب‬- ‫در خور‬
interfere ‫دخالت كردن‬ - she could not be much on the earth to turn men's heads and interfere with her own worship.
sore ‫ دشوار‬- ‫سخت‬ - love and the soul (for that is what psyche means) had sought and after sore trials, found each other;

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 22

 union ‫ اتحاد و اتفاق‬- ‫وصلت‬ and that union could never be broken.
condemn ‫ محكوم شدن‬- ‫محكوم كردن‬ - reproach: to condemn; criticize.
criticize ‫انتقاد كردن‬
hatred ‫ تنفر‬- ‫ كينه‬- ‫دشمني‬ - loath: to feel great hatred or disgust for somebody or something
disgust ‫ بيزاري كردن‬- ‫ بيزاري‬- ‫نفرت‬
intense ‫ مشتاقانه‬- ‫ شديد‬- ‫زياد‬ - rapture: pleasure; intense delight.
disloyalty ‫ خيانت‬- ‫بي وفايي‬ - betray: show somebody disloyalty.
caution ‫ هوشياري‬- ‫ پيش بيني‬- ‫احتياط‬ - prudence: caution; wisdom.
stick ‫ فرو رفتن‬- ‫ چسبيدن‬- ‫سوراخ كردن‬ - prick: small pointed stick.
beguile ‫ فريب خوردن‬- ‫ اغفال كردن‬- ‫گول زدن‬ - Venus was the goddess of love and beauty, who beguiled all, gods and men alike.
alike ‫ بتساوي‬- ‫ يكجور‬- ‫يكسان‬
laughter ‫ قاه قاه خنده‬- ‫خنده‬ - the laughter-loving goddess, who laughed sweetly or mockingly at those her wiles had conquered.
loving ‫ محبوب‬- ‫دوستدار‬
mock ‫ استهزاء كردن‬- ‫ تقليدي‬- ‫ساختگي‬
mockingly ‫ استهزاء آميز‬- ‫بطور ساختگي‬
wile ‫ اغوا كردن‬- ‫ فريب‬- ‫حيله‬
conquer ‫ فتح كردن‬- ‫پيروزي يافتن بر‬
irresistible ‫ قوي‬- ‫ سخت‬- ‫غيرقابل مقاومت‬ - the irresistible goddess who stole away even the wits of the wise.
steal (stole) ‫ بسرقت بردن‬- ‫دستبرد زدن‬
wit ‫ قوه تعقل‬- ‫هوش‬
spring (sprung) ‫ جهيدن‬- ‫ظاهر شدن‬ - in the later poems she is said to have sprung from the foam of the sea, and her name was
foam ‫ حباب هاي ريز‬- ‫ جوش و خروش‬- ‫كف‬ explained as meaning "the foam-risen"
rise ‫ صعود كردن‬- ‫ ناشي شدن از‬- ‫برخاستن‬
sea-birth ‫زايش دريايي‬ - this sea-birth took place near Cythera, from where she was wafted to Cyprus.
waft ‫ بهوا راندن‬- ‫روي هوا يا آب شناور ساختن‬
ever ‫همواره‬ - both islands were ever after sacred to her, and she was called Cytherea or the Cyprian.
embroider ‫ قلب دوزي كردن‬- ‫آراستن‬ - the winds flee before her and the storm clouds; sweet flowers embroider the earth; the waves of
radiant ‫ درخشنده‬- ‫تابناك‬ the sea laugh; she moves in radiant light.
battle ‫ ستيز‬- ‫نبرد‬ - it was natural that she should cut a poor figure in the Iliad, where the battle of heroes is the theme.
heroe ‫قهرمان‬
theme ‫ مطلب‬- ‫موضوع‬
treacherous ‫ خائن‬- ‫خيانتكار‬ - in later poems she is usually shown as treacherous and malicious, exerting a deadly and
malicious ‫بدانديش‬ destructive power over man.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 23

 exert ‫ بكار بردن‬- ‫اعمال كردن‬
destructive ‫ مخرب‬- ‫ويرانگر‬
lame ‫ لنگ‬- ‫چلق‬ - in most stories she is the wife of Hephaestus, the lame and ugly god of the forge.
forge ‫ جعل‬- ‫كوره آهنگري‬
myrtle ‫مورد سبز‬ - the myrtle was her tree; the dove her bird, sometimes, too, the sparrow and the swan.
dove ‫ قمري‬- ‫فاخته‬
sparrow ‫گنجشك خانگي‬
combination ‫ آميزش‬- ‫تركيب‬ - alliance: combination.
elaborate ‫ استادانه ساخته شده‬- ‫داراي جزئيات‬ - banquet: elaborate and formal meal usually for a special event.
thorny ‫خاردار‬ - briar: thorny bush.
industrious ‫ زبردست‬- ‫ماهر‬ - diligent: hard-working; industrious.
distract ‫ گيج كردن‬- ‫حواس پرت كردن‬ - distract: to stop somebody concentrating on something.
affection ‫ عاطفه‬- ‫مهرباني‬ - embrace: take a person into one's arms as a sign of affection.
perch ‫ نشيمنگاه پرنده‬- ‫فرود آمدن‬ - poise: to stand; to perch.
woolly ‫ پشم دار‬- ‫پشمالو‬ - fleece: woolly hair like that of a sheep.
foolishness ‫ ناداني‬- ‫نابخردي‬ - folly: foolishness.
deceive ‫ فريب دادن‬- ‫گول زدن‬ - psyche was deceived by her sisters.
insist (on) ‫اصرار ورزيدن‬ - by insisting on seeing her sisters, psyche wanted to increase her joys.
continent ‫قاره‬ - history may also mean study of past events especially the economic development of a continent or the world.
decline ‫ انحطاط‬- ‫زوال‬ - they seem to mean is that they have never had a course in history, or have never read Gibbon's
fall of the roman empire ‫فروپاشي امپراطوري رم‬ decline and fall of the roman empire, or Mr.. Rhodes's history of the united states from the
compromise ‫ (قرارداد‬- ‫ مصالحه‬- ‫) توافق‬ compromise of 1850, or other books similar to these.
‫بشناسيد‬
at least to stumble ‫ را‬in
along ‫در حدي كه حداقل بال و پايين دنيا‬ - every man, woman, and child knows some history enough at least to stumble along in the world.
the world
faculty ‫ استعداد‬- ‫قوه ذهني‬ - all your other faculties working properly, but memory entirely gone.
wander about helplessly ‫ اين سو و آن سو مي‌رفتيد‬،‫نااميدانه‬ - what could you do in that case? Wander about helplessly, seeing and hearing things, taking them in
altogether ‫ از همه جهت‬- ‫روي هم رفته‬ as altogether new, not at all knowing what they might mean in relation either to the past or the future.
re-orient ‫ دوباره آشنا كردن‬- ‫دوباره ميزان كردن‬ - you would have to re-orient yourself and get a new running start.
get a new running start ‫مسير جديد را از نو شروع كردن‬
cease ‫ ايستادن‬- ‫دست كشيدن‬ - in short, you would be a lost soul because you had ceased to have any knowledge of history,
association ‫وابستگي‬ the history of your personal doings and associations in the past.
omit ‫كردن‬ ‫حذف‬ - we might as well omit the word "past" since everything said and done is already in the past
done, but not‫است‬ ‫نشده‬
done ‫انجام شده ولي به همراه كاري انجام‬
with as soon as it is said or done. Done, but not done with.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 24

 ‫زندگي خود را هوشمندانه سپري كنيم‬
to live our lives intelligently - we have to remember many things said and done in order to live our lives intelligently; and
so far as ‫تا آنجا كه‬ so far as we remember things said and done we have a knowledge of history.
thus ‫ بدينسان‬- ‫بدينگونه‬ - thus everyone has some knowledge of history, and it is quite essential that every one should have,
anticipate ‫پيش بيني كردن‬ since it is only by remembering something of the past that we can anticipate something of the future.
predict ‫پيشگويي كردن‬ - please note that I do not say predict the future.
distinction ‫ امتياز‬- ‫ فرق‬- ‫تميز‬ - history doesn’t make a distinction between past and present.
interpret ‫ تفسير كردن‬- ‫ترجمه كردن‬ - how is "past" interpreted in paragraph 3?
settling a dispute ‫ مصالحه‬- ‫نشست كردن يك مشاجره‬ - compromise: agreement; settling a dispute.
slip ‫ از قلم انداختن‬- ‫ خطا‬- ‫لغزش‬ - stumble: to trip; slip; stagger.
stagger ‫ بتناوب كار كردن‬- ‫ ترديد داشتن‬- ‫متناوب‬
trip ‫لغزش‬
readjust ‫دوباره تعديل‬ - reorient: to adjust again; to readjust.
leave out ‫حذف كردن‬ - omit: to leave out; to delete.
a matter of hours - the world has got smaller. people travel from one part of it to another in a matter of hours.
nationality ‫مليت‬ - and increasingly, men and women from different nationalities, cultures and races meet, marry.
any longer ‫ديگر‬ - mixed marriages are not something which one thinks about as strange any longer; they have
commonplace ‫ معمولي‬- ‫پيش پا افتاده‬ become commonplace.
complication ‫ بغرنجي‬- ‫پيچيدگي‬
Scandinavian ‫اسكانديناوي‬ - or similar culture groups, such as the Scandinavians and the Germans.
achievement ‫ پيروزي‬- ‫دست يابي‬
await ‫انتظار داشتن‬ - anticipate: expect; await.
settlement ‫ واريز‬- ‫توافق‬ - compromise: agreement; settlement.
do away with - do away with: to make an end of; eliminate.
eliminate ‫ بيرون كردن‬- ‫حذف كردن‬
UNIT 8
expectation ‫ توقع‬- ‫ چشم داشت‬- ‫انتظار‬ - in reading stories, people have different expectations.
plot ‫ طرح‬- ‫موضوع اصلی‬ - some pay attention to the plot of the story to see how things happen.
narrate ‫ شرح دادن‬- ‫داستانی را تعریف کردن‬ - some people also may like the way that real life is narrated and how things that might be
arise ‫ ناشی شدن‬- ‫بوجود آوردن‬ considered unimportant are described in detail.
desperate ‫ بيچاره‬- ‫نا اميد‬ - a desperately ill child, a pioneering surgeon and a bond forged for life.
pioneer ‫ پيشقدم‬- ‫پيشگام‬
surgeon ‫جراح‬
bond ‫ قرارداد‬- ‫ ضمانت‬- ‫عهد و ميثاق‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 25

 forge ‫ كوبيدن‬- ‫جلو رفتن‬
exceptional ‫استثنايي‬ - at the age of seven, Julian Thurston was an exceptional runner who enjoyed football and excelled
excel ‫برتري داشتن بر‬ at swimming.
soprano ‫صداي زير‬ - gifted with a rich soprano voice, he was also a soloist in the choir at Ocklynge School
soloist ‫ تك خوان‬- ‫تك نواز‬
choir ‫ بصورت دسته جمعي سرود خواندن‬- ‫كر‬
pulled muscle ‫كشيدگي عضلت‬ - his mother thought at first he had just pulled a muscle.
satisfactory ‫رضايتبخش‬ - they took Julian from one doctor to another, but none could give a satisfactory explanation.
stab ‫ خنجر زدن‬- ‫تير كشيدن‬ - meanwhile, a stabbing pain in his back began waking Julian at night, and his arms itched so much
itch ‫ خارش كردن‬- ‫خارش‬ that he was constantly scratching.
constantly ٌ ‫دائما‬
scratch ‫ خاراندن‬- ‫خراشيدن‬
bang ‫محكم زدن‬ - as the pain increased, he banged his head in agony and frustration.
agony ‫ رنج‬- ‫درد‬
frustration ‫نا اميدي‬
specialist ‫متخصص‬ - in early December, a specialist at London's Middlesex hospital admitted Julian for tests.
admit ‫ راه دادن‬- ‫پذيرفتن‬
grim ‫عبوس‬ - finally, a few days before Christmas, a grim-faced doctor came to Jane. "I'm sorry," he said.
grim-faced doctor ‫دكتري ابرو در هم كشيده‬ "your son has a large tumour inside his spinal cord."
tumour ‫غده‬
spinal ‫ وابسته به ستون فقرات‬- ‫فقراتي‬
cord ‫ طناب نازك‬- ‫ريسمان‬
spinal cord ‫نخاع‬
ultimate ‫ آخر‬- ‫نهايي‬ - ultimately it robbed his limbs of sensation and strength.
rob ‫دستبرد زدن‬
limb ‫ دست يا پا‬- ‫ عضو بدن‬- ‫عضو‬
sensation ‫ حس‬- ‫احساس‬
growth ‫تومور‬ - "surgery," the doctor said, "is impossible. There is no way to remove the growth without destroying
radiation ‫ پرتوافشاني‬- ‫تابش‬ the spinal cord." the only treatment that might slow tumour was radiation.
plead ‫ لبه كردن‬- ‫درخواست كردن‬ - "is there anywhere I could take him for help?" Jane pleaded.
sat round ‫دور (چيزي) نشستن‬ - on Christmas day, the family sat round Julian's bed, ate Christmas dinner and tried to laugh at
undercurrent ‫عمل پنهاني‬ Ron's Jokes. But an undercurrent of gloom ran through the whole day.
gloom ‫ دلتنگي‬- ‫افسردگي‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 26

 undercurrent of gloom ‫غم پنهاني چ‬
track down ‫پيگيري كردن‬ - Ann Markham tracked down the article and, reading it, realized the case sounded remarkably similar
told of ‫صحبت مي‌كرد‬ to Julian's. it told of a young American boy nicknamed Aaron Alligator.
nicknamed ‫ملقب‬
technique pioneered ‫تكنيك جديد‬ - his spinal-cord tumour had been removed through a new technique pioneered by Fred Epstein,
paediatric neurosurgeon ‫جراح اعصاب كودكان‬ a paediatric neurosurgeon at the new York university Medical center.
there is question of money ‫مسئله اصلي پول است‬ - "there is question of money," Stanhope informed Epstein. "the boy's family is not wealthy."
wealthy ‫ثروتمند‬
waive ‫چشم پوشيدن از‬ - "no problem" Epstein said quickly. "I'll waive my fee. But the hospital needs 7000 dollars up front.
up front
charge ‫هزينه‬ - I'm sorry I can't do anything about the hospital charges.
anguish ‫ اضطراب‬- ‫دلتنگي‬ - after months of anguish, Jane and Ron Thurston had at last a glimmer of hope.
glimmer ‫ نور كم‬- ‫روشنايي ضعيف‬
a glimmer of hope ‫نور اميدي‬
prospect ‫ انتظار‬- ‫ پيش‌بيني‬- ‫چشم انداز‬ - however, the prospect of raising 4000 pounds (the equivalent of 7000 dollars) seemed impossible.
equivalent ‫معادل‬
‫هنگامي كه اميد آنها به نااميدي مي‌گراييد‬
just as hope was fading - just as hope was fading, the Thurston's received a surprise visit from Pan Cradduck.
hand ‫با دست كاري را انجام دادن‬ - Pam handed Ron an envelope. Inside was a cheque for 4000 pounds --money she had been
envelope ‫پاكت‬ saving to pay off her mortgagee.
cheque ‫چك‬
pay off ‫ تسويه كردن‬- )‫پرداخت كردن (تمام ديون‬
mortgage ‫ (دين‬- ‫ گرو‬- ‫) رهن‬
sandy-haired ‫موهاي تازه رو به سفيدي گذاشته‬ - Epstein came into the boy's room. Tall sandy-haired, with a ready smile and down-to-earth manner,
down-to-earth manner ‫رفتار بسيار متواضعانه‬ the 45-year-old surgeon quickly put Jane at her ease.
put Jane at her ease ‫جين را دلداري داد‬
orderly ‫) خدمتكار (بيمارستان‬ - at 7 am on January 20, orderlies wheeled Julian towards the center's operating theatre.
wheeled ‫با چرخ بردن‬
theatre ‫تالر‬
center's operating theatre ‫اتاق جراحي مركزي‬
expose ‫ بي حفاظ كردن‬- ‫بي پناه گذاشتن‬ - Epstein opened his back, exposing the grey-coloured membrane that covers the spinal cord,
membrane ‫ پوست‬- ‫غشاء‬ and cut through that to reach the cord itself.
the grey-coloured membrane ‫رنگ‬ ‫خاكستري‬ ‫غشاء‬
cut through that ‫آن را از وسط بريد‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 27

 fissure - using a laser, Epstein carefully cut along a natural fissure in the cord.
natural fissure ‫بافت طبيعي‬
beam ‫پرتو‬ - the laser's beam cauterized the small vessels as it moved along.
cauterize ‫ داغ كردن‬- ‫سوزاندن‬
vessel ‫رگ‬
peel ‫ پوست كندن‬- ‫كندن‬ - finally, peeling the cord open, Epstein looked down at the long, reddish-brown tumour.
reddish-brown ‫قهوه‌اي مايل به قرمز‬
inflict ‫ ضربت وارد كردن‬- ‫ضربت زدن‬ - even if the surgery succeeded, Epstein worried that the tumour might already have inflicted
irreparable ‫جبران ناپذير‬ irreparable damage.
cavity ‫ گودال‬- ‫حفره‬ - the surgeon now reached for the cavitational ultrasonic surgical aspirator, a pencil-like ultrasonic
cavitational instrument with a tip that vibrates 26000 times a second.
ultrasonic ‫ماوراء صوت‬
surgical ‫ عمل جراحي‬- ‫وابسته به جراحي‬
aspirator ‫ چرك كش (در جراحي‬- )‫) هواكش (نام دستگاه‬
vibrate ‫ نوسان كردن‬- ‫ارتعاش داشتن‬
cavitational ultrasonic surgical‫دستگاه جراحي ماوراء صوت‬
aspirator
pencil-like ‫شبيه مداد‬
against ‫در مقابل‬
break up ‫ تجزيه‬- ‫تفكيك كردن‬ - breaking up the tissue is touches and then suctioning it out.
suction ‫عمل مكيدن‬
gingerly ‫محتاط‬ - looking through the operating microscope, Epstein gingerly moved the vibrating trip against Julian's
trip ‫ لغزش‬- ‫لغزش خوردن‬ tumour.
none ٌ ‫ ابدا‬- ٌ ‫اصل‬ - there was no room for error -- none. Even the smallest slip could permanently paralyse the patient.
there was no room for error ‫جايي براي هيچ اشتباه نبود‬
permanently ٌ ‫دائما‬
paralyse ‫ از كار انداختن‬- ‫فلج كردن‬
bit by bit ‫ذره ذره‬ - bit by bit, the tumour began to disappear. Hours passed, to ease Epstein's muscle tension, a
muscle tension ‫كشش عضلت‬ nurse massaged his neck.
massage ‫ماساژ دادن‬
step back ‫دور شدن‬ - a 3 o'clock, 8 hours after Julian had been wheeled in for surgery, Epstein stepped back from the operating table.
recovery room ‫بهبودي‬ ‫اتاق‬ - minutes later, Epstein and Jane walked to the recovery room. As they stood over the boy, waiting
emerge ‫ بيرون آمدن‬- ‫پديدار شدن‬ Julian slowly emerged from his deep sleep.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 28

 wiggle ‫تكان دادن‬ - "can you wiggle your toes for me?" Epstein asked.
intensive ‫شديد‬ - Julian remained in intensive care for five days. The laboratory confirmed that his tumour was benign.
intensive care ‫مراقبت‌ ويژه‬
laboratory ‫آزمايشگاه‬
benign ‫خوش خيم‬
slight chance ‫شانس كمي‬ - although there was a slight chance that the growth might recur, the odds were much greater
recur ‫ تكرار شدن‬- ‫عود كردن‬ that his immune system would destroy it.
odds
immune system ‫سيستم دفاعي‬
stride (strode) ‫گام‌هاي بلند برداشتن‬ - one morning in late January, Epstein strode briskly into Julian's room, "ok Julian," he said.
briskly ‫ با چابكي‬- ‫به تندي‬ "if you can walk, you can go home."
the side of the bed ‫كنار تختخواب‬ - with help, Julian shifted his legs over the side of the bed. Jane gripped his hands as he slowly slid
grip ‫محكم گرفتن‬ his feet on to the tiled floor.
slide (slid) ‫ لغزيدن‬- ‫لغزش‬
tiled floor ‫موزائيك اتاق‬
expression ‫ چهره‬- ‫ قيافه‬- ‫سيما‬ - his expression hardened with determination, the boy managed five short, unsteady steps.
harden ‫ ماسيدن‬- ‫ سخت شدن‬- ‫سخت كردن‬
his expression hardened ‫چهره‌اش در هم كشيده بود‬
determination ‫تصميم‬
unsteady ‫لرزان‬
debt ‫ دين‬- ‫بدهي‬ - as the months and years passed, the debt of gratitude Julian felt towards Epstein Deepened.
gratitude ‫ سپاسگزاري‬- ‫قدرداني كردن‬
deepen ‫ (عميق شدن‬- ‫)گود كردن‬
debt of gratitude‫‌شد‬ ‫مي‬deepened
felt ‫وظيفه سپاسگزاري عميق‌تر احساس‬
lounge ‫سالن استراحت‬ - in 19990, shortly before Christmas, 30 young patients formed a noisy circle around a piano in the
pavilion ‫ عمارت كله فرنگي‬- ‫غرفه نمايشگاه‬ lounge of the new York university medical centre pavilion.
blue theatre garb ‫لباس آبي جراحي‬ - In the corner, dressed in his blue theatre garb and white medical coat, stood Fred Epstein.
lively young ‫جوان شاداب‬ - a lively young man with dark hair and a smile made his way to the centre of the room. Julian, now
despite ‫عليرغم‬ 16, appeared calm despite the emotion of the moment.
dedicate ‫اهدا كردن‬
mist ‫تري چشم‬ - he paused as he lifted his violin. "I'd like to dedicated this to Dr. Epstein," he said, his eyes
his eyes misting over ‫شدند‬ ‫پر‬ ‫شوق‬ ‫اشك‬ ‫از‬ ‫چشماش‬ misting over.
nod ‫تكان دادن سر به نشانه توافق‬ - then with a nod to his accompanist, Julian began to play a complex work by Elgar.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 29

 accompanist ‫همراهي كننده‬
complex ‫پيچيده‬
erupt ‫ فوران كردن‬- ‫منفجر شدن‬ - when he finished, the room erupted with applause and cheering. Then the audience clamoured for
applause ‫كف زدن‬ Christmas carols.
cheer ‫ هلهله كردن‬- ‫هورا‬
clamour ‫ غوغا‬- ‫سر و صدا‬
carol ‫سرود شب عيد ميلد مسيح‬
handicap ‫نقص‬ - Julian was not handicapped at birth.
birth ‫آغاز تولد‬
minor ‫ خردسال‬- ‫ كوچكتر‬- ‫كمتر‬ - a minor itching problem
a minor itching problem
facility ‫ امكان‬- ‫وسيله‬ - lack of hospital facilities.
torment ‫ آزار‬- ‫ شكنجه‬- ‫زجر‬ - pain; suffering; torment: agony
sensible ‫ محسوس‬- ‫ مشهود‬- ‫معقول‬ - sensible; realistic: down-to-earth
realistic ‫واقع بين‬
attentive ‫ با دقت‬- ‫ متوجه‬- ‫مواظب‬ - carefully; attentively; cautiously: gingerly
cautious ‫ محتاط‬- ‫هوشيار‬
thankfulness ‫سپاسگزاري‬ - thankfulness; appreciation: gratitude
clap ‫كف زدن‬ - cheer; clapping: applause.
bankrupt ‫ورشكست كردن يا شدن‬ - Epstein, worried that their medical expenses might bankrupt them, sought publicity for the
seek (sought) ‫ طلبيدن‬- ‫جستجو كردن‬ family's plight.
publicity ‫تبليغات‬
plight ‫ مخمصه‬- ‫گرفتاري‬
crisp ‫سرد‬ - so one crisp, sunny January morning joined by Julian's father, Epstein bundled the boy into a
bundle ‫ بقچه بستن‬- ‫ مجموعه‬- ‫دسته كردن‬ wheelchair and rolled him down the middle of first avenue, the busy road in front of the hospital.
crew ‫خدمه‬ - a local television crew followed closely. It recorded passers- by staring in surprise, drivers honking
passer ‫ گذرنده‬- ‫عابر‬ their horns, and Epstein making this case for this family threatened by mounting medical bills.
honk ‫صداي بوق ماشين‬
horn ‫بوق‬
threaten ‫ ترساندن‬- ‫تهديد كردن‬
case
mount ‫ زياد شدن‬- ‫بالغ شدن بر‬
metropolitan ‫وابسته به پايتخت يا شهر عمده‬ - New York's Metropolitan Taxicab Board of Trade, Learning that Ron Thurston was a fellow cabby,

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 30

 taxicab ‫تاكسي‬ had already paid for Julian's sister and Ron to fly to New York.
board ‫هيئت مديره‬
trade
fellow ‫ شخص‬- ‫مرد‬
cabby ‫راننده تاكسي‬
rally ‫ دوباره جمع آوري كردن‬- ‫پشتيباني كردن‬ - school and local organizations rallied round to help the Thurston's with fund-raising events: sales
fund ‫ سرمايه گذاري كردن‬- ‫سرمايه‬ of donated goods, a sponsored swim and a walkathon.
fund-raising ‫افزايش سرمايه‌گذاري‬
donate ‫ هديه دادن‬- ‫بخشيدن‬
sponsor ‫ مسئوليت چيزي را قبول كردن‬- ‫ ضامن‬- ‫حامي‬
walkathon
headmaster ‫مدير مدرسه‬ - Julian's headmaster, Alan Clark, suggested a sponsored spell. Pupils seized on the idea, knocking
spell ‫ درست نوشتن‬- ‫هجي كردن‬ on doors in Eastbourne after school in search of sponsors to pledge a small sum for each word the
pledge ‫ التزام داشتن‬- ‫متعهد شدن‬ pupils could spell correctly.
substantiate ‫با دليل و مدرك اثبات كردن‬ - confirm: prove; verify; substantiate
woe ‫ علمت اندوه و غم‬- ‫غصه‬ - gloom: misery; sadness; woe.
acknowledgment ‫سپاسگزاري‬ - gratitude: thankfulness; appreciation; acknowledgment.
insusceptible ‫ تاييد ناپذير‬- ‫غير مستعد‬ - immune: free; protected; insusceptible.
structure ‫ ساختار‬- ‫تركيب‬ - membrane: a thin layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting structures or organs.
indication ‫اشاره‬ - nod: a quick up and down movement of the head; an indication of approval.
approval ‫ تصويب‬- ‫موافقت‬
deaden ‫بي جان شدن‬ - paralyse: deaden; lose feeling in or control of a part of body.
innovator ‫ بدعت گذار‬- ‫نوآور‬ - pioneer: leader; innovator.
recuperate ‫بهبودي يافتن‬ - recover: heal; improve; recuperate.
scrape ‫ خراش‬- ‫خراشيدن‬ - scratch: to scrape; to use the nails to scrape.
underlying ‫در زير قرار گرفته‬ - undercurrent: hidden; an underlying tendency or force often contrary to what is superficially evident.
tendency ‫ علقه‬- ‫ ميل‬- ‫گرايش‬
contrary ‫ معكوس‬- ‫مخالف‬
superficially ٌ ‫ظاهرا‬
shiver ‫ لرزيدن‬- ‫ارتعاش‬ - vibrate: shake; shiver.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 31

 UNIT 10
transcendental ‫ غيرجبري‬- ‫متعالي‬ - transcendental meditation is "a technique of meditation in which deep mental and physical
meditation ‫ تعمق‬- ‫ انديشه‬- ‫ تفكر‬- ‫عبادت‬ relaxation is achieved especially through the use of sacred beliefs."
physical (mental) ‫ فكري‬- ‫ فيزيكي (روحي‬- ‫ بدني‬- ‫)جسماني‬
achieve ‫ نائل شدن‬- ‫دست يافتن‬
philosophy ‫ حكمت‬- ‫فلسفه‬ - its philosophy teaches that mind can go beyond matter, and that man can know more than he
supporter ‫ پشتيبان‬- ‫حامي‬ really sees or experiences.
the science of being ‫علم بودن‬
the art of living ‫هنر زيستن‬
pocket ‫جيب‬ - "I have no pockets," says Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, founder of the huge, worldwide organization
founder ‫بنيان گذار‬ that teaches transcendental meditation: "I deal in wisdom, not in money"
huge worldwide organization ‫سازمان بزرگ جهاني‬
transcendental meditation ‫تفكر ماوراي الطبيعه‬
scraggly ‫خشن‬ - he is a tiny man, with a scraggly beard, long messy hair, and a voice that has been described
vegetarian ‫ گياه خوار‬- ‫سبزي خوار‬ as a 33 1/3 rpm record played at 78 rpm. He is a vegetarian, takes no drugs, is celibate.
celibate ‫ عزب‬- ‫ مجرد‬- ‫بي جفت‬
monk ‫راهب‬ - because he is a monk, he feels he is "not expected" to think of his past. But he has one. Born
but he has one ‫اما او هم خاطراتي دارد‬ the son of an Indian forest ranger, he graduated in 1942 at the age of 24.
ranger ‫جنگل بان‬
pursue ‫ دنبال كردن‬- ‫پيگيري كردن‬ - but instead of pursuing a career in his major (physics), he became a disciple of religious leader
major ‫رشته‬ Swami Brahmananda (Guru Dev).
disciple ‫ هواخواه‬- ‫ پيرو‬- ‫مريد‬
religious ‫ روحاني‬- ‫مذهبي‬
legend ‫افسانه‬ - The maharishi was left, according to legend, with the job of developing a form of meditation for the
common person ‫مردم عادي‬ common person.
seclusion ‫ انزوا‬- ‫گوشه‌نشيني‬ - the result, which he announced after 2 years of seclusion in Himalayas, was transcendental
hook ‫ (پيوستن‬- ‫ ربودن‬- ‫ بدام انداختن‬- ‫) گرفتار كردن‬ meditation. He first taught T.M. in India, then brought it to the west, and where he soon hooked into
mass media ‫ ارتباط جمعي‬- ‫رسانه‌هاي جمعي‬ western technology and mass media.
adherent ‫ پيرو‬- ‫هواخواه‬ - his adherents have included stevie Wonder, Peggy Lee, The beach boys, and Joe Namath.
mediator ‫متفكر‬ - between 1961 and 1972, more than 100,000 people became mediators.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 32

 respected discipline ‫نظم و قاعده محترم‬ - it had become a respected discipline, researched by the armed services, used in schools and
armed services ‫خدمات ارتش‬ colleges, and taught by business organizations.
research ‫ پژوهش‬- ‫تحقيق‬
business organizations ‫سازمان‌هاي تجاري‬
scientific community ‫جامعه علمي‬ - in June, 1977, he realizing he had convinced the scientific community of the physiological and
physiological ‫وابسته به علم فيزيولوژيكي‬ mental benefits of T.M., began to explore other aspects of meditation and Eastern disciplines,
explore ‫ كاوش كردن‬- ‫سياحت كردن‬ like levitation.
aspect ‫جنبه‬
eastern disciplines ‫دستورات مشرق زمين‬
levitation ‫)شناوري (در هوا‬
headquarters ‫ (مركز اداري‬- ‫) مركز فرماندهي‬ - at his Swiss headquarters, during an initial session, 90% of the 900 teachers who were there
initial session ‫جلسه آغازين‬ allegedly were able to learn to levitate, some landing rather smartly on the foam rubber mats which
alleged(ly) ‫ (بنا به گفته‌اي‬- ‫ اقامه كردن‬- ‫) دليل آوردن‬ had been thoughtfully laid on the floor.
levitate ‫ شناور شدن‬- ‫ بلند شدن‬- ‫برخاستن‬
foam ‫كف‬
rubber ‫ كائوچو‬- ‫لستيك‬
mat ‫ حصير‬- ‫بوريا‬
thoughtfully ‫انديشمندانه‬
lay (laid) ‫ گذاردن‬- ‫خواباندن‬
blend ‫تركيب‬ - T.M. is a blend of western practicality and Eastern spirituality, a quickly taught technique of
practicality ‫عملي بودن‬ meditation which produces a state of deep rest in which the mind remain awake and alert.
spirituality ‫روحاني‬
state of deep rest ‫حالت استراحت عميق‬
awake ‫ بيدار كردن‬- ‫ بيدار ماندن‬- ‫بيدار شدن‬
alert ‫ گوش به زنگ‬- ‫هوشيار‬
cosmic ‫ وابسته به كيهان‬- ‫كيهاني‬ - it can lead to cosmic consciousness. The maharishi feels that if only 5% of the people in the world
consciousness ‫ آگاهي‬- ‫هوشياري‬ meditate, we will enter an age of enlightenment, with universal peace and less crime.
it can lead ‫آن مي‌تواند منجر شود به‬
enlightenment ‫روشنفكري‬
age of enlightenment ‫عصر روشنفكري‬
prestigious ‫ معتبر‬- ‫ با حيثيت‬- ‫با اعتبار‬ scientists from prestigious institutions like Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
institution ‫موسسه‬ have documented its physiological effects: a drop in block pressure, less intake of oxygen and
document ‫ تاييد كردن‬- ‫سنديت دادن‬ output of carbon dioxide, less strain on the heart and respiratory system, less stress.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 33

 intake ‫مقدار جذب چيزي به درون‬
oxygen ‫اكسيژن‬
output ‫ توليد‬- ‫بازده‬
carbon dioxide ‫دي اكسيد كربن‬
strain ‫ زور زدن‬- ‫ فشار‬- ‫كشش‬
respiratory system ‫دستگاه تنفس‬
irritable ‫ تند مزاج‬- ‫زود رنج‬ people who meditate do better in school and on the job, are less irritable, and have faster reaction times.
reaction ‫ واكنش‬- ‫عكس العمل‬
impart ‫ افشا كردن‬- ‫بيان كردن‬ - T.M. people say that in order for you to learn how to meditate correctly, you need to have the
preparatory ‫مقدماتي‬ techniques imparted to you by a T.M. teacher, who, after 2 preparatory sessions will initiate you in
initiate ‫ نخستين قدم را برداشتن‬- ‫ بنياد نهادن‬- ‫وارد كردن‬ a ceremony to which you bring 3 pieces of fruit, 6 fresh flowers and a clean handkerchief (cleansing
ceremony ‫ تشريفات‬- ‫مراسم‬ of the spirit).
handkerchief ‫ دستمال گردن‬- ‫دستمال‬
cleanse ‫ تطهير كردن‬- ‫پاك كردن‬
spirit ‫ روان‬- ‫روح‬
symbolic ‫نمادي‬ - these are put under a colour photograph of Guru Dev as symbolic offerings.
symbolic offering ‫نشان اهدايي‬
chant ‫ سرود يا آهنگ خواندن‬- ‫ سرود‬- ‫مناجات‬ - the teacher chants in Sanskrit, then gives you your mantra, one of 17 available, based on your
temperament ‫ فطرت‬- ‫ طبيعت‬- ‫سرشت‬ temperament and profession.
profession ‫ شغل‬- ‫ حرفه‬- ‫پيشه‬
literal ‫ معني اصلي‬- ‫ واقعي‬- ‫دقيق‬ - a mantra is a Sanskrit word that may or may not have a literal meaning. The most widely used
initiation ‫ وارد شدن‬- ‫نخستين قدم‬ mantra in the world is Om Mani Padme Hum. After your initiation, you attend three checking
attend ‫حضور يافتن‬ sessions where you find out if you are meditating in the right way.
checking sessions ‫جلسه‌هاي بررسي‬
take the phone off the hook ‫سيم تلفن را از پريز بكشيد‬ - if you meditate in the house, sit in a comfortable chair, take the phone off the hook, put pets in
innocence ‫ بي گناهي‬- ‫پاكي‬ another room.
in all innocence ‫با تمام خلوص‬ close your eyes and silently repeat the mantra "in all innocence" if it slips away, let it. Let your
slip (away) ‫ سهو كردن (حذف شدن عبارتي‬- ‫ خطا‬- ‫)اشتباه‬ mind do what it wants.
dive into your mind again ‫در اعماق ذهن خود غرق شويد‬ - when and if you reach the conscious level, return to the mantra and "dive' into your mind again.
when the time is up ‫وقتي زمان به پايان مي‌رسد‬ - when the time is up, sit quietly for two or three minutes and open your eyes very slowly to avoid
abrupt ‫ ناگهاني‬- ‫ تند‬- ‫ناگهان‬ too abrupt a return to the outside world.
brotherhood ‫ انجمن برادري و اخوت‬- ‫برادري‬
monastery ‫ دير‬- ‫صومعه‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 34

 ‫‪tie‬‬ ‫رابطه‬
‫‪watchful‬‬ ‫مواظب ‪ -‬مراقب ‪ -‬هوشياري‬
‫‪band‬‬ ‫دسته ‪ -‬متحد شدن‬
‫‪reputation‬‬ ‫شهرت ‪ -‬آبرو‬
‫‪eternity‬‬ ‫ابديت ‪ -‬جاوداني ‪ -‬بي پايان‬
‫‪disapprove‬‬ ‫ناپسند شمردن ‪ -‬رد كردن‬
‫‪succession‬‬ ‫توالي ‪ -‬ترادف ‪ -‬جانشيني‬
‫‪wander‬‬ ‫سرگردان بودن ‪ -‬آواره بودن‬
‫‪parable‬‬ ‫داستان اخلقي ‪ -‬تمثيل‬
‫‪precede‬‬ ‫مقدم بودن ‪ -‬جلو بودن از‬
‫‪monastic‬‬ ‫رهباني‬
‫‪novice‬‬ ‫نوآموز ‪ -‬مبتدي‬
‫‪order‬‬ ‫دسته ‪ -‬فرقه مذهبي‬
‫‪life-denying‬‬
‫‪Buddhist order‬‬
‫‪parental‬‬ ‫والديني ‪ -‬وابسته به پدر و مادر‬
‫‪consent‬‬ ‫رضايت ‪ -‬موافقت‬
‫‪ever since‬‬
‫‪bow‬‬ ‫تعظيم كردن ‪ -‬خم شدن‬
‫‪pressure‬‬ ‫مشقت ‪ -‬مصائب و سختي ها‬
‫‪nun‬‬ ‫راهبه‬
‫‪absorb‬‬
‫‪dilute‬‬
‫‪northern‬‬ ‫شمالي ‪ -‬ساكن شمال‬
‫‪induct‬‬ ‫وارد كردن ‪ -‬گماشتن بر‬
‫‪conduct‬‬
‫‪pass on‬‬
‫‪oversensitive‬‬
‫‪touchy‬‬
‫‪supernatural‬‬
‫‪untidy‬‬
‫‪distinguish‬‬
‫‪occupy‬‬

‫‪gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬

 revolution
temper

UNIT 13
once ‫يكبار‬ - once, a national park ranger commented that "the American Indian could carry everything he
American Indian ‫سرخپوستان آمريكايي‬ could pack on his wife's back".
while perhaps ‫است‬
open‫مشخص‬ ‫در حالي كه پاسخ به اين پرسش‬
to question - while perhaps open to question, this remark does make an important point.
non-literate ‫بي سواد‬ - the basic means of transport of non-literate peoples was, indeed, human porterage.
porterage ‫باربري‬
devote (devoted) ‫ (مختص‬- ‫ اختصاص دادن‬- ‫) وقف كردن‬ - therefore, within any writing devoted to transport, consideration must be given to human burden
consideration ‫ رسيدگي‬- ‫ ملحظه‬- ‫توجه‬ carriers and any adjuncts to their task.
burden ‫ وزن‬- ‫ بار‬- ‫ تحميل كردن‬- ‫بار مسئوليت‬
carrier ‫حامل‬
adjunct ‫ افزوده‬- ‫الحاقي‬
any adjuncts to their task ‫نوع كمك هاي اضافي آنها‬
the manner in which ‫روشي كه‬ - the manner in which loads are carried shows distinct cultural and sexual differences.
load ‫ كوله بار‬- ‫بار‬
distinct ‫ تشخيص‬- ‫ فرق‬- ‫تميز‬
cultural ‫فرهنگي‬
sexual ‫جنسي‬
‫اختلفات بارز فرهنگي و جنسي‬
distinct cultural & sexual differences
enclose ‫ در جوف قرار دادن‬- ‫در ميان گذاشتن‬ - among American college students, books and notebooks, when not enclosed in a briefcase or other
handle ‫ بكار بردن‬- ‫سروكار داشتن‬ handled container, are carried in different fashions by men and women.
container ‫ كانتينر‬- ‫ محتوي‬- ‫ظرف‬
at the side ‫در پهلوي‬ - the men carry their books at the side, resting on the bent hand and pinned between the forearm

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 36

 rest (on) ‫تكيه دادن‬ and the hip.
bent ‫ خم‬- ‫خم شده‬
pin ‫ گير افتادن‬- ‫متصل كردن به‬
forearm ‫ بازو‬- ‫ساعد‬
hip ‫ قسمت ميان ران و تهيگاه‬- ‫كفل‬
other handled container ‫ديگر وسيله حمل‬
crook ‫ كج كردن‬- ‫ خم كردن‬- ‫كجي‬ - the women more commonly carry their books in the crook of the arm, resting against the lower
in the crook of the arm ‫در حالي كه بازوي خود را خم كرده‬ chest.
burden-bearing ‫حمل بار‬ - burden-bearing on the head was quite common, for both sexes, in tropical Africa, but was found
tropical ‫ نواحي گرمسيري‬- ‫گرمسيري‬ only among the women in the southwestern Pueblos.
southwestern ‫واقع در جنوب غربي‬
feminine ‫ مونث‬- ‫ مربوط به جنس زن‬- ‫جنس زن‬ - it was similarly a feminine trait in Indonesia.
trait ‫ خصيصه‬- ‫ويژگي‬
infrequently ً ‫ گاها‬- ً ‫ندرتا‬ - not infrequently those who carried loads on their heads used a pad or ring to cushion and steady
pad ‫پارچه نرم‬ the load.
cushion ‫ زيرسازي كردن‬- ‫ليه گذاشتن‬
especially (specially) ً ‫مخصوصا‬ - small children, especially, were carried, seated astride the hip.
seat ‫ جايگزين ساختن‬- ‫نشاندن‬
astride ‫با پاهاي گشاد از هم‬
accord ‫ جور كردن‬- ‫ طيب خاطر‬- ‫دلخواه‬ - because the load will usually not stay in place of its own accord, back-carrying involved a wide
its own accord ‫به دلخواه خود‬ variety of auxiliary devices.
back-carrying ‫حمل بار در پشت‬
involve ‫وارد كردن‬
auxiliary ‫ امدادي‬- ‫ كمك دهنده‬- ‫كمكي‬
peasant ‫ دهقاني‬- ‫ كشاورز‬- ‫روستايي‬ - carrying baskets were found in peasant Europe, in the hill regions of southeast Asia and Indonesia.
the hill regions ‫نواحي كوهستاني‬
tumpline - they might be supported on the back by shoulder straps, by a tumpline, or by both of these.
shoulder bag ‫كوله پشتي‬ - the shoulder bag, used as a catchall, was found in central Australia. Its use freed the hands to
catchall ‫ گنجه‬- ‫) ظرف يا مخزن اشياء گوناگون (سبد‬ carry weapons or for other purposes along the route.
free (freed) ‫آزاد كردن‬
route ‫ خط سير‬- ‫ مسير‬- ‫راه‬
along the route ‫در طول مسير‬
yoke ‫يوغ‬ - in northern Europe, for example burdens were carried on shoulder yokes. These wooden devices

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 37

 suspend ‫ معلق كردن‬- ‫آويزان شدن يا كردن‬ lay across both shoulders, passing behind the neck, and had a burden suspended from each end.
pole ‫دسته بلند چيزي‬ - and shoulder supported the balance pole of the far east.
stick ‫ چماق‬- ‫ عصا‬- ‫چوب‬ - this pole, a simple long stick, was carried in line with the direction of travel with a load suspended
litter ‫ كجاوه‬- ‫تخت روان‬ from each end.
elaborate ‫ با شكوه‬- ‫استادانه درست شده‬ - the litter, or the elaborated sedan chair, was probably souther Asiatic in origin.
sedan ‫خودرو سواري داراي دو صندلي عقب و جلو‬
souther ‫باد جنوبي‬
Asiatic ‫ اهل آسيا‬- ‫آسيايي‬
origin ‫ اصل‬- ‫ بنياد‬- ‫خاستگاه‬
infant ‫ سال‬7 ‫ بچه كمتر از‬- ‫ طقل‬- ‫ بچه‬- ‫كودك‬ - except for the litter, and the carrying of infants and small children, there was very little carrying
incapacitated ‫ معلول‬- ‫ناتوان‬ of human loads.
readily - in most non-literate societies the incapacitated either travelled by animal or by vehicle, or they did
feeble ‫ عاجز‬- ‫ نحيف‬- ‫ضعيف‬ not travel at all. One can readily understand why the feeble aged or those seriously ill or wounded
abandon ‫ واگذار كردن‬- ‫رها كردن‬ were frequently abandoned to their fate.
in origin ‫در اصل‬
aged ‫مسن‬
footgear ‫پاپوش‬ - many non-literate people did not wear footgear at all times, but donned foot coverings only for travel.
don (donned) ‫ بر تن كردن‬- ‫پوشيدن‬
toughen ‫ سفت شدن‬- ‫سفت كردن‬ - even the most toughened foot welcomes some protection when on the trail and there were very
trail few people who did not have some sort of footgear for travel.
aboriginal ‫ اهل يك آب و خاك‬- ‫ سكنه اوليه‬- ‫بومي‬ - skis, to permit travel over deep snow, were known aboriginally in the old world in the arctic zone
arctic ‫وابسته به قطب شمال‬ from Lapland to eastern Siberia.
zone ‫ بخش‬- ‫قلمرو‬
hemisphere ‫نيم كره‬ - snowshoes were found in the northern reaches of both hemispheres.
traction ‫ انقباض‬- ‫كشش‬ - travel on snowshoes was not as fast as on skis but the former gave better traction when pulling
camp ‫ چادر‬- ‫اردوگاه‬ a load and were generally more useful in bush or around camp.
overlook ‫ چشم انداز‬- ‫چشم پوشي كردن‬ - in speaking of foot travel, one may not overlook another important class of auxiliaries.
illiterate ‫ درس نخوانده‬- ‫ عامي‬- ‫بي سواد‬ - illiterate societies.
clarify ‫ توضيح دادن‬- ‫روشن كردن‬ - comment: discuss; explain; clarify.
tension ‫ تحت فشار قرار دادن‬- ‫ كشش‬- ‫فشار‬ - bend: bring into tension.
hook ‫ گير آوردن‬- ‫به شكل قلب در آوردن‬ - crook: curve; hook; bend.
stabilize ‫ ثابت شدن‬- ‫استوار كردن‬ - steady: balance; secure; stabilize.
dangle ‫ آويختن‬- ‫ آويزان كردن‬- ‫آويزان بودن‬ - suspend: dangle.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 38

 fragile ‫ لطيف‬- ‫ ترد‬- ‫شكننده‬ - feeble: weak; fragile.
pollution ‫آلودگي‬ - air pollution affects virtually al of the world's cities. For simplicity, pollution-suffering urban centers
virtual ‫ معنوي‬- ‫ مجازي‬- ‫واقعي‬ can be broken down into two categories "brown air" cities, which suffer from photochemical smog
simplicity ‫سادگي‬ produced mostly by autos; and "grey air" cities, where industrial smog generated by coal and oil
urban ‫شهري‬ burning is the major pollution problem.
photochemical
smog ‫ مه غليظ حاصل از بخارهاي شيميايي‬- ‫مه و دود‬
troublesome ‫ دردسر دهنده‬- ‫ رنج آور‬- ‫پرزحمت‬ - air pollution first became troublesome in the 1940s, when particulate matter increased to some
particulate ‫ داراي ذرات ريز‬- ‫بصورت ذره‬ 400 tons per day.
matter ‫ مهم بودن‬- ‫ جسم‬- ‫ماده‬
outdoor ‫ هواي آزاد‬- ‫ بيروني‬- ‫بيرون‬ - this came mostly from outdoor burning and industrial smokestacks, so strict emission ordinances
smokestack ‫دودكش لوكوموتيو يا كشتي يا ساختمان‬ were passed in 1947.
strict ‫ اكيد‬- ‫سخت‬
ordinance ‫ حكم‬- ‫ امر‬- ‫ تقدير‬- ‫فرمان‬
emission ‫ بيرون دادن‬- ‫نشر‬
pass ‫تصويب كردن‬
‫ ذرات راديواكتيوي كه از جو به زمين مي‌ريزد‬-‫باران راديو اكتيو‬
fallout - although particulate fallout decreased, the city was still bothered by remained a mystery until the
haze ‫ ناصافي يا تيرگي هوا‬- ‫ بخار‬- ‫مه‬ early 1950s, when a professor at Cal Tech accidentally identified the Los Angeles smog as a mixture
souther ‫باد جنوبي‬ of complex hydrocarbons. Souther California sunlight baked the original pollution until secondary
sunlight ‫ انعكاس نور خورشيد‬- ‫نور خورشيد‬ pollutants, such as ozone, were produced; hence the name "photochemical smog."
pollutant ‫آلوده كننده‬
hence ‫ پس از اين‬- ‫ بنابراين‬- ‫از اين رو‬
refinery ‫ تصفيه خانه‬- ‫پاليشگاه‬ - at first the city pointed the finger at the numerous oil refineries in the area and ordered them to
worsen ‫ بدتر جلوه دادن‬- ‫بدتر كردن‬ control their emissions. But the smog worsened.
priority ‫ برتري‬- ‫حق تقدم‬ - but research was given a low priority in Detroit. Only after constant prodding by Los Angeles did
prod ‫ ترغيب‬- ‫برانگيختن‬ the industry.
crankcase ‫ جاي ميل لنگ‬-‫محل اتصال ميل‌لنگ‬ - eight years later, the first simple crankcase emission control devices appeared on California cars.
eliminate ‫حذف كردن‬ - these eliminated about 20 percent of the hydrocarbons discharged by an auto, and only after more
discharge ‫ترشح كردن‬ elaborate responds were required in 1966 did total hydrocarbon emissions in the loss angels air shed
air shed begin decreasing.
desert ‫ بيابان‬- ‫ گريختن‬- ‫ترك كردن‬ - abandon: leave; desert.
shrub ‫بوته‬ - bush: land covered by bushes or shrubs.
projecting ‫برجسته‬ - hip: the projecting back part of the body.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 39

 cripple ‫ فلج كردن‬- ‫ لنگ كردن‬- ‫لنگ‬ - incapacitate: cripple; disable; handicap.
handicap ‫ناقص‬
tropic ‫ گرمسير‬- ‫گرمسيري‬ - tropical: of the tropics; hot and humid.
humid ‫ مرطوب‬- ‫ بخاردار‬- ‫نمناك‬

UNIT 14
endanger ‫به مخاطره انداختن‬ - how may inactivity endanger a person's health?
walk your way to health ‫پيش به سوي سلمتي‬
stair ‫پله‬ - at 35, his health was so poor that even climbing stairs was an ordeal. Then he had a heart attack.
ordeal ‫كار شاق‬
bypass - after bypass surgery, Stephen's surgeon told him he could not enter an organized
cardia-rehabilitation ‫ناتواني قلبي‬ cardia-rehabilitation program until he was able to walk a mile.
stamina ‫ نيروي حياتي‬- ‫ بنيه‬- ‫ طاقت‬- ‫استقامت‬ - Stephen went on a strict diet and began walking regularly, building up his stamina.
build up ‫جبران كردن‬
lighter ‫سبك تر‬ - two years later, he was seven stone lighter and his heart rate at rest was an impressive 48 beats
seven stone lighter ‫هفت استون سبكتر‬stone=6.35 kg per minute
impressive ‫ برانگيزنده‬- ‫گيرا‬
cholesterol ‫كلسترول‬ - in one aerobics research study, researchers found that poor fitness can be as dangerous as
moderate ‫ ميانه رو‬- ‫ مليم‬- ‫معتدل‬ smoking or high cholesterol.

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 bout ‫ يك دوره مسابقه يا بازي‬- ‫ تقل‬- ‫كشمكش‬ - the good news is that moderate bouts of walking can substantially reduce the odds of dying of
substantially ‫به طور قابل توجهي‬ heart disease, cancer and other causes.
odds ‫عجيب و غريب‬
‫قلبي‬disease
odds of dying of heart ‫احتمالت ناخوانده مردن از ناراحتي‬
decline ‫ رو به زوال گزاردن‬- ‫ كاستن‬- ‫ زوال‬- ‫انحطاط‬ - in fact researchers believe that half the decline generally associated with ageing is due to inactivity
associate ‫ همدم شدن‬- ‫ شريك كردن‬- ‫ شريك‬- ‫هم پيوند‬
ageing ‫بال رفتن سن‬
retain ‫ حفظ كردن‬- ‫ از دست ندادن‬- ‫نگاه داشتن‬ - by exercising, a person may retain as much as 80 percent of his physical abilities between the
regularly ‫بطور منظم‬ ages of 30 and 70.
sensible ‫ آگاهانه‬- ‫معقول‬ - a sensible walking programme can make dramatic improvement in physical and emotional
programme ‫ روش كار‬- ‫ دستور‬- ‫برنامه‬ well-being.
dramatic ‫ (اساسي‬- ‫) مهيج‬
well-being ‫سلمتي‬
gain ‫ سود بردن‬- ‫ سود‬- ‫منفعت‬ - and the greatest health gains are enjoyed by completely sedentary people who become
sedentary ‫ غيرمتحرك‬- ‫نشسته‬ moderately active - who walk at a brisk pace for half an hour a day.
brisk ‫سرزنده و بشاش‬
pace ‫ با گام‌هاي آهسته و موزون حركت كردن‬-‫قدم زدن‬
ease ‫ تسكين دادن‬- ‫راحت كردن‬ - ease aches and pains: muscles and joints stiffen and atrophy when they are not used regularly.
ache ‫درد‬
muscle ‫ماهيچه‬
joint ‫مفصل‬
stiffen ‫سفت‬
atrophy ‫ ضعف بنيه‬- ‫لغر‬
stretching ‫كشش‬ - walking (including stretching and strengthening exercises) is one of the best defences against
strengthening exercises ‫ورزش‌هاي تقويت كننده‬ these ailments because it keeps the body flexible without subjecting it to too much stress.
defence ‫ دفاع كردن‬- ‫دفاع‬
ailment ‫ ناراحتي‬- ‫ درد‬- ‫بيماري مزمن‬
subject ‫ در معرض بودن يا قرار دادن‬- ‫در معرض‬
high-impact ‫فشار بال‬ - during high-impact activities, like running and aerobics, your feet hit the ground with a force equal
shock ‫ ضربه سخت‬- ‫صدمه‬ to two to four times your weight. The shock can damage joints and muscles, especially in the lower
limb ‫ دست يا پا‬- ‫عضو بدن‬ limbs.
by contrast ‫بر عكس‬ - walking, by contrast, exerts a force of only one and a half times your weight.
exert ‫اعمال كردن‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 41

 compete ‫ مسابقه دادن‬- ‫رقابت كردن با‬ - Susan Henricks, 34, used to compete in marathons. Her intense training led to pulled tendons
marathon ‫مسابقه دو ماراتون‬ and other injuries, but she accepted them as par for the sport.
intense ‫ سخت‬- ‫شديد‬
tendon ‫ پي‬- ‫زردپي‬
par ‫ تعادل‬- ‫ تساوي‬- ‫برابري‬
fracture ‫شكستگي‬ - then a few years ago, when doctors found a fracture in her pelvis, Susan switched to race walking,
pelvis ‫لگن خاصره‬ which demands more muscle strength than running yet places less stress on the back and joints.
switch ‫ (روي آوردن‬- ‫ تعويض‬- ‫)جريان را عوض كردن‬
lead (to) ‫باعث شدن‬
as par for the sport ‫بخشي از آسيب‌هاي ورزشي‬
race ‫ مسابقه‬- ‫بسرعت رفتن‬
begrudge ‫غبطه خوردن‬ - as we grow older, we all begrudge gravity's effect on our once-firm flesh. The problem is that, after
gravity ‫جاذبه زمين‬ the age of 30, inactive adults lose muscle mass.
once-firm flesh ‫كه روزگاري صاف و محكم بود‬
flesh ‫ مغز ميوه‬- ‫گوشت‬
muscle mass ‫حجم عضلت‬
weigh ‫ وزن كردن‬- ‫وزن داشتن‬ - thus a 50-year-old who weighs the same as he did at 20 may still look heavier than his younger self.
younger self ‫زمان جواني خود‬
vigorous ‫ (فعالنه‬- ‫ پر زور‬- ‫ شديد‬- ‫)قوي‬ - for many people, a vigorous walking program using powerful, synchronized arm strokes can help
synchronize ‫ از حيث زمان با هم مطابق كردن‬- ‫همزمان كردن‬ achieve a shapelier body.
stroke ‫ضربه‬
achieve ‫ به انجام رساندن‬- ‫انجام دادن‬
shapely ‫ خوش ريخت‬- ‫خوش تركيب‬
power stepping ‫گام‌هاي استوار‬ - this activity -which I call power stepping- helps to strengthen and tone all the major muscle groups
tone ‫سفت كردن‬ including your shoulders and arms, your back and stomach, and your legs and buttocks.
buttock ‫ (ران‬- ‫)كفل‬
circulation ‫گردش جريان خون‬ - it also improves circulation and makes your muscle fibbers more flexible.
ligament ‫رباط‬ - this may help you avoid some common injuries that afflict weekend athletes: pulled muscles,
tendinity ligament strains and tendonitis.
synchronized arm‫داده‬ ‫ضربات حركتي بازوان را تجديد حيات‬
strokes
all the major muscle groups ‫تمام گروه عضلت عمده بدن‬
ligament strains ‫فشار رباط‬
fiber ‫بافت‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 42

 replicate ‫تكرار كردن‬ - you may not be able to replicate the figure of your teenage years, but power steeping will help you
figure of your teenage years ‫قيافه نوجواني خود‬ to look as fit, trim and healthy as is possible for your age and lifestyle.
trim ‫ برازنده‬- ‫ مرتب‬- ‫پيراسته‬
lifestyle ‫سبك زندگي‬
ophthalmologist ‫چشم پزشك‬ - Dr Hampton Roy, a 53-year-old ophthalmologist, walks seven miles to work three times a week.
ponder ‫ تفكر كردن‬- ‫انديشه كردن‬ - the exercise provides "pondering time" and has proved to be a natural tranquillizer.
pondering time ‫زمان انديشيدن‬
tranquillizer ‫ آرامبخش‬- ‫مسكن‬
moody ‫ ترشرو‬- ‫ اخمو‬- ‫بداخلق‬ - over the next three years he became increasingly moody. Egged on by his wife. He took up
egg (on) ‫تحريك كردن‬ walking again and hasn’t stopped since.
take up ‫از سر گرفتن‬
nervous system ‫دستگاه عصبي‬ - daily life is full of stressful events that shift the nervous system into high gear.
gear ‫ پوشش‬- ‫ اسباب‬- ‫دنده‬
high gear ‫آخرين درجه ممكن‬
psychiatrist ‫روانپزشك‬ - Dr Claude miller, a psychiatrist, recommends a brisk 15-minute walk whenever tension builds, and
brisk ‫ سرزنده و بشاش‬- ‫تند‬ again two hours before bedtime if you suffer from insomnia.
insomnia ‫ مرض بيخوابي‬- )‫بيخوابي (غيرعادي‬
antidote ‫ ضد سم‬- ‫پادزهر‬ - it's the best antidote to what he calls the "four pints of aggression" delivered daily to our doors.
pint ‫پيمانه وزن مايع‬
aggression ‫ تعرض‬- ‫پرخاشگر‬
four pints of aggression ‫چهار پيمانه تعرض‬
dedicated ‫ اختصاصي‬- ‫وقف شده‬ - Henry David and Charles dickens were dedicated walkers and covered thousands of miles in their
cover ‫طي كردن‬ lifetime.
evidence ‫مدارك‬ - now evidence is mounting that regular daily exercise does indeed stimulate the brain.
mount ‫ (مبين اين است‬- ‫)بالغ شدن بر‬
stimulate ‫ انگيختن‬- ‫تحريك كردن‬
ex-servicemen - a study of 55- to 70-year-olds at an ex-servicemen's hospital found that those who took one-hour
visual organization ‫قوه بينايي‬ walks three times a week for four months improved their reaction time, visual organization and
biochemistry ‫زيست شيمي‬ memory over others who remained sedentary or did non-aerobic exercises.
account ‫ دليل موجه اقامه كردن‬- ‫ذكر علت كردن‬ - increased circulation of oxygen and blood, as well as changes in the brain's biochemistry, may
strengthen your heart ‫قلب شما را تقويت مي‌كند‬ account for these improvements.
precaution ‫ احتياط كردن‬- ‫احتياط‬ - still, her precautions have paid off. She avoided heart problems until late in life. Over the past year,
pay off ‫ نتيجه نهايي‬- )‫پرداخت كردن (تمام ديون‬ madly has walked 4000 miles.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 43

 still ‫با وجود اين‬
unfit ‫ نامناسب‬- ‫ناشايسته‬ - this extra pumping trains the heart to work more efficiently and thus beat more slowly than the
beneficial ‫ مفيد‬- ‫سودمند‬ heart of an unfit person. So beneficial is walking that it is the exercise most doctors prescribe.
prescribe ‫تجويز كردن‬
ankle ‫قوزك پا‬ - for five years, Tricia Stevens, 57, has been an active walker. She started because of ankle and hip
hip ‫ مفصل ران‬- ‫كفل‬ pain and the fear that she would develop osteoporosis as had her mother, who broke both hips.
osteoporosis ‫پوكي استخوان‬
density ‫ تراكم‬- ‫چگالي‬ - the density of your bones depends on how much you exercised and what you ate as a child and
denser ‫ چگالي تر‬- ‫ متراكم تر‬- ‫انبوه تر‬ young adult.
weight-bearing exercise - the denser your bones at the growing age, the less your risk of developing asteoporosis. Walking,
battle ‫ جنگ كردن‬- ‫مبارزه كردن‬ a weight-bearing exercise, slows bone loss and may even promote growth. Though osteoporosis is
alleviate ‫ سبك كردن‬- ‫كم كردن‬ best battled when you're young, it can be alleviated in later life.
adequate ‫كافي‬ - a university study found that women with osteoporosis who took an adequate amount of calcium
calcium ‫كلسيم‬ and walked for one hour a day three days a week for 22 months increased their bone density at the
bone loss ‫ضايعه استخواني‬ spine by six per cent.
vitality ‫ قدرت يا خاصيت حياتي‬- ‫انرژي و زنده دلي‬ - stamina: strength; vitality; vigour.
vigour ‫ توان‬- ‫قدرت‬
likelifhood ‫ امر محتمل‬- ‫ همانندي‬- ‫احتمال‬ - odds: chance; likelihood; probability.
probability ‫احتمال‬
striking ‫ قابل توجه‬- ‫برجسته‬ - dramatic: striking; sensational; spectacular.
sensational ‫ مهيج‬- ‫شورانگيز‬
spectacular ‫ منظره ديدني‬- ‫تماشايي‬
immobile ‫ بي جنبش‬- ‫بي حركت‬ - sedentary: inactive; lazy; immobile.
decay ‫ زوال‬- ‫ تنزل كردن‬- ‫پوسيدگي‬ - atrophy: to decay; to degenerate.
degenerate ‫ فاسد شدن‬- ‫رو به انحطاط گذاردن‬
covet ‫طمع به چيزي داشتن‬ - begrudge: to envy; covet.
relieve ‫ فرو نشاندن‬- ‫ كمك كردن‬- ‫تسلي دادن‬ - alleviate: to ease; reduce; relieve.
fuel ‫ سوخت‬- ‫غذا‬ - after the age of 25, metabolism -the rate at which your body burns fuel- slows, and fat becomes
shed ‫ پوست انداختن‬- ‫ ريختن‬- ‫افكندن‬ harder to shed.
sufficient ‫كافي‬ - adequate: enough; sufficient; plentiful.
plentiful ‫ فراوان‬- ‫وافر‬
malady ‫ بيماري‬- ‫ناخوشي‬ - ailment: disease; sickness; malady.
remedy ‫ چاره‬- ‫ درمان كردن‬- ‫درمان‬ - antidote: remedy; anything that relieves.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 44

 rear ‫ عقب‬- ‫پشت‬ - buttocks: bottom; behind; rear end.
rival ‫ رقيب‬- ‫ حريف‬- ‫رقابت كردن‬ - compete: to fight; to rival; to contest.
discharge ‫ مرخص كردن‬- ‫ادا كردن‬ - exert: to discharge.
breach ‫ ايجاد شكاف كردن‬- ‫نقض‬ - fracture: breach; fault
fault ‫ نقص‬- ‫تقصير‬
grand ‫ مهم‬- ‫بسيار عالي‬ - impressive: grand; splendid.
splendid ‫ عالي‬- ‫ با جلل‬- ‫با شكوه‬
log ‫سفرنامه كشتي‬ - log: to travel; to walk.
parallel ‫ برابر كردن‬- ‫ برابر‬- ‫موازي‬ - synchronize: to adjust; to parallel; to match.

UNIT 16
it is more than somewhat humbling to ‫نهايت خواري است كه‬ - it is more than somewhat humbling to be forced to admit that we still know all too little about the
somewhat ‫ تا حدي‬- ‫ قدري‬- ‫مختصري‬ phenomenon of learning.
phenomenon ‫ حادثه‬- ‫پديده‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 45

 psychologist ‫روان شناس‬ - psychologists have yet discover exactly what marvellous internal change makes it possible for the
marvellous ‫ عجيب‬- ‫حيرت آور‬ infant to say his first word, the 12 year-old to divide 3254 by 589, and the adult to distinguish Bach
divide 4 by 2 2 ‫ بر‬4 ‫تقسيم كردن عدد‬ from Beethoven.
distinguish ‫ تشخيص دادن‬- ‫تميز دادن‬
considerable ‫ قابل توجه‬- ‫شايان‬ - we do know a considerable amount about the conditions that facilitate learning, enough to tell us
facilitate ‫ تسهيل كردن‬- ‫ كمك كردن‬- ‫آسان كردن‬ that the educational techniques currently used in most of our classrooms are far from ideal.
ideal ‫ كمال مطلوب‬- ‫ايده آل‬
for one thing ‫از لحاظي‬ - for one thing, we know from experimental evidence what jams Garfield knew from experience.
experimental ‫آزمايشي‬
experimental evidence ‫دليل تجربي‬
experience ‫تجربه عملي‬
the most elaborate educational plant ‫پيچيده ترين بناي آموزشي‬ - the most elaborate educational plant yet constructed is worth far less to a student than the
plant ‫نهال‬ undivided attention of a great teacher like mark Hopkins. We know that students tend to learn less
construct ‫ ايجاد كردن‬- ‫ بنا كردن‬- ‫ساختن‬ in a lecture class than in a discussion group.
worth far less ‫ارزش كمتري دارد‬
undivided attention ‫توجه مستقيم‬
ideally ‫ايده ال اين است‬ - ideally, each student should have his own personal tutor -and a good one, at that. The trouble is that
to go around ‫تا همه جا بروند‬ there are not enough teachers, good or otherwise, to go around.
regiment ‫ گروه بسيار‬- ‫هنگ‬ - we need an army where we have only a regiment. And we need an army of generals, not sergeants.
general ‫ژنرال‬
sergeant ‫گروهبان‬
promise ‫ نويد‬- ‫ قول‬- ‫وعده‬ - computer teaching machines offer great promise for the future, and far from being the depersonalizing
depersonalize ‫ فاقد شخصيت كردن‬- ‫بي شخصيت كردن‬ threat many people envision, such machines can give better individual instruction than one might dream
envision ‫ در رويا ديدن‬- ‫خيال بافي كردن‬
instruction ‫آموزش‬
than one might dream ‫بيش از آنچه تصور مي شود‬
carry on ‫ادامه دادن‬ - someday they even will carry on "conversations" with students. This goal may not be quite as
process ‫ مراحلي را طي كردن‬- ‫ تهيه كردن‬- ‫بانجام رساندن‬ distant as it seems. Now that computer teaching machines are beginning to be able to process
simulate ‫ وانمود كردن‬- ‫تقليد كردن‬ natural languages, they can simulate, at least to some extent, the normal conversation of teacher and
extent ‫ اندازه‬- ‫ حد‬- ‫مقدار‬ student.
to some extent ‫تا اندازه اي‬
feed (fed) (into) ‫ خوراك دادن‬- ‫پروردن‬ - a program devised by one teacher--a mark Hopkins, let us say-- can be fed into as many machines
raw ‫ نارس‬- ‫خام‬ as we have the raw materials and the inclination to produce.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 46

 let us say ‫اجازه بدهيد بگوييم‬
inclination ‫ تمايل‬- ‫ سيرت‬- ‫نهاد‬
lag ‫ لنگيدن‬- ‫عقب ماندن‬ - and though computer technology still lags far behind theory, it appears that we someday may be
imagination ‫ پندار‬- ‫تصور‬ able to produce a machine which will respond to the student with as much imagination as
flexibility ‫انعطاف پذيري‬ flexibility as a flesh-and-blood tutor.
flesh-and-blood tutor ‫) معلم گوشت و خون (انساني‬
information-processing ‫فرآيند اطلعات‬ - education is an information-processing activity which requires the teacher not only to communicate
communicate ‫ گفتگو كردن‬- ‫ مكاتبه كردن‬- ‫مراورده كردن‬ information, but to adapt to his student, to interpret the student's response, and to generate new
adapt ‫ سازوار كردن‬- ‫وفق دادن‬ specific material.
interpret ‫ تفسير كردن‬- ‫ترجمه كردن‬
generate ‫ بوجود آوردن‬- ‫توليد كردن‬
ally ‫ يكي كردن‬- ‫ پيوستن‬- ‫متحد كردن‬ - the ability of the computer teaching machine to perform these last 3 tasks is what allies it with the
nonautomate ‫غير اتوماتيك‬ human tutor and distinguishes it both from other types of teaching machines and from nonautomated
presentation of information ‫ارائه اطلعات‬ teaching techniques now in use.
drill ‫ حل تمرين‬- ‫تمرين كردن‬ - in usual school or college classroom, the presentation of information, practice and drill, recitation,
recitation ‫ از حفظ خواني‬- ‫از بر خواني‬ and evaluation all are separate functions, occurring more or less sequentially and at widely-spaced
evaluation ‫ارزيابي‬ intervals.
separate functions ‫كارهاي جداگانه‬
sequentially ‫ بطور پي در پي‬- ‫بطور مداوم‬
more or less ‫كم و بيش‬
widely-spaced intervals ‫فواصل زماني زياد‬
‫به جاي اينكه در هر گام اجرا شود‬
rather than coming at each step - recutation or practice, rather than coming at each step, usually occurs after a large block of
critical moment ‫ انتقادي‬،‫ بحراني‬،‫لحظه حساس‬ material has been presented.
modify ‫ اصلح كردن‬- ‫تغيير دادن‬ - by the time the teacher discovers that his students did not understand him, the critical moment
homogenous ‫ تشابه‬- ‫همانندي‬ for modifying his presentation is gone.
smooth ‫ دلنواز‬- ‫ مليم‬- ‫روان‬ - these provided for a homogenous, smooth, two-way flow of information between teacher and
two-way flow of information ‫تبادل اطلعات دو طرفه‬ student.
feature ‫ خصوصيات‬- ‫ تركيب‬- ‫ ريخت‬- ‫ويژگي‬ - a particularly important feature of this smoothly flowing process is that, since "test" precede the
precede ‫مقدم بودن‬ presentation of each new step, failure on a given test precludes presentation of the next step.
preclude ‫ مانع جلو راه ايجاد كردن‬- ‫مسدود كردن‬
curricular ‫مربوطه به برنامه تحصيلي‬ - in other words, the student stays with each step of the curricular sequence until he has mastered it.
sequence ‫ رشته‬- ‫پي رفت‬
until he has mastered it ‫تا بطور كامل آنرا ياد بگيرد‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 47

 apparently ‫ظاهرا‬ - note that this apparently simple idea represents a crucial difference between education as it is now
represent ‫ بيان كردن‬- ‫ فهماندن‬- ‫نمايش دادن‬ practised and education as it could be.
crucial ‫ بسيار سخت‬- ‫ قاطع‬- ‫وخيم‬
conventional ‫ (سنتي‬- ‫ قراردادي‬- ‫) عرفي‬ - in the conventional classroom, each student spends the same amount of material that varies
vary ‫فرق داشتن‬ from student to student.
variable ‫متغير‬ - with a computer teaching machine, each student spends a variable amount of time to learn a
constant ‫ دائمي‬- ‫ثابت‬ constant amount of material, and there is no a priori reason that the amount of time taken should
variable amount of time ‫مقدار زمان متغير‬ not be that required for complete mastery.
priori ‫ مقدم‬- ‫اوليه‬
mastery ‫ (توفيق يافتن‬- ‫ سلطه‬- ‫)اربابي‬
emphasis ‫ اهميت‬- ‫تاكيد‬ - computer teaching machines offer the hope that the emphasis in education can be taken off
efficiency ‫ ميزان لياقت‬- ‫ كارآيي‬- ‫كفايت‬ efficiency of information transmission and put back where it belongs, on mastery of the subject.
transmission ‫ سرايت‬- ‫ عبور‬- ‫انتقال‬
on mastery of the subject ‫در يادگيري موضوع‬
take off ‫برخاستن‬
interaction ‫فعل و انفعال‬ - computer teaching can make interaction with the student faster.
corrupt ‫ خراب كردن‬- ‫فاسد كردن‬ - computers will corrupt education.
revise ‫ اصلح كردن‬- ‫تجديد نظر كردن‬ - to change; revise: modify.
changeable ‫تعويض پذير‬ - variable: changeable; varying.
given ‫ مفروض‬- ‫ معلوم‬- ‫معين‬ - given the obvious superiority of conversational interaction, why does the classroom lecture
superiority ‫ تفوق‬- ‫برتري‬ dominate our current educational technology?
conversational ‫محاوره‌اي‬
dominate ‫ تسلط داشتن‬- ‫حكمفرما بودن‬
administrative ‫ اجرايي‬- ‫اداري‬ - the most important reason is that it is administravtively simple to assemble a class and present
assemble ‫ فراهم آوردن‬- ‫گرد آوردن‬ an open loop lecture.
loop ‫حلقه‬
superficial ‫ ظاهري‬- ‫ سطحي‬- ‫صوري‬ - a lecture is superficially efficient, because information may be transmitted to a very large class
transmit ‫ فرافرستادن‬- ‫انتقال دادن‬ by a single lecturer.
audio-visual devices ‫وسايل صوتي و بصري‬ - the computer teaching machine shares with the human lecturer and with educational television
amplify ‫ افزودن‬- ‫ بال بردن‬- ‫وسعت دادن‬ and other audio-visual devices- the ability to amplify and diverge information from a single master,
diverge ‫انشعاب يافتن‬ directing it to a very large number of students.
master ‫استاد‬
exempt ‫ آزاد‬- ‫معاف‬ - however, the computer teaching machine is happily exempt from the most serious drawback of

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 48

 drawback ‫ زيان‬- ‫اشكال‬ other information from student to teacher.
flow ‫ جريان‬- ‫ روان شدن‬- ‫سليس بودن‬
utilize ‫ بكار زدن‬- ‫استفاده كردن از‬ - because they do not utilize feedback, one-way information systems such as films and television
feedback ‫باز خورد‬ are simply communication systems.
merely ‫ به تنهايي‬- ً ‫انحصارا‬ - they are not "new" teaching methods; they merely serve to enhance the demonstrated limitations
demonstrate ‫ نشان دادن‬- ‫شرح دادن‬ of the conventional lecture.
conventional ‫ قرارداري‬- ‫عرفي‬
humbling ‫فروتني‬ - humbling: degrading; humiliating.
degrading ‫ تنزل دادن‬- ‫تنزل كردن‬
humiliating ‫ خفيف كننده‬- ‫تحقيرآميز‬
rank ‫درجه دادن‬ - sergeant: an officer having a rank below a captain, or lieutenant or inspector.
captain ‫سروان‬
lieutenant ‫ستوان‬
inspector ‫ مفتش‬- ‫بازرس‬
comprehend ‫ درك كردن‬- ‫فهميدن‬ - interpret: comprehend; understand.
recount ‫ يكايك گفتن‬- ‫ شمارش مجدد‬- ‫برشمردن‬ - recite: to repeat; recount.
customary ‫ مرسوم‬- ‫عادي‬ - conventional: standard; customary.
proceed ‫ اقدام كردن‬- ‫پيش رفتن‬ - a priori: proceeding from a known cause to a related effect; deductive; based on a hypothesis or
deductive ‫استقرايي يا قياسي‬ theory.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 49

 UNIT 17
to meet man's needs ‫برآورده كردن احتياجات بشر‬
challenge ‫ (تلش‬- ‫)به مبارزه طلبيدن‬ - leaders in industry claim to offer challenge and the opportunity for achievement in the business world.
opportunity ‫فرصت‬
achievement ‫ دستيابي‬- ‫موفقيت‬
typical ‫نوعي‬ - But they must learn to recognize that the typical management approach to man as a worker
approach ‫ نزديك آمدن‬- ‫نزديك شدن‬ actually blocks man's efforts to achieve his ful potential.
potential ‫ پتانسيل‬- ‫ داراي استعداد نهاني‬- ‫عامل بالقوه‬
primary ‫ نخستين‬- ‫ابتدايي‬ - the primary function of any human organization is to help man enjoy a meaningful existence.
meaningful ‫ معني دار‬- ‫پرمعني‬
existence ‫ موجوديت‬- ‫هستي‬
labour ‫ زحمت‬- ‫كار‬ - labour has always been the lot of man, but the changes brought by the industrial revolution have for
lot ‫ بهره‬- ‫سهم‬ the first time given him the opportunity to satisfy both his animal and his human needs.
labour has always been the lot ‫است‬
of man‫كار هميشه بهره انسان بوده‬
supreme ‫ اعلي‬- ‫عالي‬ - as Carl Jung said: "the supreme goal of man is to fulfil himself as a creative, unique individual
fulfil ‫ برآوردن‬- ‫ تمام كردن‬- ‫انجام دادن‬ according to his own innate potentialities and within the limits of reality."
unique ‫ بي مانند‬- ‫بي همتا‬
individual ‫ منحصر به فرد‬- ‫ فرد‬- ‫شخص‬
according to ‫ مطابق‬- ‫بر طبق‬
innate ‫ فطري‬- ‫غريزي‬
potentiality ‫ استعداد نهاني‬- ‫عامليت بالقوه‬
within the limits of reality‫در چهارچوب محدوديت هاي واقعي‬
dominant ‫ مقتدر‬- ‫ مافوق‬- ‫برتر‬ - industry is the dominant institution in our civilization.
institution ‫ نهاد‬- ‫موسسه‬
restructure ‫تجديد ساختار دادن‬ - and therefore must restructure itself to reflect man's dual nature and needs if it is to enjoy a
reflect ‫منعكس كردن‬ meaningful life.
dual ‫ دو جنبه اي‬- ‫دوتايي‬
‫باشد‬ ‫پرمعنا‬ ‫زندگي‬
if it is to enjoy a meaningful life ‫از‬ ‫بردن‬ ‫اگر مقصود لذت‬
oriented ‫ متمايل به‬- ‫جهت دار‬ - not all jobs in industry have the potential to be challenging and achievement-oriented.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 50

 achievement-oriented ‫جهتي مشخصي براي پيروزي‬
do contain possibilities ‫داراي امكانات هستند‬ - but many more than one might expect of today's jobs do contain possibilities.
striking ‫ قابل توجه‬- ‫برجسته‬ - one example of the striking lack of success of the present money motivation system is portrayed
‫موفقيت‬
the striking lack ً
‫ شديدا فاقد‬- ‫كمبود قابل توجه موفقيت‬
of success in the case of today's computer programmers.
motivation ‫ محرك‬- ‫انگيزش‬
portray ‫ مجسم كردن‬- ‫ توصيف كردن‬- ‫تصوير كشيدن‬
turnover ‫ حجم معاملت‬- ‫ برگشت‬- ‫تغيير و تبديل‬ - yet there is a high turnover rate and low morale among computer programmers.
morale ‫ روحيه جنگجويان‬- ‫ روحيه‬- ‫دلگرمي‬
dissatisfaction ‫ ناخشنودي‬- ‫نارضايتي‬ - the cause of dissatisfaction is not the pay, for these men receive high salaries and excellent fringe
excellent ‫عالي‬ benefits.
fringe benefits ‫مزاياي شغلي‬
rather ‫ تا يك اندازه‬- ‫بلكه‬ - rather, the problem is boredom; after the initial challenge, most companies allow their computer
boredom ‫ مللت‬- ‫خستگي‬ programming to turn into routine drudgery. This need not happen: certainly it would not be difficult to
initial ‫ ابتدايي‬- ‫نخستين‬ build some true motivational factors into a job with as much as potential challenge as this.
drudgery ‫كار سخت و خسته كننده‬
this need not happen ‫البته نيازي به اين كار نيست‬
motivational factors ‫عوامل انگيزش‬
exotic ‫ بيگانه‬- ‫ عجيب و غريب‬- ‫مرموز‬ - a job does not have to be as exotic as computer programming to have challenge.
correspondence ‫ مكاتبات‬- ‫ مراسلت‬- ‫ارتباط‬ - one large company has a correspondence section to answer the questions of its shareholders
section ‫ دايره‬- ‫بخش‬ many of whom were not sophisticated in the intricacies of security laws.
shareholder ‫ صاحب سهام‬- ‫سهم دار‬
sophisticated ‫ در سطح بال‬- ‫خبره و ماهر‬
intricacy ‫ تودرتويي‬- ‫ بغرنجي‬- ‫پيچيدگي‬
ownership ‫ دارندگي‬- ‫مالكيت‬ - to answer questions on transfer of ownership, dividend income, and the like, this company employs
dividend income ‫سود سهام درآمد‬ a number of girls who previously worked under a system engineered to insure that no wrong
and the like ‫و مانند آن‬ information was given.
previously ً ‫قبل‬
engineer ‫مهندس‬
insure ‫ضمانت كردن‬
built ‫از قبل آماده‬ - the answers to the shareholder letters were not so much written as "built".
inquiry ‫ بازجويي‬- ‫ تحقيق‬- ‫ استعلم‬- ‫ سوال‬- ‫پرسش‬ - when an inquiry came in, it went through a routinized procedure which used answers copied from
routinize ‫ عادي يا روزمره كردن‬- ‫بجريان عادي انداختن‬ form paragraphs for every possible question.
procedure ‫ پردازه‬- ‫رويه‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 51

 salutation ‫ تهيت‬- ‫ تعارف‬- ‫ سلم اول نامه‬- ‫ درود‬- ‫سلم‬ - a girl combined the proper answers, made sure that the salutation and closing were in the correct
closing ‫عبارات پاياني‬ formal style, and handed the letter to the supervisor for checking.
supervisor ‫ ناظر‬- ‫سرپرست‬
signature ‫ امضاء كردن‬- ‫امضاء‬ - the supervisor checked every letter, then sent it out over her signature.
in practice - in practice, the system resulted in too many errors, low productivity, and high employee turnover
productivity ‫ حاصلخيزي‬- ‫سودمندي‬ and absentee rates.
employee ‫ كارگر‬- ‫مستخدم‬
absentee ‫ شخص غايب‬- ‫غايب‬
‫دست به دست گشتن نامه به دست كارمند‬
high employee turnover
absentee rates ‫)معطلي طولني (بر اثر غياب كارمندها‬
expert ‫ كارشناس‬- ‫ خبره‬- ‫ماهر‬ - first, each girl was made an expert in some area, Say transfer taxes.
say transfer taxes ‫ برگردان امور‬،‫به عبارتي‬
pace ‫ گام زدن‬- ‫پيمودن‬ - she, not the supervisor was the authority for the girls to turn to on that subject.
authority ‫ اجازه‬- ‫ اختيار‬- ‫قدرت‬
progression ‫ پيشرفت‬- ‫تصاعد‬ - the natural progression was then to let the girls send out their mail without passing it on to the
bounce ‫ مورد توپ و تشر قرار دادن‬- ‫بيرون انداختن‬ supervisor. The girls were to be responsible for the letters and if any bounced back from the
compose ‫ سرودن‬- ‫ ساختن‬- ‫درست كردن‬ shareholders, they would go back to the girls.in the final week, girls were told to compose their own letters.
markedly ‫بطور مشخصي‬ - the result? Errors were markedly reduced, morale raised, productivity increased, and employee
absenteeism ‫ غيبت‬- ‫حالت غايب بودن‬ turnover and absenteeism dropped.
measure ‫ حد‬- ‫ميزان‬ - the supervisor found time for numerous measures to improve conditions in the department.
rationalizing ‫تقسيم بندي‬ - all this, not be increasing salary, or rationalizing the job, but by injecting responsibility, challenge,
inject ‫تزريق كردن‬ and the opportunity for growth. In short, by motivation.
volition ‫ اراده‬- ‫خواست‬ - motivation cannot be bought, a motivated man will do things of his own volition that far exceed
motivated ‫ انگيزنده‬- ‫هدفدار‬ what he could be made to do by offers of food or money.
exceed ‫ قدم فراتر نهادن‬- ‫بالغ شدن بر‬
self-motivation ‫ انگيزه شخصي‬- ‫علقه شخصي‬ - the strongest kind of motivation is self-motivation. Consider the artist, a classic example of
classic example ‫ نمونه بارز‬- ‫بهترين نمونه‬ self-motivation. He may be starving, but still he paints.
abrupt ‫ بي خبر‬- ‫ناگهاني‬ - turnover: an abrupt change.
worldly ‫ مادي‬- ‫ دنيوي‬- ‫اين جهاني‬ - sophisticated: having much worldly experience and knowledge.
attitude ‫ روش و رفتار‬- ‫ حالت‬- ‫گرايش‬ - morale: attitude.
hygiene factors ‫فاكتورهاي بهداشتي‬ - I chose to call the dissatisfiers the hygiene factors, drawing by analogy on the medical meaning
analogy ‫ شباهت‬- ‫ مقايسه‬- ‫قياس‬ of the word "preventive and environmental."
preventive ‫ عامل ممانعت‬- ‫پيش گير‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 52

 environmental ‫محيطي‬
intrinsic ‫ شايسته‬- ‫ حقيقي‬- ‫ باطني‬- ‫ذاتي‬ - hygiene factors are not an intrinsic part of a task, they are related to the conditions under which
hygienic ‫بهداشتي‬ a task is to be performed. A good hygienic environment can prevent job dissatisfaction, but cannot
profit ‫ سود بردن‬- ‫ نفع‬- ‫سود‬ create true job satisfaction or happiness.
stockholder ‫ صاحب موجودي‬- ‫صاحب سهم‬ - dividend: profit; a share of profits paid to a stockholder.
toil ‫كار پر زحمت‬ - drudgery: labour, toil
cultured ‫ متمدن‬- ‫پرورش يافته‬ - sophisticated: cultured; having acquired wordly knowledge.
absolute ‫ كامل‬- ‫مطلق‬ - supreme: absolute; ultimate.
ultimate ‫ غايي‬- ‫نهايي‬
establishment ‫ استقرار‬- ‫تاسيس‬ - turnover: the number of workers hired by a given establishemtn to replace those who have left.
UNIT 18
authority ‫منبع سريع و موثق‬ - a great authority on the teaching of history once said: "everyone knows what history is until he …
statesman ‫سياستمدار‬ - history is made, not by statesmen or soldiers, but by historians who prepare the records.
gravitaional ‫ جاذبه اي‬- ‫گرايشي‬ - Newton's gravitational was not inspired by a falling apple.
inspire ‫ القاء كردن‬- ‫الهام بخشيدن‬
overhang ‫آويزان بودن‬ - sir Isaac Newton was taking tea under the apple trees in the family gardens at woolsthorpe one
branch ‫شاخه‬ summer's afternoon in 1665 when an apple fell from an overhanging branch, plunked him on the head
plunk ‫ با صداي تلپ‬- ‫ ضربت‬- ‫تلپي افتادن‬ and immediately provided the inspiration for his law of gravitation. Or so the story goes.
inspiration ‫الهام‬
or so the story goes ‫داستان به اين منوال ادامه مي يابد‬
fame ‫ آوازه‬- ‫ نام‬- ‫شهرت‬ - it may indeed have happened that way, but no one knows for certain. Even the famed british
astronomer ‫ستاره شناس‬ astronomer sir harold spencer jones, true, later recanted, nothing that "one cannot be sure either way"
bublicly stated ‫در برابر عموم علم كرد‬
recant ‫حرف خود را رسما ً پس گرفتن‬
mathematician ‫رياضيدان‬ - long after the great english mathematician had died and 73 years from the time the disputed apple
dispute ‫ جدال كردن‬- ‫مباحثه كردن‬ fell.
disputed apple ‫سيب مورد بحث‬
tremendously ً‫ شديدا‬- ‫به طور فاحش‬ - voltaire admired sir isaac and his theories tremendously and offered a clear, insightful interpretation
insightful ‫ بينش‬- ‫بصيرت‬ of his teachings.
interpretation ‫ ترجمه‬- ‫ تفسير‬- ‫ بيان‬- ‫شرح‬
teaching ‫تعاليم‬
associate ‫ رفيق‬- ‫همكار‬ - but his only source for the apple story was sir isaac's niece, who had married one of her uncle's
declining ‫ زوال‬- ‫انحلل‬ closest associates. She and her husband lived with and kept house for newton in his declining years.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 53

 bit ‫ ريزه‬- ‫ تكه‬- ‫ذره‬ - another bit of evidence, one that is taken quite seriously by the story's adherent, is Rev. william
another bit of evidence ‫مدرك ديگر‬ stukely's biography of newton, written in 1752 though unpublished, mysteriously, until 1963.
adherent ‫ هواخواه‬- ‫ طرفدار‬- ‫پيرو‬
Rev. (Reverend) ‫ جناب كشيش‬- ‫عاليجناب‬
biography ‫بيوگرافي‬
mysteriously ‫ اسرارآميز‬- ‫مرموز‬
physician ‫پزشك‬ - stukely, a physician, cleric, and prominent antiquarian, wrote that the he was once enjoying
cleric ‫كشيش‬ afternoon tea with sir isaac amid the woolsthorpe apple trees when the mathematician reminisced
prominent ‫ وال‬- ‫برجسته‬ that "he was just in the same situation as, when, formerly, the notion of gravitation came into his mind.
antiquarian ‫ وابسته به قديم‬- ‫ باستاني‬- ‫عتيقه شناس‬ it was occasioned by the fall of an apple, as he sat in contemplative mood."
amid ‫ وسط‬- ‫در ميان‬
reminisce ‫ به خاطر آوردن‬- ‫يادآوري كردن‬
formerly ً‫ قبل‬- ‫پيشتر‬
notion ‫ نظريه‬- ‫ انديشه‬- ‫تصور‬
occasion ‫ موقعيت‬- ‫ وهله‬- ‫فرصت مناسب‬
contemplative ‫ وابسته به غور و تفكر‬- ‫تفكري‬
witness ‫ شهادت دادن‬- ‫ ديدن‬- ‫ مدرك‬- ‫شاهد‬ - note, however, that stukely did not claim to have witnessed the apple incident firsthand.
incident ‫ حادثه‬- ‫ رويداد‬- ‫شايع‬
firsthand ‫ دست اول‬- ‫ اصلي‬- ‫مستقيم‬
anecdote ‫ ضرب المثل‬- ‫ حكايت‬- ‫قصه‬ - meanwhile, important early biographers of newton include no mention of the anecdote at all.
ludicrous ‫ چرند‬- ‫ مزخرف‬- ‫ مضحك‬- ‫خنده آور‬ - and the great german astronomer thought the story too ludicrous for words. "undoubtedly," he once
undoubtedly ‫ بدون ترديد‬- ‫ بدون شك‬- ً ‫مسلما‬ hypothesized, "the occurrence was something of this sort: there comes to newton a stupid
hypothesize ‫ برانگاشتن‬- ‫فرض كردن‬ importunate man, whos asks him how he hit upon his great discover.
occurrence ‫ واقعه‬- ‫ اتفاق‬- ‫رخداد‬
importunate ‫ سماجت آميز‬- ‫سمج‬
hit ‫ به هدف زدن‬- ‫ ضربت‬- ‫موفقيت‬
fairness ‫بي طرفي‬ - in all fairness, it should be noted that the babson institute in wellesely, claims to own a fruit-bearing
in all fairness ‫با كمال بي طرفي‬ tree grafted from the one that figured so crucially in Newton's thinking.
institute ‫ بنياد‬- ‫موسسه‬
fruitbearing ‫ميوه اي‬
graft ‫ پيوند زدن‬- ‫قلمه‬
crucially ً‫ اكيدا‬- ‫بطور سخت‬
quest ‫ جستجو كردن‬- ‫تحقيق‬ - the institute was founded by roger babson, the man who made the study of gravity and the quest

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 54

 antigravity ‫ضد جاذبه‬ for an antigravity machine his life's work.
campus ‫فضاي باز‬ - also on display on the babson campus is sir Isaac's bed, whose significance should be readily
significance ‫ قدر‬- ‫ معني‬- ‫مفهوم‬ obvious: it was only the force of gravity which allowed sir isaac to rest on it.
readily ً ‫فورا‬
fiddle ‫ويولن زدن‬ - nero didn’t fiddle while rome burned.
unfounded ‫ بي پايه‬- ‫بي اساس‬ - it is only an unfounded rumour, albeit an old one, that the mad emperor nero started a fire near the
rumour ‫ شايعه گفتن يا پخش كردن‬- ‫شايعه‬ imperial palace and then climed to the top of the tower of Maecenas, where he gleefully played his
albeit ‫ ولواينكه‬- ‫اگرچه‬ fiddle, sang arias from his own execrable operas, and watched the city go up in flames.
emperor ‫ فرمانفرما‬- ‫امپراتور‬
imperial ‫ امپراتوري‬- ‫شاهنشاهي‬
gleefully ‫ شادماني‬- ‫با خوشحالي‬
aria ‫آواز يكنفره‬
execrable ‫ مكروه‬- ‫ ملعون‬- ‫نفرت انگيز‬
opera ‫اپرا‬
flame ‫ زبانه آتش‬- ‫شعله‬
fancy ‫ تصور كردن‬- ‫ وهم‬- ‫خيال‬ - true, nero did fancy himself a poet and musician, and often summoned audiences to attend recitals
summon ‫ احضار‬- ‫ فراخواني‬- ‫فراخواندن‬ of his compositions.
recital ‫ تك نوازي‬- ‫از برخواني‬
composition ‫ قطعه هنري‬- ‫ سرايش‬- ‫تركيب‬
contemporary ‫ همزمان‬- ‫معاصر‬ - but according to the contemporary historian and chronicler Tacitus, the fire which gutted rome in 64
historian ‫تاريخ نويس‬ A.D. could not possibly have been nero's doing; at the time it broke out, nero was at his villa in
chronicle ‫ تاريخچه‬- ‫شرح وقايع بترتيب تاريخ‬ Antium 30 miles away.
chronicler ‫وقايع نگار‬
gut (gutted) ‫ حريصانه خوردن‬- ‫غارت كردن‬
A.D.
break out ‫ تاول زدن‬- ‫شيوع يافتن‬
tale ‫افسانه‬ - besides, the violin wasn’t even invented until the 16th cetury, although in some versions of the tale
lute ‫ عود زدن‬- ‫عود‬ nero plays a lute or lyre.
lyre ‫ بربط‬- ‫چنگ‬
dispel ‫ طلسم را باطل كردن‬- ‫ دفع كردن‬- ‫برطرف كردن‬ - but the dispelling of the fiddling myth by no means undermines Nero's hard-won reputation for
myth ‫ اسطوره‬- ‫افسانه‬ ruthlessness and cackling depravity. A cold-blooded persecutor of christians, and extortionist, and
by no means ‫به هيچ وجه‬ a debauchee, he outraged even the wildly licentious romans with his public wantonness.
undermine ‫(تضعيف كردن‬-‫ تحليل بردن‬-‫)از زير خراب كردن‬

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 reputation ‫ خوشنامي‬- ‫شهرت‬
hard-won reputation ‫شهرت معروف‬
ruthlessness ‫ ظالمي‬- ‫بي باكي‬
cackle ‫ هرزه درايي‬- ‫ قات قات كردن‬- ‫وراجي‬
depravity ‫ هرزگي‬- ‫ فساد‬- ‫تباهي‬
persecutor ‫ اذيت كننده‬- ‫آزاردهنده‬
cold-blooded ‫ بي عاطفه‬- ‫خونسرد‬
extortionist ‫ اخاذ‬- ‫كلش‬
debauchee ‫ فاسق‬- ‫هرزه‬
outrage ‫ بي حرمت ساختن‬- ‫تخطي‬
licentious ‫ ول‬- ‫ هرزه‬- ‫شهوتران‬
roman ‫ اهل رم‬- ‫رمي‬
wantonness ‫ عياشي‬- ‫سركشي‬
incest ‫زناي با محرم و نزديكان‬ - indeed, incest and treachery seem to have run in the family.
treachery ‫ بي وفايي‬- ‫خيانت‬
widow ‫بيوه‬ - consider that his widowed mother, Agrippina, married her own uncle, the emperor Claudius, who
slain ‫ كشته شده‬- ‫مقتول‬ had recently slain his wife for her infidelities.
infidelity ‫ خيانت‬- )‫كفر (در زناشويي‬
scheme ‫ نقشه طرح كردن‬- ‫توطئه شدن‬ - later Agrippina schemed to eliminate Claudius's son, Britannicus from the line of imperial
eliminate ‫ بيرون كردن‬- ‫ محو كردن‬- ‫حذف كردن‬ succession and encouraged Nero to marry octavia, who was Claudius's daughter and Nero's own
succession ‫ توالي‬- ‫جانشيني‬ adoptive sister.
‫از رديف جانشيني امپراطوري‬
the line of imperial succession
adoptive ‫ اقتباسي‬- ‫انتخابي‬
adoptive sister ‫خواهر خوانده‬
slay (slew, slain) ‫ به قتل رساندن‬- ‫با خشونت كشتن‬ - then she slew Claudius, paving the way for her son's accession to the throne.
paving ‫ سنگفرش‬- ‫آجرفرش‬
paving the way ‫راه را هموار كردن‬
accession ‫ نيل ( به جاه و مقام بخصوص سلطنت‬- ‫)جلوس‬
throne ‫ بر تخت نشستن‬- ‫ سرير‬- ‫تخت‬
lust ‫ شهوت‬- ‫حرص و آز‬ - but the bloodlust had barely begun. Early in his tenure as emperor, Nero took his own mother as
bloodlust ‫خون آشامي‬ his mistress. Plagued with guilt, he ended the relationship and subsequently had the woman put to
barely ‫ آشكارا‬- ‫بطور عريان‬ death.
tenure ‫ تصدي‬- ‫تصرف‬

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 mistress ‫ كدبانو‬- ‫ دلبر‬- ‫معشوقه‬
plague ‫ دچار طاعون كردن‬- ‫ طاعون‬- ‫افت‬
guilt ‫گناه‬
plagued with guilt ‫در طاعون گناه گرفتار شد‬
subsequently ً ‫متعاقبا‬
put to death ‫محكوم به مرگ كرد‬
adultery ‫ بي عفتي‬- ‫زنا‬ - not long thereafter, he accused his wife, octavia, of an adultery of which he knew she was innocent,
innocent ‫ بي تقصير‬- ‫بي گناه‬ had her murdered, and married the wealthy patrician Popaea Sabina.
murder ‫به قتل رساندن‬
patrician ‫ اشرافي‬- ‫نجيب زاده‬
conflagration ‫آتش‌سوزي بزرگ‬ - none of this did nero's name any credit, and by the time of the great conflagration he was abysmally
abysmally ً‫ عميقا‬- ‫بطور ژرف‬ unpopular.
unpopular ‫ غيرمحبوب‬- ‫ بدنام‬- ‫منفور‬
it is known ‫معروف است‬ - it is known that he had wanted the entire city redesigned and rebuilt, to accomplish this task,
glut ‫ اشباع كردن‬- ‫پر كردن‬ particularly since the city's streets and squares wrere glutted with temples, religious statuary, and
temple ‫معبد‬ family shrines which he was powerless to remove.
religious ‫مذهبي‬
statuary ‫تنديس‬
shrine ‫ جاي مقدس‬- ‫ معبد‬- ‫زيارتگاه‬
commit ‫مرتكب شدن‬
arson ‫ ايجاد حريق عمدي‬- ‫آتش زني‬ - but there is no evidence that he committed such arson.
political ‫سياسي‬ - more likely it was the work of his political foes, who thought that the holocaust would be blamed on
foe ‫ مخالف‬- ‫دشمن‬ him. In any event, nero acted with uncharacteristic intelligence and compassion, first helping to
holocaust ‫ كشتار همگاني‬- ‫همه سوزي‬ put out the blaze, then overseeing thedesign of the city and providing food and shelter for those
in any event ‫به هر حال‬ rendered homeless.
uncharacteristic ‫غير مشخصه‬
intelligence ‫ فهم‬- ‫ آگاهي‬- ‫هوش‬
compassion ‫دلسوزي‬
put out ‫خاموش كردن‬
blaze ‫شعله درخشان يا آتش مشتعل‬
oversee ‫ سركشي كردن به‬- ‫سرپرستي كردن‬
shelter ‫پناهگاه‬
render ‫ تحويل دادن‬- ‫تسليم داشتن‬

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 civic ‫ كشوري‬- ‫ اجتماعي‬- ‫ مدني‬- ‫شهري‬ - one historian clamis that Nero really did set the fire himself, but out of civic responsibility rather
rather than ‫بلكه‬ than insanity, and that in the new rome which he designed, and intended to name Neropolis, slums
insanity ‫ديوانگي‬ were cleared, streets were widened, and buildings were beautified.
intend ‫ بر آن بود‬- ‫قصد داشتن‬
neropolis ‫شهر نرو‬
slum ‫ خيابان پرجمعيت‬- ‫محله كثيف‬
widen ‫ عريض كردن‬- ‫پهن كردن‬
beautify ‫ آرايش دادن‬- ‫ قشنگ كردن‬- ‫زيبا كردن‬
still ‫بازهم‬ - still, Nero's popularity continued to ebb. His supporters left him, hid enemies grew stronger, and
ebb ‫ فروكش‬- ‫ فروكش كردن‬- ‫افول كردن‬ the praetorian guard, the imperial bodyguard, would not serve him.
supporter ‫حامي‬
praetorian ‫وابسته به قدرت قضاوت مادون كنسولي رومي‬
anniversary ‫ سالگرد‬- ‫ جشن يادگاري‬- ‫سوگواري ساليانه‬ - on June 9, 68 A.D. the anniversary of octavia's murder -nero stabbed himself in the throat with the
stab ‫ زخم چاقو‬- ‫ زخم زدن‬- ‫خنجر زدن‬ assistance of his scribe, Epaphroditus.
throat ‫گلو‬
assistance ‫ كمك‬- ‫همدستي‬
scribe ‫ منشي‬- ‫كاتب نسخه هاي خطي‬
glass ‫ شيشه‬- ‫آبگينه‬ - while cinderella may have valued beauty over comfort, it isn't likely that she would have punished her
slipper ‫ دمپايي‬- ‫كفش راحتي‬ feet by corseting then in glass slippers.
corset ‫تنگ‬
legend ‫افسانه‬ - to be sure, none but the most recent versions of the cinderella legend make any mention
whatsoever ً‫ ابدا‬- ‫بهيچوجه‬ whatsoever of glass slippers, and their presence in the story as most people know it is the result of
extant ‫ نسخه‬- ‫ باقيمانده‬- ‫موجود‬ a translator's error.
score ‫ ثبت كردن‬- ‫نشان‬ - there are actualy over 500 extant versions of the tale in scores of languages.
represent ‫ بيان كردن‬- ‫نمايش دادن‬ - the original version goes back even further and is thought to have been a nature myth in which
representing the down ‫معرف فجر است‬ cinderella, representing the dawn, is persecuted by her foul-tempered sisters, representing the dark
persecute ً
‫ دائما مزاحم شدن و اذيت كردن‬- ‫ جفا كردن‬- ‫آزار كردن‬ clouds of night, and is ultimately rescued by the sun -- the handsome prince.
foul ‫ پليد‬- ‫ناپاك‬
temper ‫ غضب‬- ‫ خشم‬- ‫خلق‬
foul tempered sisters ‫خواهران بداخلق و ناپاك‬
ultimately ً ‫نهايتا‬
rescue ‫ رهانيدن‬- ‫رهايي دادن‬
bedeck ‫ زينت دادن‬- ‫آرايش كردن‬ - but they are made variously of gold, silver, or some other rare metal, sometimes bedecked with

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 58

 gleam ‫ تظاهر موقتي‬- ‫ نور دادن‬- ‫نورضعيف‬ gleaming gems --but never of glass.
gem ‫ جواهر نشان كردن‬- ‫ جواهر‬- ‫گوهر‬
squirrel ‫سنجاب‬ - in the earliest french versions, Cinderella wore Pantoufles en vair, "slippers of white squirrel fur"
fur ‫ پوستين‬- ‫خز‬ these were the versions that the french writer Charles worked from when he wrote "cendrillon," his
anthology ‫ منتخبات نظم و نثر‬- ‫كلچين ادبي‬- version of Cinderella, which appeared in 1697 in his anthology of fairy tales subtitled "Tales of Mother
fairy ‫ افسونگري‬- ‫ جن‬- ‫پري‬ Goose."
subtitle ‫عنوان‬
goose ‫غاز‬
vanish ‫ غيب شدن‬- ‫ناپديد شدن‬ - by that time the word vair had long since vanished from use, and Charles confused it with verre,
reworking ‫تجديد نظر‬ pronounced the same but meaning "glass."
welfare ‫ رفاه‬- ‫آسايش‬ - an intelligent ruler who was interested in people's welfare.
outstanding ‫برجسته‬ - an outstanding religious person who was loved by his people.
inhumane ‫غيرانساني‬ - a ruthless person who performed inhumane acts.
renown ‫ اشتهار‬- ‫شهرت‬ - prominent: famous; renowned.
observe ‫ ديدن‬- ‫مشاهده كردن‬ - witness: observe; see.
joyfully ‫شادي‬ - gleefully: joyfully; merrily.
merrily ‫ خوشحالي‬- ‫شادي‬
wickedness ‫ بدجنسي‬- ‫نابكاري‬ - depravity: wickedness; corruption.
corruption ‫ انحراف‬- ‫فساد‬
disloyalty ‫ خيانت‬- ‫ ناسپاسي‬- ‫بي وفايي‬ - infidelity: faithlessness; disloyalty.
destruction ‫ تخريب‬- ‫ ويراني‬- ‫خرابي‬ - holocaust: great or total destruction
pastime ‫ ورزش‬- ‫ تفريح‬- ‫سرگرمي‬ - Baseball, the great american pastime, did not originate in America.
amusement ‫ تفريح‬- ‫سرگرمي‬
originate ‫سرچشمه گرفتن‬
civil ‫ مدني‬- ‫غيرنظامي‬ - nor did Abner Doubleday, a civil war army officer, have anything whatsoever to do with inventing it.
officer ‫ مامور‬- ‫افسر‬
precisely ‫ معين‬- ‫ صريح‬- ‫دقيق‬ - around the turn of this century, few people were agreed on precisely how baseball had come to be.
league ‫گروه ورزشي‬ - in 1907, sporting-goods millionaire Albert Spalding, formerly a major league baseball star, appointed
millionaire ‫ميليونر‬ a committee of seven to investigate the game's early history and settle once and for all where, when
appoint ‫ تعيين كردن‬- ‫برقرار كردن‬ and how baseball had originated.
committee ‫ كميته‬- ‫كميسيون‬
investigate ‫ تحقيق كردن‬- ‫بازرسي كردن‬
settle ‫ واريز كردن‬- ‫معين كردن‬

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 farce ‫ كار بيهوده‬- ‫ تقليد‬- ‫نمايش خنده آور‬ - but the committee was a farce. Composed of politicians, business men, and not to ferret out the
compose ‫ ساختن‬- ‫درست كردن‬ truth about baseball's beginnings, but rather to approve without question the nationalistic Spalding's
politician ‫سياستمدار‬ unfounded belief that baseball was purely American phenomenon.
scholar ‫ محقق‬- ‫ دانش پژوه‬- ‫دانشور‬
ferret ‫ كاوش‬- ‫كنجكاوي كردن‬
approve ‫ موافقت كردن‬- ‫تصويب كردن‬
nationalistic ‫ملي گرا‬
purely ‫خالصانه‬
infinite ‫ نامحدود‬- ‫ ليتناهي‬- ‫بيكران‬ - abysmal: endless; infinite.
inheritance ‫ ارث‬- ‫ ميراث‬- ‫وراثت‬ - accession: inheritance; succession.
adopt ‫به فرزندي پذيرفتن‬ - adopt: accept as a child.
illegal ‫غيرقانوني‬ - adultery: infidelity; illegal relations between a man a woman.
antique ‫ باستاني‬- ‫ كهنه‬- ‫عتيقه‬ - antiquarian: person interested in collection, sale, and study of antiques, especially old rare books.
decorate ‫ زينت دادن‬- ‫پيراستن‬ - bedeck: decorate.
expel ‫ منفصل كردن‬- ‫بيرون انداختن‬ - dispel: expel; eliminate.
abolish ‫ منسوخ كردن‬- ‫ از ميان بردن‬- ‫برانداختن‬ - eliminate: abolish; eradicate.
eradicate ‫ از بين بردن‬- ‫ريشه‌كن كردن‬
demolish ‫ خراب كردن‬- ‫ويران كردن‬ - gut: destroy; demolish.
theorize ‫ فرضيه به وجود آوردن‬- ‫استدلل نظري كردن‬ - hypothesize: propose; theorize.
insist ‫اصرار ورزيدن‬ - importunate: person insisting on his demands.
disregard ‫ اعتنا نكردن‬- ‫ناديده گرفتن‬ - licentious: disregarding the rules of behaviour.
greed ‫ طمع‬- ‫حرص‬ - lust: greed; desire; passion.
insult ‫ خوار كردن‬- ‫بي احترامي كردن به‬ - outrage: offend; insult.
offend ‫ رنجاندن‬- ‫تخطي كردن‬ - outrage: offend; insult.
harm ‫ ضرر‬- ‫ صدمه‬- ‫آسيب‬ - persecute: abuse; harm; oppress.
oppress ‫ تعدي كردن‬- ‫ ستم كردن بر‬- ‫ذليل كردن‬
celebrated ‫ جشن گرفتن‬- ‫ تقديس كردن‬- ‫تجليل كردن‬ - prominent: famous; renowned; celebrated.
memorial ‫ لوحه يادبود‬- ‫ يادبود‬- ‫يادگر‬ - shrine: memorial; statue.
statue ‫ پيكره‬- ‫تنديس‬
betrayal ‫ افشاء سر‬- ‫خيانت‬ - treachery: disloyalty; betrayal.
baseless ‫ بي ماخذ‬- ‫بي اساس‬
illogical ‫غيرمنطقي‬ - unfounded: baseless; illogical.
wilful ‫ مايل‬- ‫ مشتاق‬- ‫خودسر‬ - wanton: cruel; wilful; wild.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 60

 UNIT 19
poetry ‫ فن شاعري‬- ‫ شعر‬- ‫جامه سرايي‬ - poetry is a record of experience told in words that are as intense and beautiful as possible.
intense ‫ مشتاقانه‬- ‫قوي‬
verse ‫ به نظم آوردن‬- ‫ شعر‬- ‫نظم‬ - most poetry is written in a form which we call verse.
factual ‫ حقيقت امري‬- ‫واقعي‬ - the language of poetry is directly the opposite of the factual and down-to-earth language of textbooks.
down-to-earth ‫ واقعي‬- ‫ حقيقي‬- ‫ عملي‬- ‫واقع بين‬
textbook ‫ رساله‬- ‫كتاب درسي‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 61

 prose ‫نثر‬ - and the form of most poetry is the opposite of that of prose, such as used in novels and short stories.
perception ‫ ادراك‬- ‫ دريافت‬- ‫درك‬ - to some people, "poetry is something secret and pure, some magical perception lighting up the
playful ‫ سرزنده و شوخ‬- ‫ تفريح و بازي‬- ‫سربهوا‬ mind for a moment, like reflections in the water, playful and fugitive.
fugitive ‫ فراري‬- ‫ بي دوام‬- ‫ فاني‬- ‫زودگذر‬
catch ‫ گرفتن‬- ‫ بدست آوردن‬- ‫جلب كردن‬ - your true poet catches the charm of something or anything, dropping the thing itself.
drop ‫ انداختن‬- ‫رها كردن‬
definite ‫ قطعي‬- ‫معين‬ - there is nothing fixed or definite in the way poetry works.
mount ‫ بال رفتن‬- ‫صعود كردن‬ - it often mounts, as Emerson put it, "by the stairway of surprise."
put ‫تعبير كردن‬
stairway ‫ راهرو پله‬- ‫پلكان‬
humour ‫ مزاح‬- ‫شوخي‬ - there is nothing in human experience that the poet may not touch, city or country, love or death,
despondency ‫ حزن‬- ‫ دلسردي‬- ‫غم‬ nature, history, humour, despondency, travel, reading, warfare, friendship, reform.
warfare ‫ جنگ‬- ‫ ستيز‬- ‫جنگاوري‬
reform ‫ بازساخت‬- ‫بهسازي‬
horror ‫ بيزاري‬- ‫ ترس‬- ‫دهشت‬ - the poet may describe the horrors of war and the gaping wound in a dying youth.
gap ‫ اختلف زياد‬- ‫ رخنه‬- ‫شكاف‬
gaping wound ‫زخم عظيم‬
commonplace ‫ معمولي‬- ‫پيش پا افتاده‬ - in all of their works poets found new meanings in commonplace human activities and experience.
fable ‫ حكايت اخلقي‬- ‫ داستان‬- ‫افسانه‬
quarrel ‫ دعوا‬- ‫ اختلف‬- ‫ستيزه‬ - the mountain and the squirrel, had a quarrel, and the former called the latter "little prig"
prig ‫ آدم خودنما‬- ‫ ميخ كوچك‬- ‫شخص منفور‬
bun ‫ دم خرگوش‬- ‫يكجور كلوچه‬ - bun replied, "you are doubtless very big; but all sorts of things and weather, must be taken in
sphere ‫ احاطه كردن‬- ‫ دايره‬- ‫ گردون‬- ‫فلك‬ together, to make up a year, and a sphere.
disgrace ‫ سيه رويي‬- ‫ رسوايي‬- ‫خفت‬ - and I think it no disgrace, to occupy my place. If I'm not so large as you, you are not so small as I,
occupy ‫اشغال كردن‬ and not half so spry.
spry ‫ زرنگ‬- ‫ چالك‬- ‫چابك‬
deny ‫ حاشا كردن‬- ‫رد كردن‬ - I'll not deny you make a very pretty squirrel track; talents differ; all is well and wisely put; if I cannot
track ‫ مسير‬- ‫ (راه‬- ‫ باريكه‬- ‫ شيار‬- ‫(پيگردي كردن‬ carry forests on my back, neither can you crack a nut.
crack ‫ (شكستن‬- ‫ شكاف برداشتن‬- ‫)تركيدن‬
nut ‫ (پسته‬- ‫)آجيل‬
loud ‫ رسا‬- ‫ پرجلوه‬- ‫پرصدا‬ - the loud love of peace makes one quiver more than may any battle-cry.
quiver ‫ ارتعاش‬- ‫لرزيدن‬
battle-cry ‫فرياد جنگ‬

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 vile ‫ پست‬- ‫شرم آور‬ - why should one love peace? It is so obviously vile to make war.
propaganda ‫ تبليغ‬- ‫تبليغات‬ - loud peace propaganda makes war seem imminent.
imminent ‫ حتمي‬- ‫قريب الوقوع‬
self-assertion ‫ خودپسندي‬- ‫ خود را جلو اندازي‬- ‫خود بيانگري‬ - it is a form of war, even, self-assertion and being wise for other people.
impose ‫تحميل كردن‬ - some governments impose the war on people.
confidently ‫به طور مطمئن‬ - expressing one's views confidently: self-assertion
dread ‫ وحشت‬- ‫ترس‬ - Nor dread nor hope attend, a dying animal; a man awaits his end dreading and hoping all; many
attend ‫ حضور داشتن (در‬- ‫)توجه كردن‬ times he died, many times rose again …
dying ‫ نزار‬- ‫مردني‬
await ‫ در كمين نشستن‬- ‫منتظر بودن‬
bough ‫شاخه‬ - I never saw a wild thing sorry for itself. A small bird will drop frozen dead from a bough without ever
lineage ‫ (دودمان‬- ‫)سطربندي‬ having felt sorry for itself.
plow ‫ شخم زدن‬- ‫ گاوآهن‬- ‫خيش‬ - my grandmothers were strong. They followed plows and bent to toil. They moved through fields
toil ‫ زحمت كشيدن‬- ‫ رنج‬- ‫محنت‬ sowing seed. They touched earth and grain grew.
sowing ‫ كشت و زرع كردن‬- ‫كاشتن‬
field ‫ كشتزار‬- ‫ صحرا‬- ‫زمين‬
seed ‫ كاشتن‬- ‫ تخم‬- ‫بذر‬
grain ‫دانه‬
sturdy (sturdiness) ‫ ستبر‬- ‫ قوي‬- ‫تنومند‬ - they were full of sturdiness and singing.
clay ‫ گل‬- ‫خاك رس‬ - smelling of soap and onions and wet clay, with veins rolling roughly over quick hands, they have
vein ‫ وريد‬- ‫سياهرگ‬ many clean words to say. My grandmothers were strong, why am I not as they?
clean words ‫حرف هاي شيرين و پاك‬
good old days ‫روزهاي شيرين گذشته‬
strawberry ‫توت فرنگي‬ - there were never strawberries, like the ones we had, that sultry afternoon, sitting on the step of the
sultry ‫ شرجي‬- ‫خيلي گرم و مرطوب‬ open french window, facing eachother, your knees held in mine,
glisten ‫ برق زدن‬- ‫درخشيدن‬ - the blue plates in our laps, the strawberries glistening, in the hot sunlight, we dipped them in sugar,
dip ‫ فرو بردن‬- ‫غوطه دادن‬ looking at eachother.
fond ‫ علقمند‬- ‫ شيفته‬- ‫مشتاق‬ - as a fond mother, when the day is o'er, leads by the hand her little child to bed, half willing, half
o'er = over ‫به اتمام رسيدن‬ reluctant to be led, and leave his broken playthings on the floor, still gazing at them through the open
willing ‫ خواهان‬- ‫ راغب‬- ‫راضي‬ door, nor wholly reassured and comforted by promises of others in their stead, which, though more
reluctant ‫بي ميل‬ splendid, may not please him more;
plaything ‫ بازيچه‬- ‫اسباب بازي‬
gaze ‫ چشم دوختن‬- ‫خيره نگاه كردن‬

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 wholly ‫ به طور كامل‬- ً ‫كامل‬
reassure ‫ دوباره قوت قلب دادن‬- ‫دوباره اطمينان كردن‬
stead ‫ جا‬- ‫مكان‬
splendid ‫ با جلل‬- ‫با شكوه‬
deal ‫ معامله كردن‬- ‫سروكار داشتن‬ - so nature deals with us, and takes away our playthings one by one, and by the hand leads us
scarce ‫ كمياب‬- ‫نادر‬ to rest so gently, that we go scarce knowing if we wish to go or stay, being too full of sleep to
transcend ‫ سبقت جستن‬- ‫برتري يافتن‬ understand how far the unknown tanscends the what we know.
worship ‫ پرستش كردن‬- ‫ستايش‬ - the poet worships the nature.
surround ‫ فرا گرفتن‬- ‫احاطه‬ - the nature helps us to understand our surroundings.
love's coming ‫عشق مي رسد‬
rosebud ‫غنچه گل سرخ‬ - quietly as rosebuds, talk to thin air, love came so lightly, I knew not he was there.
thin air ‫هواي لطيف‬
creep ‫ مور مور شدن‬- ‫خزيدن‬ - quietly as lovers, creep at the middle noon, softly as players tremble, in the tears of a tune;
tune ‫ نوا‬- ‫ آواز‬- ‫آهنگ‬
player ‫نوازنده‬
lily ‫ زنبق‬- ‫سوسن سفيد‬ - quietly as lilies, their faint vows declare, came the shy pilgrim; I knew not he was there.
faint ‫ ضعف كردن‬- ‫ غش كردن‬- ‫ كم نور‬- ‫ضعيف‬
vow ‫ نذر‬- ‫ پيمان‬- ‫عهد‬
declare ‫ گفتن‬- ‫اظهار داشتن‬
pilgrim ‫ مهاجر‬- ‫ زائر‬- ‫مسافر‬
shy ‫ خجالتي‬- ‫شرمسار‬
grief ‫ حزن‬- ‫ غصه‬- ‫ اندوه‬- ‫غم‬ - quietly as tears fall, on a warm sin, softly as griefs call, in a violin;
hail ‫تگرگ‬ - without hail or tempest. Blue sword or flame, love came so lightly, I know not that he came.
tempest ‫ تندباد‬- ‫توفان‬
sword ‫شمشير‬
devotion ‫ جانسپار‬- ‫ هواخواهي‬- ‫وقف‬
blow ‫ تركيدن‬- ‫ وزيدن‬- ‫دميدن‬ - a death blow is life blow to some who till they died, did not alive become. Who had they lived,
vitality ‫ قدرت حياتي‬- ‫انرژي و زنده دلي‬ had died but when they died, vitality begun.
eternity ‫ جاوداني‬- ‫ابديت‬ - the poet believes in eternity.
nest ‫ لنه‬- ‫آشيانه‬ - my heart is like a singing bird, whose nest is in a watered shoot; my heart is like an apple-tree,
shoot ‫ جوانه زدن‬- ‫رويش شاخه‬ whose boughs are bent with thickest fruit; my heart is like a rainbow shell, that paddles in a halcyon
shell ‫ قشر‬- ‫ پوست‬- ‫صدف‬ sea; my heart is gladder than all these, because my love is come to me.
rainbow ‫رنگين كمان‬

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 paddle ‫ حركت كردن در ميان آب‬- ‫دست و پا زدن‬
halcyon ‫ ايام خوش گذشته‬- ‫روز آرام‬
raise ‫ بال بردن‬- ‫برپا كردن‬ - raise me a dais of sild and down; hand it with vair and purple dyes; carve it in doves and
dais ‫سكوي مخصوص جلوس افراد برجسته‬ pomegranates, and peacocks with a hundred eyes; work it in gold and silver grapes, in leaves and
silk ‫ابريشم‬ silver fleurs-de-lys; because the birthday of my life is come, my love is come to me.
down ‫ (پر‬- ‫ كرك صورت پايين‬- ‫)كرك‬
vair ‫خز‬
dyes ‫ رنگ‬- ‫رنگ كردن‬
carve ‫ كنده كاري كردن‬- ‫ تراشيدن‬- ‫حك كردن‬
dove ‫ فاخته‬- ‫قمري‬
pomegranate ‫ درخت انار‬- ‫انار‬
peacock ‫طاوس‬
grape ‫انگور‬
fleurs-de-lys (lily) ‫گل زنبق‬
abstract ‫ غيرعملي‬- ‫خيالي‬ - the feeling of love is subjective and abstract.
subjective ‫ ذهني‬- ‫دروني‬

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 UNIT 20
portable ‫ سبك‬- ‫ قابل انتقال‬- ‫قابل حمل‬ - for those cold-season footbal and ice-hockey games and fishing trips, here is hotton, a portable
cushion ‫ بالش‬- ‫متكا‬ cushion stuffed with heat-storing silicon rubber.
stuff ‫ جنس‬- ‫ كال‬- ‫ چپاندن‬- ‫پر كردن‬
heat-storing ‫ذخيره كننده گرما‬
silicon ‫سيليكون‬ - powered for 30-40 minutes by a car cigarette lighter, it will maintain a surface temperature of 40 C
power ‫ نيرومند كردن‬- ‫نيرو بخشيدن‬ for five hours.
thermostat ‫دستگاه تنظيم گرما‬ - priced from $92, it includes a thermostat and fuse for safety.
fuse ‫ فتيله گذاشتن در‬- ‫فيوز‬
baby duty ‫بچه داري‬
respondent ‫جوابگو‬ - in the U.S., 85.9% of respondents agreed that "one doesn’t necessarily have to have children just
survey ‫بررسي كردن‬ because one gets married."
reveal ‫اشكار كردن‬ - however, a 1991 survey by the magazine of 1,233 japanese revealed that 63% believe government
useless ‫بي فايده‬ efforts to raise the birth rate are "useless." something's got to change.
something's got to change ‫بايد چاره ديگر انديشيد‬
watch it ‫مواظب باشيد‬
court ‫دادگاه‬ the courts recently ruled that Hitachi was within its rights to fire a worker who refused overtime.
rule ‫حكم كردن‬
fire ‫بيرون كردن‬
overtime ‫اضافه كار‬
repercussion ‫ پس‌زني‬-‫ برگشت‬-‫ دفع‬-‫ واكنش‬-‫عكس العمل‬ - worried about the possible repercussions on the company's reputation, however, Hitachi is setting
possible‫شركت‬ ‫برشهرت‬on‫اقدام‬
repercussion the ‫بازتاب‌هاي سوء احتمالي اين‬ up dorms with private rooms, improving work conditions, and cutting back on working hours.
company's reputation
set up ‫نصب كردن‬
dorm ‫خوابگاه‬
cut back ‫تقليل دادن‬
doctorate ‫درجه دكتري‬ - Hitachi employs 880 people with doctorates and in an effort to hold on to them, in rushing to
rush ‫كاري را با اشتياق و عجله انجام دادن‬ change its image.
presentation ‫ ارائه‬- ‫نمايش‬
vote ‫ راي دادن‬- ‫راي‬
sky-high ‫ (سير صعودي‬- ‫)خيلي بال در آسمان‬ - land prices sky-high
property ‫ مال‬- ‫دارايي‬ - the most expensive commercial property in the world, in Tokyo's Ginza district, was estimated at

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 66

 district ‫ ناحيه‬- ‫بخش‬ $2.8 million per square meter.
estimate ‫برآورد‬
square meter ‫مترمربع‬
residential ‫ قابل سكني‬- ‫مسكوني‬ - the most expensive residential square meter, located in Tokyo's Chiyoda Ward, carried a price tag
price tag ‫برچسب قيمت كال‬ of $910,000 down 1.6% from last year.
slight ‫ كم‬- ‫اندك‬ - the decrease, however, is only a slight dip in the context of a dramatic rise in land prices since
dip ‫ فرورفتگي‬- ‫پايين آمدن‬ the early 1980s.
context ‫ ديرينه‬- ‫ سابقه‬- ‫ مفاد‬- ‫زمينه‬
dramatic rise ‫ صعود مهيج‬- ‫صعود نمايشي‬
financial daily ‫روزنامه مالي‬ - a financial daily, calculates that in both Tokyo and Osaka, land prices have risen about 250% .
downward ‫ رو به پايين‬- ‫پايين‬ - the word dip in the second paragraph should mean downward movement.
culture gap ‫خلء فرهنگي‬
progress ‫پيشرفت‬ - a survey of 70 managers at 29 japanese companies in the U.S. and 14 U.S. companies in Japan
‫جهاني‬and
global industrial ‫صنايع‬ ‫موسسه تحقيق پيشرفت اجتماعي و‬
social by MITI's Global Industrial and Social Progress Research Institute yielded some choice comments.
progress research institute
secretive ‫مرموز‬ - U.S. managers think that the Japanese are always secretive , and keep everything to themselves.
talk over ‫مورد بحث و مذاكره مجدد قرار دادن‬ - and Japanese managers commented that whenever they are just getting ready to talk something
pick up ‫وسايلشان را جمع مي‌كنند‬ over, 5 o'clock comes and the americans all pick up and go home.
choice comments ‫نظرات خيلي مهم‬
negotiate ‫ مذاكره كردن‬- ‫گفتگو كردن‬
murmur ‫ سخن نرم‬- ‫زمزمه‬ - "poor dear," she murmured, "you must be starving. How about a juicy steak, baked potato, salad
juicy ‫ (پرچربي‬- ‫ براني‬- ‫)آبدار‬ and some apple pie?"
steak ‫كباب‬
baked potato ‫سيب زميني پخته‬
apple pie ‫ مرباي سيب‬- ‫كلوچه سيب‬
oversea ‫آنطرف دريا‬ - after 46 years of marriage, my husband and I were separated when he had to go overseas for 6 weeks
touched me deeply ‫عميقا ً در من اثر گذاشت‬ - in his first letter home, he wrote: "I miss you like my right arm." thjis touched me deeply -- until I
left handed ‫چپ دست‬ remembered several hours later that he is left handed.
agent ‫ مامور‬- ‫ وكيل‬- ‫نماينده‬ - an agent arranged and audition with a producer for his client, a talking dog who told jokes and sang
arrange ‫ترتيب دادن‬ songs.
audition ‫آزمايش هنرپيشه‬
amaze ‫ مبهوت كردن‬- ‫متحير ساختن‬ - the amazed producer was about to sign a contract when suddenly a larger dog burst into the room,
burst ‫ قطع كردن‬- ‫از هم پاشيدن‬ grabbed the talking hound by the neck and bounded out.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 67

 grab ‫قاپيدن‬
hound ‫ سگ تازي‬- ‫سگ شكاري‬
bound ‫جهيدن‬
tense ‫ سخت‬- ‫ سفت‬- ‫شديد‬ - dramatic: tense; striking.
strike ‫ برخورد‬- ‫ ضربه زدن‬- ‫زدن‬
outcome ‫ سرانجام‬- ‫ عاقبت‬- ‫ حاصل‬- ‫نتيجه‬ - repercussion: outcome; backlash; impact.
backlash ‫واكنش شديد‬
impact ‫ ضربه‬- ‫زير فشار قرار دادن‬
standing ‫ معتبر‬- ‫ دوام شهرت‬- ‫اعتبار‬ - reputation: standing; position; prestige.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 68

 UNIT 21
enthusiasm ‫ شور و ذوق‬- ‫ اشتياق‬- ‫جديت‬ - morale means state of confidence, enthusiasm, determination, etc.
determination ‫ اراده‬- ‫ تصميم‬- ‫عزم‬
carrot ‫هويج‬ - money is the great motivation, the carrot that makes the donkey go, the grain that waits at the end
donkey ‫ خر‬- ‫الغ‬ of the maze.
maze ‫جاي پر پيچ و خم‬
productivity ‫سودمندي‬ - if you want increased productivity from your employees, give them a raise.
employee ‫ كارمند‬- ‫كارگر‬
the man in the street ‫آدم عادي در كوچه و بازار‬ - the man in the street nods approvingly at this bit of folk wisdom, and management, which should
nod ‫تكان سر به علمت توافق‬ know better, nods just as approvingly.
approving ‫ تصويب كردن‬- ‫موافقت كردن‬
folk ‫ گروه‬- ‫ قوم‬- ‫مردم‬
this bit of folk wisdom ‫اين نكته عاقلنه مردمي‬
contradict ‫ رد كردن‬- ‫تناقض داشتن با‬ - there is yet another bit of wisdom that directly contradicts the first maxim, but when the donkey
maxim ‫ گفته اخلقي‬- ‫ مثل‬- ‫پند‬ and the carrot are trotted out, it remains forgotten.
trot ‫ (پيش كشيدن‬- ‫ يورتمه رفتن‬- ‫) يورتمه‬
‫نيست‬
man does not live by bread alone ‫زندگي انسان تنها وابسته به غذا‬ - no one remembers that a wise man once said, "man does not live by bread alone." and, in spite of
in spite of ‫ علي‌رغم‬- ‫با وجود‬ all the donkeys that plod after their carrots, in spite of all the rats that learn to pick their ways
plod ‫ با زحمت كاري را انجام دادن‬- ‫زحمت كشيدن‬ through elaborate mazes, it remains the more dependable statement, the one that is borne out by
rat ‫موش صحرايي‬ observation and experience.
dependable ‫ مورد اعتماد‬- ‫قابل اطمينان‬
dependable statemnt ‫سخن معتبر‬
borne out ‫زاده شده‬
observation ‫ ملحظه‬- ‫مشاهده‬
adhere ‫ متفق بودن‬- ‫توافق داشتن‬ - many in industry continue to adhere to the belief that an increase in wages motivates the worker
wage ‫ اجرت‬- ‫ مزد‬- ‫دستمزد‬ to increase his output, which in turn leads to higher wages that further motivate the worker and so on.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 69

 output ‫ خروجي‬- ‫ بازده‬- ‫توليد‬
which in turn ‫كه به نوبه خود‬
and so on ‫و همينطور ادامه مي‌يابد‬
concept ‫ تصور كلي‬- ‫ فكر‬- ‫عقيده‬ - yet, although this concept of what motivates man does not fit reality, industry does not question
rationality ‫ درستي‬- ‫ خردپذيري‬- ‫عقلنيت‬ the rathionality of the concept. That, to them, is self-evident.
self-evident ‫ خود آشكار‬- ‫بديهي‬
accord ‫ هماهنگي‬- ‫ وفق دادن‬- ‫جور كردن‬ - if the results are not in accord with theory, then it must be the worker who is at fault, either
immoral ‫ بد سيرت‬- ‫ فاسد‬- ‫هرزه‬ because he is immoral or irrational.
irrational ‫ مبهم‬- ‫ گنگ‬- ‫ غيرعقلني‬- ‫نامعقول‬
bring in ‫ آوردن‬- ‫وارد كردن‬ - so the experts then are brought in to solve the problem. They study the worker and fiand that he
inadequacy ‫ نارسايي‬- ‫ نامناسبي‬- ‫بي كفايتي‬ has "feelings" of inadequacy, insecurity, inferior status, and the like.
insecurity ‫ تزلزل‬- ‫ناامني‬
inferior ‫ درجه دوم‬- ‫ نامرغوب‬- ‫پست‬
and the like ‫و مانند آن‬
big picture ‫تصوير بزرگ‬ - he does not understand the big picture, his job, his boss, or himself.
scrutiny ‫ موشكافي‬- ‫ تحقيق‬- ‫ رسيدگي‬- ‫بررسي‬ - the boss comes under scrutiny as well. Obviously, he does not communicate properly with the
or else ‫ وال‬- ‫وگرنه‬ worker, or else the worker would understand his boss and his job.
probe ‫ تحقيق‬- ‫ كاوش‬- ‫جستجو‬ - the end result of the probing is that nobody understood anybody. Called in originally to cure
originally ‫در اصل‬ irrationality, the experts end up saying that man is incurably irrational, and the best that can be done
cure ‫ (حل كردن‬- ‫)شفا دادن‬ is to fit "irrational" man as closely as possible into the "rational" system.
irrationality ‫نامعقولي‬
incurably ‫به طور علج ناپذير‬
rational ‫ عقلي‬- ‫ معقول‬- ‫عقلني‬
call in ‫ تو خواندني‬- ‫ تو خواني‬- ‫فراخواندن‬
process ‫ جريان‬- ‫ روند‬- ‫فرآيند‬ - this fitting of man into the system is achieved by a process often called job "rationalization" which
rationalization ‫ دليل تراشي‬- ‫عقلني كردن‬ involves having jobs reduced to their simplest components by industrial engineer, and level task.
job rationalization ‫عقلنيت شغلي‬
which involves ‫كه مستلزم‬
reduce ‫ كم كردن‬- ‫ كاستن‬- ‫ كاهش يافتن‬- ‫تبديل‬
level task ‫سطح مسئوليت‬
sterile ‫ بي بار‬- ‫ بي حاصل‬- ‫نازا‬ - when these sterile tasks cause dissatisfaction in the workers, the behavioral scientists are brought
behavioral ‫ سلوكي‬- ‫رفتاري‬ in. after careful study, they conclude that the worker in fact does not get any satisfaction from his
conclude ‫ استنتاج كردن‬- ‫نتيجه گرفتن‬ tasks and advise that the worker should be given a sense of achievement, but do not go so far as

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 a sense of achievement ‫يك حس موفقيت‬ to infringe upon the domain of the industrial engineers by suggesting that jobs should be designed
so far as ‫ تا آن اندازه كه‬- ‫تا آنجا كه‬ to fulfil man's need for achievement.
infringe ‫ تجاوز كردن از‬- ‫تخلف كردن از‬
achievement ‫ كار بزرگ‬- ‫ پيروزي‬- ‫دست يابي‬
domain ‫ قلمرو‬- ‫حوزه‬
fulfil ‫ تمام كردن‬- ‫تكميل كردن‬
dampen ‫ خفه شدن‬- ‫تعديل كردن‬ - to dampen the frustrations of the workers, human relation counsellors are listening to their complaints
counsellor ‫مشاور‬
complaint ‫ دادخواهي‬- ‫شكايت‬
counsel ‫ رايزني‬- ‫ مشاوره‬- ‫اندرز‬ - but much of the counselling amounts to little more than telling the employee how well the system
for ‫بجاي‬ would function if he stopped being irrational and allowed his "rational" motivation for money to express
little more than ‫چيزي بيش از اين نيست‬ itself.
express itself ‫ابزار وجود كردن‬
interference ‫ مداخله‬- ‫تداخل‬ - the end result of the interference by the production-prodders hired by industry is the dissipation
production ‫ توليد‬- ‫فرآوري‬ of some very real human potential -- all because of ignorance or misunderstanding of human nature
prodder ‫ترغيب كننده‬ and the basis of human motivation.
dissipation ‫ هدر دادن‬- ‫اتلف‬
ignorance ‫ جهل‬- ‫ بي خبري‬- ‫ناداني‬
misunderstanding ‫سوء تفاهم‬
prevailing ‫ غالب‬- ‫متداول‬ - when the worker fails to respond to the prevailing system of money motivation, he is called
money motivation ‫انگيزه پولي‬ irrational and "unmotivated." paradoxically, the executive who already has the money he really needs,
unmotivated ‫غيرمنطقي‬ and continues to work a 12-, 14- or even 16-hour day, is called "motivated." in neither case does
paradoxically ‫ در ظاهر مهمل و در واقع درست‬-ً‫متناقضا‬ the myth of money motivation explain satisfactorily why the men act the way they do.
executive ‫ مجري‬- ‫مدير‬
subsistence ‫ حق معاش‬- ‫امرار معاش‬ - money is not a great motivator unless, perhaps, workers are kept below the subsistence level so
spur ‫ برانگيختن‬- ‫ باعث شدن‬- ‫تحريك كردن‬ they must work harder to eat more. To say that man can be spurred to heights of achievement by
conditioned ‫ مشروط‬- ‫شرطي‬ the promise of food puts him in the category of Pavlov's conditioned dog.
theorist ‫نظريه پرداز‬ - such a belief, while it may not bother some theorists, just is not true bother some theorists, just is
reward ‫ پاداش‬- ‫ اجر دادن‬- ‫پاداش دادن‬ not ture.
demonstrate ‫ شرح دادن‬- ‫ نشان دادن‬- ‫ثابت كردن‬ - of course, as Pavlov demonstrated, there are ways to evoke a response without actually having
evoke ‫ برگرداندن‬- ‫ فراخواندن‬- ‫احضار كردن‬ to present the reward. Instead of stimulus-reward, you can have stimulus-response.
stimulus-response ‫محرك پاسخ‬
stimulus-reward ‫محرك پاداش‬

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 innate ‫ غريزي‬- ‫ ذاتي‬- ‫فطري‬ - no external stimulus is needed, because it comes from man's innate need for self-realization, from
realization ‫ فهم‬- ‫ درك‬- ‫ادراك‬ his need to fulfil his potential as a person.
self-realization ‫درك نفس‬
craving ‫ ويار‬- ‫هوس‬ - and this need is just as real as his need for food. Just as a desire for food will not be satisfied by a
crave ‫ اشتياق داشتن‬- ‫ طلبيدن‬- ‫آرزو كردن‬ book, neither will his craving for accomplishment be sated by a piece of apple pie.
accomplishment‫ فضيلت‬- ‫ كمال هنر‬- ‫ پيشرفت‬- ‫ اجرا‬- ‫انجام‬
sate ‫ سير كردن‬- ‫ فرونشاندن‬- ‫راضي كردن‬
incentive ‫ مشوق‬- ‫ محرك‬- ‫انگيزه‬ - motivation: incentive; drive.
drive ‫تحريك كردن‬
objection ‫ اعتراض‬- ‫ايراد‬ - complaint: objection; protest.
protest ‫ شكايت‬- ‫اعتراض‬
execute ‫اجرا كردن‬ - a person having authority in an organization: execute.
accustom ‫ آشنا كردن‬- ‫عادت دادن‬ - condition: to adapt; to accustom to.
possessed naturally ‫مالكيت طبيعي‬ - innate: inherent: possessed naturally.
inherent ‫ اصلي‬- ‫ذاتي‬
contribution ‫ خدمت‬- ‫ كمك‬- ‫ اعانه‬- ‫سهم‬ - the greatest contribution of psychology has been in determining the content of man's physical needs.
psychology ‫ معرفت نفس‬- ‫علم روانشناسي‬
determining ‫تعيين‬
content ‫ گنجايش‬- ‫ حجم‬- ‫مقدار‬
growth ‫ نمود‬- ‫ پيشرفت‬- ‫ ترقي‬- ‫رشد‬ - the external effects and characteristics of psychology growth of self-realization are being
individuality ‫ ويژگي فردي‬- ‫ فرديت‬- ‫شخصيت‬ increasingly studied, and some of the known characteristics are: learning, discovering new relationship
creativity ‫خلقيت‬ between events, greater individuality through development of innate potentialities and creativity.
solely ً ‫ منحصرا‬- ‫فقط‬ - there were some individuals who reported receiving job satisfaction solely from hygiene factors.
hygiene seekers ‫ هواخواهان بهداشت‬- ‫جويندگان بهداشت‬ - these hygiene seekers, who are motivated to seek only relief of dissatisfaction have not reached the
relief of dissatisfaction ‫رهايي از نارضايتي‬ stage of personal development in which the need for self-realization is active. In other words, hygiene
avoidance ‫ اجتناب‬- ‫ پرهيز‬- ‫كناره گيري‬ seekers, seek happiness by avoidance behaviour and are fixated at a low level of maturity.
fixate ‫ متمركز كردن‬- ‫ محكم كردن‬- ‫تثبيت كردن‬
maturity ‫ كمال‬- ‫بلوغ‬
dissipate ‫هدر دادن‬ - dissipate: to cause to lose; waste.
labyrinth ‫ ماز‬- ‫پلكان مارپيچ‬ - maze: a confusing network of walled pathways; labyrinth.
conduct ‫ كردار‬- ‫رفتار‬ - maxim: principle or rule of conduct; saying.
saying ‫ حكمت‬- ‫ پند‬- ‫حديث‬
investigate ‫ تحقيق كردن‬- ‫رسيدگي كردن‬ - probe: to examine; investigate.

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 rouse ‫ حركت دادن‬- ‫به هيجان در اوردن‬ - prod: to rouse; to action.
action ‫ عمل‬- ‫ حركت‬- ‫جنبش‬
incite ‫ تحريك كردن‬- ‫انگيختن‬ - spur: to incite; prompt.
prompt ‫ عاجل‬- ‫ سريع‬- ‫برانگيختن‬
subsist ‫ گذران كردن‬- ‫زيست كردن‬ - subsist: to exist; to maintain life.

UNIT 22
joke writer ‫فكاهي نويس‬ - as a joke writer for Bob Hope for 20 years, Gene Perret had taken hundreds of flights.
steward ‫ميهماندار هواپيما‬ - so he was only half listening when the air steward began reciting safety instructions.
reciting ‫ با صداي موزون خواندن‬- ‫از بر خواندن‬
safety instructions ‫دستورات امنيتي‬
prick ‫ تحريك كردن‬- ‫به حركت واداشتن‬ - suddenly Perret's ears pricked up. "there may be 50 ways to leave your lover," the steward said,
aeroplane (airplane) ‫هواپيما‬ "but there are only five ways to leave this earoplane."
upright ‫ عمودي‬- ‫ قائم‬- ‫راست‬ - and then: "please return your seat to its upright and motst uncomfortable position. Later you may
lean ‫ تكيه كردن‬- ‫تكيه زدن‬ lean back and break the knees of the passenger behind you."
grab ‫ قاپيدن‬- ‫ربودن‬ - Perret uses this story to make a serious point: humour can grab someone's attention and get a
get a message across ‫پيغامي را برساند‬ message acros. Some people can't tell a joke to save their lives."
humour ‫ شوخي‬- ‫خلق‬
trick ‫ فوت و فن‬- ‫ نيرنگ‬- ‫حيله‬ - the secret is developing your own style, learning a few tricks and taking the time to practise.
comedy collection ‫مجموعه كمدي‬ - the first step Perret recommends is building a "comedy collection." Jot down 25 jokes, asides or
jot down ‫با شتاب نوشتن‬ stories that you find funny.
aside ‫ (شوخي‬- ‫ تنها‬- ‫) جداگانه‬
one-liner ‫ لطيفه‬- ‫بذله‬ - then work out whether you are better with stories or one-liners. Don’t try to be what you're not.
pig ‫ گراز‬- ‫خوك‬ - matching people with the wrong material is "like teaching a pig to sing," Perret says. "it not only

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 73

 annoy ‫ رنجاندن‬- ‫دلخور كردن‬ wastes your time, it annoys the pig."
recite ‫از بر خواندن‬ - he tells a story about helping his little daughter prepare to recite a poem at kindergarten.
deprecate ‫ قبيح دانستن‬- ‫بد دانستن‬ - when he offered to write one for her, she said, "no, Dad, this is in front of the whole school. I'd
self-deprecating humour ‫شوخي خود نقدي‬ rather it was good." nothing puts people more at ease than self-deprecating humour.
self-depreciation ‫ كوچك شماري خود‬- ‫تحقير نفس‬
comic ‫ مضحك‬- ‫خنده آور‬ - adapt your material to your style. Comic material has to be put into the speaker's own words.
multisyllabic ‫چند هجايي‬ - W. C. Fields loved multisyllabic words and the stilted sentence--"what contemptible scoundrel
stilted ‫با آب و تاب‬ stole the cork from my lunch?" Bob Hope would call the offender by a simpler word, like jerk.
contemptible ‫ قابل تحقير‬- ‫ پست‬- ‫خوار‬
scoundrel ‫ لت‬- ‫رذل‬
steal (stole) ‫ دستبرد زدن‬- ‫دزديدن‬
cork ‫چوب پنبه‬
offender ‫ تخطي كننده‬- ‫متخلف‬
jerk ‫ابله‬
insult ‫ توهين كردن به‬- ‫توهين‬ - be careful with insulting humour. Once at a company function, Perret based a whole routine on a
mid-speech ‫ميانه صحبت‬ copying machine that never worked. In mid-speech, the manager of the department that made the
storm (ed out)‫ (فريادش بلند شد‬- ‫ يورش آوردن‬- ‫)حمله كردن‬ machine, stormed out.
‫آزار ندادن‬
never to cut too close to the bone - ‫بي گدار به آب نزند‬ - it taught Perret never to cut too close to the bone. He now teases audiences only about matters
tease ‫ سر به سر گذاشتن‬- ‫كسي را دست انداختن‬ that they joke about themselves.
jest ‫شوخي كردن‬ - when Bob Hope jests with a president, he doesn’t make foreign policy a target, but the president's
target ‫هدفگيري كردن‬ golf game, or his inability to catch fish.
inability ‫ درماندگي‬- ‫ناتواني‬
catch fish ‫صيد ماهي‬
spot ‫ خال‬- ‫ نقطه‬- ‫ ديدن‬- ‫تشخيص دادن‬ - "you can always spot Gerry Ford on the golf course," Hope once said. "his golf-cart is the one with
golf course ‫زمين گلف‬ the red cross painted on top."
golf-cart ‫چرخ گلف‬
red cross ‫صليب سرخ‬
thumb ‫شست‬ - perret"s rule of thumb on any critical gibe is: when in doubt, leave it out.
rule of thumb ‫ قانون عمومي‬- ‫قانون كلي‬
gibe ‫ سخن طعنه‌آميزگفتن‬- ‫ طنز گفتن‬- ‫دست انداختن‬
open and close ‫شروع و تمام شود‬ - he advises people to forget the idea that a speech should open and close with a joke.
formulaic ‫ (قانونمند‬- ‫) مثل يا وابسته به فرمول‬ - that kind of formulaic speaking could signal insecurity.
signal insecurity ‫ نشانه ناامني‬- ‫نشانه تزلزل‬

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 guffaw ‫ قاه قاه خنديدن‬- ‫قاه قاه‬ - if you still insist on a guffaw before getting into your talk, remember that an opening joke or story
set up ‫ (در بر گرفتن‬- ‫ مقدمه چيني‬- ‫) برپا كردن‬ must have a strong point that will set up the entire speech.
drive home ‫فهماندن‬ - to drive home your messsae, put the joke after it. For instance, …
reinforcement ‫تقويت‬ - one executive told his employees he wanted them to attack their most pressing problems first. the
frog ‫ وزغ‬- ‫قورباغه‬ reinforcement: "as we used to say back home, it you got a frog to swaller, don’t look at it too long."
swaller
swallow ‫ بلعيدن‬- ‫قورت دادن‬
bang ‫ محكم زدن‬- ‫بستن‬ - if you feel you need to end your talk with a joke, make sure you go out with a bang. When a closing
flat ‫ بي مزه‬- ‫ تخت‬- ‫صاف‬ joke falls flat, it is almost impossible to recover.
it's almost impossible to recover ‫جبرانش سخت است‬
comedian ‫ كمدين‬- ‫نويسنده نمايشنامه هاي خنده دار‬ - even the most experienced comedians have to be prepared for an accasional misfire.
occasional ‫اتفاقي‬
misfire ‫عمل نكردن گلوله‬
occasional misfire ‫جواب ندادن اتفاقي‬
pro ‫طرفدار‬ - that's when the pros pull out their life-saver --a line that helps make up for the bomb.
pull out ‫ بيرون آمدن‬- ‫ترك كردن‬
bungle ‫ خراب كردن‬- ‫سرهم بندي كردن‬ - when Bob Hope bungles a line, he sometimes follows it by saying, "my wife told me that story
life saver ‫ (حمايت كننده‬- ‫)نجات غريق‬ would never work. I see you all side with her."
you all side with her ‫شما همه با اون موافقيد‬
hint ‫ ايما‬- ‫تذكر‬ - a few more hints: keep your material short, tell it slowly and, no matter how hilarious they are, don’t
hilarious ‫ مضحك‬- ‫خنده دار‬ laugh at your own jokes while you're telling them.
come across ‫ بر خوردن به‬- ‫مواجه شدن‬ - even experienced joke writers come across interesting jokes unexpectedly.
stewardess ‫) مهماندار هواپيما (زن‬ - the stewardess was attracting the attention of the passengers to something which they would
pre-establish patterns ‫الگوهاي پيش ساخته‬ probably not pay much attention. Humour does not follow pre-established patterns.
grasp ‫ چنگ زدن‬- ‫قاپيدن‬ - grab: grasp; grip; get.
grip ‫ چنگ‬- ‫چنگ زني‬
wit ‫ طبع مزاح‬- ‫بزله گويي‬ - humour: joke; wit.
disgrace ‫ توهين‬- ‫ رسوايي‬- ‫خفت‬ contempt: disgrace; the state of being dishonoured.
dishonour ‫ ننگين كردن‬- ‫ننگ‬
contempt ‫ خفت‬- ‫ اهانت‬- ‫تحقير‬
comical ‫ شگفت انگيز‬- ‫مضحك‬ - hilarious: comical.
half listening ‫كامل ً (به كسي يا چيزي) گوش ندادن‬ - they were half listening to the news, although it was important.
work out ‫برنامه‌ريزي يا فكر كردن درباره چيزي‬ - I've worked out a new way of doing it.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 75

 storm out ‫با عصبانيت حرف زدن‬ - "don’t you know who I am?" she stormed out.
cut too close to the bone ‫آزردن‬ - his comments about her size cut too close to the bone.
to go out with a bang ‫ تاثير گذاشتن‬- ‫جلب توجه كردن‬ - the team won their last four games, going out with a bang.
to fall flat ‫ تاثير نداشتن‬- ‫رد شدن‬ - the joke fell flat.
to side with someone ‫ موافق بودن‬- ‫حمايت كردن‬ - the kids always sided with their mother against me.
idiomatic ‫اصطلحي‬ - define the following idiomatic expressions as used in the mentioned paragraphs.
marital ‫زوجي‬ - no situation in life can be as stressful as marital conflict which seems to have no solution.
conflict ‫ ستيزه‬- ‫كشمكش‬
inevitable ‫ ناگزير‬- ‫اجتناب ناپذير‬ - in particular, you have to learn to find your way through the inevitable and repeated crises of all
repeated ‫ مكرر‬- ‫پي در پي‬ marriages.
crises ‫بحران‬
honeymoon ‫ماه عسل‬ - the first time of change in the relationship is when the honeymoon is over. Then people begin to
realistically ‫ بطور واقع گرايانه‬- ‫بطور واقع بين‬ experience more fully and realistically what it means to share one's life with another person.
recapture ‫ دوباره تسخير كردن‬- ‫پس گرفتن‬ - the couple want to get through the rouhg periods in order to recapture the recent ideal experience
melt into of the honeymoon. Quarrels between young lovers often melt into passionate lovemaking.
passionate ‫ پرحرارت‬- ‫ هوس آلود‬- ‫ احساساتي‬- ‫شهواني‬
lovemaking ‫عشق ورزي‬
idealized ‫ دلخواه سازي‬- ‫صورت خيالي و شاعرانه دادن‬ - loving memories of powerful, idealized love cushion the conflicts of this early period in a marriage.
cushion ‫ ( كم كردن‬- ‫) مستهلك شدن‬
hostility ‫ دشمني‬- ‫ خصومت‬- ‫عداوت‬ - such memories increase, not lessen, the hostility between the couple. But such couples have
mutual ‫ متقابل‬- ‫دو طرفه‬ other resources --friendships, shared activities, mutual interests, joint finances and, of course, children.
mutual interests ‫علئق دو طرفه‬
joint ‫ متصل‬- ‫مشترك‬
joint finances ‫دارايي هاي مشترك‬
reasonable outcome ‫نتيجه منطقي‬ - in this case, the ending of the marriage in some way seems the only reasonable outcome.
spoil ‫ تباهي‬- ‫ فساد‬- ‫غنيمت‬ - bungle: ruin; spoil; mismanage.
mismanage ‫ بدگرداندن‬- ‫بد اداره كردن‬
disapprove ‫ ناپسند شمردن‬- ‫رد كردن‬ - deprecate: criticize; disapprove; condemn.
incline ‫ متمايل كردن‬- ‫ خم كردن‬- ‫كج كردن‬ - lean: to incline the weight of the body so as to be supported.
upward ‫بطرف بال‬ - prick: to point upward.
point ‫ اشاره‬- ‫متوجه ساختن‬
rouge - scoundrel: rogue; villain.
villain ‫ آدم پست‬- ‫ناكس‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 76

 artificially ‫بطور مصنوعي يا ساختگي‬ - stilted: artificially formal.

UNIT 23
it's shame ‫جاي تاسف دارد‬ - you're hopeless, that's a beautiful dress. It's a shame they didn’t have your size.
you're hopeless ‫تو بي دست و پايي‬
sting ‫ نيش زدن‬- ‫ زخم‬- ‫نيش‬ - stinging remarks zap us every day, often when we're least prepared. They seem to be everywehre:
stinging remarks ‫اظهار نظرهاي نيش دار‬ on the road, when rush hour brings out the worst in people; in queues, when everyone's patience is
zap ‫آزار رساندن‬ wearing thin; at work and tat the dinner table, where people feel free to be rude.
rush hours ‫ ساعات پرازدحام‬- ‫ساعات شلوغ‬
queue ‫صف اتوبوس و غيره‬
everyone's patience is wearing thin ‫طاقت همه به پايان مي‌رسد‬
criticism ‫ انتقاد‬- ‫عيب جويي‬ - there are so many styles of criticism that it's impossible to catalogue them all. There are common,

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 77

 catalogue ‫فهرست كردن‬ everyday zaps (congratulations! You've finally done it.) and others so hurtful they leave us dizzy and
there ‫هستند‬ ‫روزمره‬
are common, ‫عادي‬zaps
everyday ‫بعضي از سخنان ريش‌دار مكالمات‬ upset (how do you manage to keep your bust so small?)
hurtful ‫ مضر‬- ‫پرآزار‬
dizzy ‫ گيج شدن‬- ‫گيج‬
bust ‫سينه‬
comment ‫اظهار نظر‬ - there are comments insensitive beyond belief. When a man had plucked up the courage to tell his
insensitive ‫ كرخت‬- ‫ بي حس‬- ‫ بي روح‬- ‫بي عاطفه‬ mother that his wife had left him, his mother snapped, "what took her so long?"
beyond belief ‫ماوراي باورها‬
pluck up ‫ بيرون كشيدن‬- ‫ بُروز دادن‬- ‫دل و جرات‬
‫ با خشونت حكمي را دادن‬- ‫ ناگهاني‬- ‫سخن نيش دار گفتن‬
snap
haven ‫ جاي امن‬- ‫پناهگاه‬ - families are supposed to be havens from the world. But, in fact, relatives say things nevery would
relative ‫خويشاوند‬ outside the family, often with the exuse "you know I wouldn't say this if I didn’t love you."
tender ‫ حساس بودن‬- ‫حساس‬ - one woman remembers standing at the bathroom mirror at the tender age of 12 when her mother
we can have it seen to ‫مي تونيم آنرا نشون دكتر بديم‬ remarked,"Don’t worry, darling. If your nose gets bigger we can have it seen to." untill then, it had
until then ‫تا آن زمان‬ never even occurred to her that her nose was less than perfect.
put-down ‫ تحقير‬- ‫ پست كردن‬- ‫از روي ترحم‬ - my favourite category of put-down is the welldressed insult otherwise known as "constructive
welldressed insult ‫توهين آراسته‬ criticism" (which is anything but.)
insult ‫ خوار كردن‬- ‫توهين‬
otherwise known as ‫ مي نامند‬... ‫به گونه اي ديگر آن را‬
constructive criticism ‫انتقاد سازنده‬
which is anything but ‫) كه هر چيزي هست به جز (انتقاد‬
company ‫همراه كسي رفتن‬ - you can recognize these by the company they keep--usually such phrases as "I hope you don’t
candour ‫ رك گويي‬- ‫خلوص صفا‬ mind if I'm honest" somehow, you're supposed to admire the critic for his candour and appreciate
punch ‫مشت زدن بر‬ his conern, while you try to recover from the punch in the gut.
gut ‫ روده‬- ‫شكم‬
gut ‫ زخم زبان زده‬- ‫مشت كوفته شده بر سينه‬
punch in the‫شده‬
vicious ‫ (خطرناك‬- ‫ نادرست‬- ‫ بدطينت‬- ‫)فاسد‬ - it's easy, when defending yourself from insults, to get caught in a vicious cycle of attack and
counter attack ‫ضدحمله‬ counter attack.
deflect ‫ شكستن‬- ‫منحرف كردن‬
barb ‫ نوك‬- ‫ پيكان‬- ‫خار‬ - fortunately there are ways to deflect the barb--and boost self-esteem. Next time you are the vitim of
boost ‫ ترقي‬- ‫ترقي دادن‬ criticism, try one of these strategies.
self-esteem ‫عزت نفس‬
strategy ‫ تدبير‬- ‫استراتژي‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 78

 behind ‫آنسوي‬ - look behind the insult
unload ‫ خالي كردن‬- ‫تخليه كردن‬ - people who criticize have a lot of hurt to unload. If you can't work out what's really bothering them, ask.
step back ‫خودت رو كنار بكش‬ remember, not every criticism has your name on it. So step back and consider the source.
consider the source ‫به اصل نقد توجه كن‬
single out ‫انتخاب كردن‬ - the waiter isn't singling you out for trouble: his wife dumped him the night before.
dump ‫رها كردن‬
cut up ‫ خراب كردن‬- ‫خرد كردن‬ - the driver who cut you up isn't out to get you: he's rushing to the beside of a sick child.
he's rushing to the beside of a ‫باشد‬ ‫عجله مي‌كند تا كنار بچه بيمارش‬
sick child

let him in ‫ اجازه بدهيد بيايد تو‬- ‫او را پذيرا باشيد‬ - let him in, boost him on his way. When you give people the benefit of the doubt like this, you'll
boost him on his way ‫بيشتر تحويلش بگيريد‬ feel soothed by your grace.
doubt ‫ شك‬- ‫ دودلي‬- ‫نامعلومي‬
soothe ‫ آرام كردن‬- ‫ دلجويي كردن‬- ‫تسكين دادن‬
grace ‫ فيض و بركت‬- ‫ بخشايندگي‬- ‫بخشيدن‬
‫كتاب هنر ظريف دفاع كلمي از خود‬
the gentle art of verbal self-defence - in the Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defence, Suzette Elgin suggests dividing an attack into its parts
unspoken ‫ فاش نشده‬- ‫سربسته‬ and responding to the unspoken assumption--without playing the victim.
assumption ‫ فرض‬- ‫ پنداشت‬- ‫انگاشت‬
victim ‫قرباني‬
bait ‫ طعمه دادن‬- ‫دام‬ - the secret is to examine what was said--and unsaid-- before you get emotionally involved.
critic ‫ منتقد‬- ‫ نگوهشگر‬- ‫نقدگر‬ - face your critic.
stand up to ‫ در مقابل چيزي ايستادن‬- ‫مقابله كردن‬ - it's not easy to stand up to insults.
one trick is to be direct ‫يك راه حل اين كه مقابله مستقيم بكنيد‬ - one trick is to be direct. Defuse the negatvie comment with come-backs such as "is there any
defuse ‫ خنثي كردن‬- ‫بي خطر كردن‬ reason you would want to hurt my feelings?" as an alternative, ask the person to clarify his or her
comeback ‫ دليل قانوني‬- ‫ بهانه‬- ‫ توجيح‬- ‫جواب‬ statement: "what did you mean by that?"
alternative ‫ پيشنهاد متناوب‬- ‫چاره‬
as an alternative ‫راه حل جايگزين آن اينست كه‬
you are on to their game ‫شما حق بازيشون را متوجه شديد‬ - as soon as critics know you are on to their game they will leave you alone. Nothing shames more
being caught in the act ‫مچ كسي را در حال انجام كاري گرفتن‬ than being caught in the act.
material ‫ ماده‬- ‫جنس‬ - someone once said to a friend of mine, "a new skirt? That looks like material you'd use to
upholster ‫ روكشيدن مبل‬- ‫رومبلي زدن‬ upholster a chair." the women replied, "well, come and sit on my lap."
devote ‫ فدا كردن‬- ‫وقف كردن‬ - another woman told me about her mother, who has devoted her life to keeping an immaculate
immaculate ‫ كامل ً تميز و مرتب‬- ‫معصوم‬ house. One day the mother spied a cobweb in hey daughter's kitchen and asked, "what's that"
spy (spied) ‫جاسوسي كردن‬ her daughter quipped, "a nature project." making light of life is one the best weapons against insults.
cobweb ‫تار عنكبوت‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 79

 quip ‫ ايهام گفتن‬- ‫كنايه‬
a nature project ‫نقشه طبيعت‬
making light of life ‫ساده گرفتن زندگي‬
wit ‫ لطافت طبع‬- ‫ مزاح‬- ‫بذله گويي‬ - a quick wit can cope with almost anyone.
quick wit ‫بذله گوي حاضر جواب‬
cope ‫ حريف شدن‬- ‫از عهده برآمدن‬
‫عملكردمتقابل‬-‫نشانه‌هايي را براي خود وضع كنيد‬
set up signals
towel ‫حوله‬ - she began carrying a small towel, and whenever he made a hurtful remark she put it on her head.
embarrass ‫ خجالت دادن‬- ‫شرمسار شدن‬ he was so embarrassed that he stopped.
come up ‫ مطرح شدن‬- ‫پيش آمدن‬ - another family came up with a phrase that serves the same purpose. Once after Sunday dinner,
that serves the same purpose ‫همان هدف را بيان مي‌كند‬ their guest commented."oh, that was wonderful! Chicken is cheap these days, isn't it?
serve a purpose ‫ منظور داشتن‬- ‫حامل هدفي بودن‬
cutting remark ‫عبارت نيش دار‬ - now, whenever one of them makes a cutting remark, someone says, "chicken is cheap," and they
brush off ‫ (چشم پوشي كردن‬- ‫) اخراج بي ادبانه‬ all laugh.
go along ‫همراهي كردن‬ - brush it off. Go along with whatever is said. If your wife says, "you've gained about 20 pounds,
persist ‫ اصرار كردن‬- ‫سماجت كردن‬ haven't you, dear? Respond: "actually it's closer to 25." if she persists, "aren't you going to do
remark ‫ توجه‬- ‫اظهار بيان‬ anything about it?" try: "probably not, just be fat for a while." a remark has power only if you grant it
grant ‫ تعهد كردن‬- ‫ اعطا كردن‬- ‫ اعطا‬- ‫بخشش‬ power. By being agreeable, you immobilize it.
agreeable ‫ مليم‬- ‫ دلپذير‬- ‫سازگار‬
immobilize ‫ ثابت نگه داشتن‬- ‫از حركت انداختن‬
‫ نشان دهيد‬you
by being agreeable, ‫اگر با نظريه شخص خودتون را موافق‬
immobilize it ‫آن را از حركت باز مي داريد‬
ignore ‫ چشم پوشيدن‬- ‫ ناديده پنداشتن‬- ‫رد كردن‬ - ignore the insult. Note the comment, realize, it doesn’t belong to you and simply let it go. The
survival ‫بقا‬ ability to forgive is one of the most important survival skills we can cultivate.
cultivate ‫ پروراندن‬- ‫ ترويج كردن‬- ‫كشت كردن‬
wipe (off ) ‫پاك كردن‬ - next time someone zaps you, wipe an imaginary spot off your shirt. When the person asks what
imaginary ‫ تصوري‬- ‫خيالي‬ you are doing, say, "oh, I thought something hit me, but I must have been mistaken."
spot ‫لكه‬
I must have been mistaken ‫بايد اشتباه كرده باشم‬
feign ‫ بخود بستن‬- ‫وانمود كردن‬ - or feign lack of interest. Blink, yawn, look away. People hate to think they're boring.
blink ‫ پلك را بستن و دوباره سريع باز كردن‬- ‫تجاهل كردن‬
yawn ‫ خميازه كشيدن‬- ‫دهن دره كردن‬
assault ‫ تهاجم‬- ‫حمله‬ - try to accept some verbal assoult as the normal venting of the frustration we all enounter. Most of

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 80

 verbal assaults ‫حملت كلمي‬ us try not to insult others, but on occasion we make mistakes.
venting ‫ بيرون ريختن‬- ‫دفع‬
encounter ‫ مواجه شدن با‬- ‫روياروي شدن‬
on occasion ‫در مواردي‬
ten per cent of the time ‫ده درصد اوقات‬ - ten per cent of the time, something you've just bought will turn out to be cheaper elsewhere.
turn out ‫ (برگرداندن‬- ‫)وارونه كردن‬
thoughtless ‫ ناشي از بي فكري‬- ‫ بي ملحظه‬- ‫بي فكر‬ - ten per cent of the time, even your best friend may say something thoughtless and regret it.
regret ‫ تاسف خوردن‬- ‫نادم شدن‬
develop a thick skin ‫پوست كلفت باشيد‬ - in other words, develop a thick skin. It is often easier to assume that people are doing the best
impact ‫ تاثير‬- ‫اثر‬ they can, and that many are simplyh unaware of the impact of their behaviour.
decline ‫ رو به زوال گذاشتن‬- ‫ نپذيرفتن‬- ‫رد كردن‬ - after a man had verbally attacked buddha, he responded, "my son, if someone declined to accept a
abuse ‫ (اهانت‬- ‫ بدرفتاري كردن به‬- ‫)سوء استفاده‬ present, to whom would it belong?" the man answered, "to him who offered it." "and so" said Buddha
establish ‫ اثبات كردن‬- ‫ احراز كردن‬- ‫برقرار كردن‬ "I decline to accept your abuse."
worth ‫ بهاء‬- ‫ قيمت‬- ‫ارزش‬ - the world is full of people who establish their worth by degrading others. They have pockets and
degrade ‫ پست كردن‬- ‫خفت دادن‬ purses full of put-downs--and they'll hand them out to anyone.
purse ‫كيف پول‬
put down ‫ (اهانت‬- ‫)پست كردن‬
hand ‫ با دست كاري را انجام دادن‬- ‫دادن‬
hurl ‫ انداختن‬- ‫پرت كردن‬ - refuse to accept their insults, even when hurled under the guise of love. By ignoring them, you'll
guise ‫ ظاهر‬- ‫ماسك‬ reduce tension, strengthen your relationships and increase your joy.
under the guise of love ‫در لواي عشق و دوستي‬
affectionate ‫ خونگرم‬- ‫مهربان‬ - an insult may look very affectionate.
disregard ‫ اعتنا نكردن‬- ‫ناديده گرفتن‬ - points that people disregard.
observation ‫ نظر‬- ‫ ملحظه‬- ‫مشاهده‬ - everyday observations.
neutralize ‫خنثي كردن‬ - some hurting words can be neutralized by asking questions about them.
sympathetic ‫ غمخورا‬- ‫ دلسوز‬- ‫همدرد‬ - tender: loving; kind; sympathetic.
fellowship ‫ هم صحبتي‬- ‫ دوستي‬- ‫رفاقت‬ - company: fellowship; friendship; gathering.
gathering ‫ اجتماع‬- ‫ انجمن‬- ‫گردآوري‬
award ‫ پاداش دادن‬- ‫ امانت گذاردن‬- ‫جايزه‬ - grant: give; award
instruct ‫ تعليم دادن (به‬- ‫)بيان نحوه كار به كسي‬ - clothes shops usually instruct their sales staff to watch out customers who switch sizes of one part
watch out ‫ مواظب‬- ‫مراقب بودن‬ of a two piece outfit.
staff ‫كارمندان‬
switch ‫عوض كردن‬

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 81

 outfit ‫تجهيز كردن‬
two-piece outfit ‫لباس دو تكه‬
ahead ‫ در امتداد حركت كسي‬- ‫جلو‬ - once, a woman ahead of me was buying pyjamas. While she was rummaging out her handbag, the
pyjamas ‫ لباس خواب‬- ‫پيژامه‬ assistant checked both sections in her purchase and said, "madam you have a small top and a large
rummage ‫ كاويدن‬- ‫زير و رو كردن‬ bottom"
rummage out ‫با جستجوي زياد در آوردن‬
handbag ‫ چمدان كوچك‬- ‫ كيف زنانه‬- ‫كيف دستي‬
assistant ‫ شاگرد مغازه‬- ‫دستيار‬
section ‫ قطعه‬- ‫قسمت‬
indignant ‫ متغير‬- ‫ رنجيده‬- ‫خشمگين‬ - indignant, the customer looked him and replied, "you don’t look so great either!"
our home was on the market ‫خانه ما در معرض فروش بود‬ - our home was on the market, and estate agents were constantly showing it to prospective buyers.
estate agents ‫مشاورين املك‬
prospective ‫ احتمالي‬- ‫مربوط به بعد از اين‬
come into season ‫زمان جفت گيريش فرا رسيد‬ - I was away at work each day, so this was not a problem until my beautiful persian cat came into
tom-cat ‫گربه نر‬ season. Anxious that she remain indoors, I put up a large sign: "please do not let cat out!"
invasion ‫ هجوم‬- ‫تاخت و تاز‬ - another agent must have let your tom-cat out, because he was waiting at the door while I was …
directness ‫ مستقيم بودن‬- ‫صراحت‬ - assault: attack; invasion -- candour: sincerity; honesty; directness.
spin (spun) ‫ ريسيدن‬- ‫تنيدن‬ - cobweb: the web spun by a spider.
spider ‫عنكبوت‬
steady ‫ محكم‬- ‫ استوار‬- ‫ مدام‬- ‫پي در پي‬ - constant: regular; steady.
shaky ‫ متزلزل‬- ‫ لرزان‬- ‫لرزنده‬ - dizzy: shaky; unstable; unsteady.
unstable ‫ نااستوار‬- ‫متزلزل‬
disgrace ‫ رسوايي‬- ‫ خفت آوردن‬- ‫توهين‬ - embarrass: shame; disgrace.
imitate ‫ پيروي كردن‬- ‫تقليد كردن‬ - feign: to pretend; to imitate.
asylum ‫پناهگاه‬ - haven: asylum; refuge; shelter.
flawless ‫بي عيب‬ - immaculate: clean; tidy; flawless.
draw in ‫ تو كشيدن‬- ‫در حلقه در آوردن‬ - involve: to draw in as a participant.
participant ‫ شريك‬- ‫شركت كننده‬
inconsiderate ‫ بي ملحظه‬- ‫بي پروا‬ - rude: impolite; inconsiderate.
tactic ‫شيوه‬ - strategy: design; tactic; approach.
discharge ‫ تخليه‬- ‫خالي كردن‬ - vent: to release; to discharge.

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 82

 ‫‪UNIT 24‬‬
‫‪moral‬‬ ‫اخلق ‪ -‬اخلقي ‪ -‬معنوي‬
‫‪sense‬‬ ‫شعور ‪ -‬حس ‪ -‬معني‬
‫‪what is right‬‬ ‫آنچه حق و درست است‬
‫‪legal rights‬‬ ‫حقوق قانوني ‪ -‬حقوق مشروع‬
‫‪obligations‬‬ ‫الزمات ‪ -‬وظايف‬
‫‪morality‬‬ ‫سيرت ‪ -‬اخلقيات‬
‫‪principles of good behaviour‬‬ ‫اصول رفتار خوب‬
‫‪analysis‬‬ ‫تجزيه ‪ -‬تحليل ‪ -‬موشكافي‬
‫‪functional‬‬ ‫كاركردي ‪ -‬اساسي‬
‫‪dictate‬‬ ‫امر كردن ‪ -‬دستور دادن ‪ -‬تحميل كردن‬
‫‪conscience‬‬ ‫وجدان‬
‫‪puzzle‬‬ ‫متحير شدن ‪ -‬معما‬
‫‪puzzling relation‬‬ ‫رابطه شگفت آور‬
‫‪consequence‬‬ ‫پيامد ‪ -‬اثر ‪ -‬نتيجه‬
‫‪capture‬‬ ‫دستگير كردن ‪ -‬غنيمت گرفتن ‪ -‬گرفتن‬
‫‪betray‬‬ ‫خيانت كردن به‬
‫‪fellow‬‬ ‫مرد ‪ -‬شخص‬
‫‪give in‬‬ ‫تسليم شدن ‪ -‬از پا در آمدن‬
‫‪reward‬‬ ‫پاداش دادن ‪ -‬اجر دان‬
‫‪handsomely‬‬ ‫)بطور مطبوع ‪( -‬سخاوتمندانه‬
‫‪torture‬‬ ‫شكنجه دادن ‪ -‬زجر دادن ‪ -‬عذاب دادن‬
‫‪inform‬‬ ‫اطلع دادن ‪ -‬گفتن ‪ -‬گزارش دادن‬
‫‪over‬‬ ‫پيش از‬
‫‪shield‬‬ ‫حامي ‪ -‬سپر ‪ -‬پوشش ‪ -‬حفاظت كردن‬
‫‪criminal‬‬ ‫جاني ‪ -‬مجرم‬
‫‪accomplice‬‬ ‫همدست ‪ -‬شريك جرم ‪ -‬معاون جرم‬
‫‪grudgingly‬‬ ‫از روي كينه يا لج ‪ -‬از روي بي ميلي‬
‫‪milder‬‬ ‫مليم ‪ -‬سست ‪ -‬مهربان ‪ -‬خفيف ‪ -‬نرم‬
‫‪nonordinary‬‬ ‫غيرعادي ‪ -‬غيرمعمول‬
‫‪correspondence‬‬ ‫ارتباط ‪ -‬مطابقت‬
‫‪frequent‬‬ ‫تكرار شونده ‪ -‬مكرر‬

‫‪gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬

 ‫‪designate‬‬ ‫معين كردن ‪ -‬برگزيدن ‪ -‬گماشتن ‪ -‬نامزد كردن‬
‫‪altruism‬‬ ‫نوع پرستي ‪ -‬بشر دوستي ‪ -‬غيرپرستي‬
‫‪loyalty‬‬ ‫صداقت ‪ -‬وفاداري ‪ -‬وظيفه‌شناسي‬
‫‪possibly‬‬ ‫شايد ‪ -‬اصل ً ‪ -‬بهيچوجه‬
‫‪cohesiveness‬‬ ‫به هم پيوستگي ‪ -‬چسبندگي‬
‫‪rest‬‬ ‫متكي بودن به‬
‫‪occurrence‬‬ ‫اتفاق ‪ -‬تصادف ‪ -‬رويداد ‪ -‬رخداد ‪ -‬حادثه‬
‫‪namely‬‬ ‫يعني ‪ -‬براي مثال ‪ -‬بنام ‪ -‬با ذكر نام‬
‫‪violate‬‬ ‫)مختل كردن ‪ -‬تخلف كردن از ‪( -‬شكستن‬
‫‪customary‬‬ ‫عادي ‪ -‬مرسوم ‪ -‬عرف‬
‫‪overt‬‬ ‫آشكار ‪ -‬واضح ‪ -‬علني‬
‫‪violation‬‬ ‫تخلف ‪ -‬تخطي‬
‫‪confine‬‬ ‫محدود كردن ‪ -‬منحصر كردن‬
‫‪choice‬‬ ‫انتخاب‬
‫‪persist‬‬ ‫سماجت كردن ‪ -‬پافشاري كردن ‪ -‬اصرار كردن‬
‫‪doggedly‬‬ ‫سرسختانه ‪ -‬لجوجانه‬
‫‪exemplify‬‬ ‫با مثال فهمانيدن ‪ -‬با نمونه نشان دادن‬
‫‪laboratory‬‬ ‫آزمايشگاه ‪ -‬لبراتور‬
‫‪terms‬‬ ‫شرايط‬
‫‪persistence‬‬ ‫اصرار ‪ -‬پافشاري‬
‫‪nonreinforced‬‬ ‫غيرمسلح ‪ -‬غير مستحكم ‪ -‬تقويت نشده‬
‫‪in the face of‬‬ ‫عليرغم‬
‫‪extinction‬‬ ‫انهدام ‪ -‬انقراض ‪ -‬اعدام ‪ -‬خاموش سازي‬
‫‪common-sense terms‬‬ ‫در اصطلح عرف‬
‫‪indicating determination‬‬ ‫مشخص كننده عزم‬
‫‪will‬‬ ‫اراده‬
‫‪strength of character‬‬ ‫توانايي نهاد‬
‫‪specify‬‬ ‫تعيين كردن ‪ -‬معين كردن ‪ -‬مشخص كردن‬
‫‪self-satisfaction‬‬ ‫ارضاي نفس ‪ -‬خود خشنودي‬
‫‪inner-direction‬‬ ‫رهبري دروني‬
‫‪at times‬‬ ‫گاه گاه ‪ -‬گاه گاهي ‪ -‬گاهي اوقات‬
‫‪captor‬‬ ‫اسير كننده‬
‫‪prisoner‬‬ ‫زنداني ‪ -‬اسير‬

‫‪gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade‬‬ ‫‪84‬‬

 ‫‪sensibly‬‬ ‫بطور نمايان يا محسوس‬
‫‪reasonably‬‬ ‫معقولنه ‪ -‬با دليل‬
‫‪strictly‬‬ ‫اكيدا ً ‪ -‬دقيقا ً‬
‫‪opportunistic‬‬ ‫فرصت طلب‬
‫‪gain‬‬ ‫بدست آوردن ‪ -‬فايده بردن‬
‫‪compliance‬‬ ‫اجابت ‪ -‬تسليم ‪ -‬مطلوبيت ‪ -‬فرمانبرداري‬
‫‪common definition‬‬ ‫تعريف كلي‬
‫‪weigh‬‬ ‫سنجيدن ‪ -‬وزن كردن ‪ -‬وزن داشتن‬
‫‪involve‬‬ ‫شامل بودن‬
‫‪according to‬‬ ‫بر طبق ‪ -‬مطابق‬
‫‪decision rule‬‬ ‫قانون تصميم گيري‬
‫‪anomalous‬‬ ‫غيرعادي ‪ -‬متناقض ‪ -‬بي شباهت‬
‫‪anomaly‬‬ ‫غير متعارف ‪ -‬خلف قاعده ‪ -‬نابهنجاري‬
‫‪pose‬‬ ‫مطرح كردن ‪ -‬گذاردن ‪ -‬قراردادن‬
‫‪common sence‬‬ ‫عرف ‪ -‬عقل سليم‬
‫روابط نظام يافته ‪ -‬روابط اصولي ‪systematized relations‬‬
‫داراي روش يا قاعده كردن ‪ -‬اسلوب دادن به ‪systematize‬‬
‫‪classical economics‬‬ ‫اقتصاد كلسيك‬
‫‪behaviourist‬‬ ‫رفتارگرا ‪ -‬رفتارگرايي‬
‫فرضيات يادگيري رفتارگرايي ‪behaviourist learning theories‬‬
‫‪operant‬‬ ‫موثر ‪ -‬عامل ‪ -‬كاركننده‬
‫‪relevant‬‬ ‫مربوط ‪ -‬مناسب‬
‫‪procedure‬‬ ‫رويه ‪ -‬طرز عمل ‪ -‬روش ‪ -‬شيوه‬
‫‪systematic‬‬ ‫اصولي‬
‫‪to what extent‬‬ ‫تا چه حدي‬
‫‪moral outcomes‬‬ ‫نتايج اخلقي‬
‫‪substitution‬‬ ‫جانشيني ‪ -‬تعويض ‪ -‬جايگزيني‬
‫‪errorless‬‬ ‫نداشتن خطا ‪ -‬بدون خطا‬
‫‪trail and error‬‬ ‫آزمون و خطا‬
‫‪social trend‬‬ ‫روند اجتماعي‬
‫‪gradually‬‬ ‫بتدريج ‪ -‬رفته رفته‬
‫‪aversive‬‬ ‫آزارنده‬
‫‪slavery‬‬ ‫بردگي ‪ -‬برده داري‬

‫‪gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬

 ‫‪abolish‬‬ ‫از ميان بردن ‪ -‬منسوخ كردن ‪ -‬برانداختن‬
‫بي اف اسكينر استاد دانشگاه هاوارد‪Harvard's B. F. skinner‬‬
‫)‪point (out‬‬ ‫خاطر نشان كردن‬
‫‪wage‬‬ ‫دستمزد ‪ -‬اجرت ‪ -‬اجير كردن‬
‫‪wage society‬‬ ‫جامعه كارگري‬
‫‪maintenance‬‬ ‫ابقاء ‪ -‬نگهداري‬
‫‪reinforcement‬‬ ‫استحكام ‪ -‬تقويت ‪ -‬مدد‬
‫‪lash‬‬ ‫تازيانه ‪ -‬شلق‬
‫‪productive‬‬ ‫پر حاصل ‪ -‬پر بار‬
‫‪ingenuity‬‬ ‫قوه ابتكار ‪ -‬نبوغ ‪ -‬هوش‬
‫‪alter‬‬ ‫تغيير دادن ‪ -‬اصلح كردن‬
‫‪continual‬‬ ‫پيوسته ‪ -‬پي در پي ‪ -‬هميشگي‬
‫‪establish‬‬ ‫داير كردن ‪ -‬بنا نهادن‬
‫‪maintain‬‬ ‫حمايت كردن‬
‫‪subtle‬‬ ‫زيرك ‪ -‬ماهرانه ‪ -‬دقيق‬
‫‪define‬‬ ‫تعريف كردن‬
‫‪explicitly‬‬ ‫صريحا ً ‪ -‬بطور وضوح‬
‫‪objective‬‬ ‫مقصود ‪ -‬معقول‬
‫‪repertoire‬‬ ‫مجموعه ‪ -‬موجودي ‪ -‬مقدورات ‪ -‬فهرست‬
‫‪organism‬‬ ‫سازمان ‪ -‬ارگانيسم‬
‫‪approximation‬‬ ‫تخمين ‪ -‬تقريب‬
‫‪explicity specified‬‬ ‫به روشني مشخص شده‬
‫‪in the desired direction‬‬ ‫در جهت مورد نظر‬
‫‪establishment‬‬ ‫تاسيس ‪ -‬برپايي‬
‫‪training‬‬ ‫پرورش ‪ -‬تعليم ‪ -‬آموزش‬
‫‪implicit‬‬ ‫التزامي ‪ -‬بي شرط ‪ -‬ضمني‬
‫‪irrelevant‬‬ ‫نامربوط ‪ -‬بي ربط‬
‫‪unsuccessful‬‬ ‫شكست ‪ -‬عدم موفقيت‬
‫‪employ‬‬ ‫بكار گماشتن ‪ -‬استخدام كردن ‪ -‬مشغول كردن‬
‫‪exhort‬‬ ‫نصيحت كردن ‪ -‬تشويق و ترغيب كردن‬
‫‪train‬‬ ‫آموزش دادن‬
‫‪possibility‬‬ ‫امكان ‪ -‬احتمال‬
‫‪terminal repertoires‬‬ ‫مجموعه هاي نهايي‬

‫‪gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade‬‬ ‫‪86‬‬

 ‫‪to date‬‬ ‫تا حال‬
‫‪haphazard‬‬ ‫اتفاقي ‪ -‬برحسب تصادف‬
‫‌شود ‪called development of‬‬ ‫توسعه اصول اخلقي ناميده مي‬
‫‪morality‬‬
‫‪raise‬‬ ‫اقامه كردن ‪ -‬پروراندن‬
‫‪internalize‬‬ ‫باطني ساختن ‪ -‬دروني كردن‬
‫‪superego‬‬ ‫شخصيت اخلقي ‪ -‬نفس اماره ‪ -‬وجدان‬
‫‪pick up‬‬ ‫بدست آوردن ‪ -‬آشنا شدن‬
‫‪psychoanalyst‬‬ ‫روانكاو‬
‫‪castration‬‬ ‫اختگي ‪ -‬اخته كردن‬
‫‪anxiety‬‬ ‫تشويش ‪ -‬دلواپسي‬
‫‪castration anxieties‬‬
‫‪therapist‬‬ ‫درمان شناس ‪ -‬درمانگر‬
‫‪existentially‬‬ ‫بطور وجودي‬
‫‪postpone‬‬ ‫عقب انداختن ‪ -‬به تعويق انداختن‬
‫‪environment‬‬ ‫محيط‬
‫‪release‬‬ ‫رها كردن‬
‫‪cripple‬‬ ‫زمين گير ‪ -‬عاجز ‪ -‬فلج كردن‬
‫‪bond‬‬ ‫قيد ‪ -‬رابطه ‪ -‬الزام‬
‫‪crippling bonds‬‬ ‫قيد و بندهاي فلج كننده‬
‫‪regard‬‬ ‫نگريستن ‪ -‬ملحظه كردن‬
‫‪accompaniment‬‬ ‫همراهي ‪ -‬مشايعت‬
‫‪discrimination‬‬ ‫قرق گذاري ‪ -‬تبعيض‬
‫‪dictate‬‬ ‫امر كردن ‪ -‬تحميل كردن‬
‫‪altruistic‬‬ ‫نوعدوستانه‬
‫‪spontaneous‬‬ ‫خود به خود ‪ -‬خود انگيز‬
‫‪existential‬‬ ‫مربوط به هستي ‪ -‬وجودي‬

‫‪gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade‬‬ ‫‪87‬‬