7 e Chapter 17 VES AND SOUND <1 tatroduetion Waves and wave motions age important phenomena in all branches of physics. A wave erring energy from one place to another without the trangier oF motion is a means of transh matter. Sound that we hear or light that we see are waves which reaches to us Trom The. source as waves. So it is essential to study the nature, motion and properties of waves. In this Chapter We will discuss different characteristics of waves and sound waves. Wave and wave motion When a stone is dropped in calm water in a pond wav in circular fashion along the water surface. As a result energy is transferred from one Place to another without transfer of water molecules. A floating cork on water is found to move up and down at its own location. It means that the water molecules do not move along the wave, otherwise cork would move along the wave on When a wave travels from a point A to another point B, it is because a disturbance of some kind at A has caused the particle there to become displaced. This particle drags its neighbour with it, so that it too becomes displaced and hag a similar effect on the next particle and so on™ until the distu : EB, This resulipa Transfer oFeneigy fre Ato BE can define wave in the following way. ——=—$——$>———— "Definition : Wave is a form of disturbance which travels through the elastic medium due to the repeated periodic motion of the particles of the medium about their mean positions and energy is transferred from one place to another without any net transfer of the medium hose waves which need_a-material-medium for the propagation are called mechanical waves ina stting are examples of mechanical wave waveS) Sound wav Wave can travel from one place to another without medium. Light which we get from the sun does not need any medium for propagation. It is electromagnetic wave A Types of waves : Waves generated by the simple harmonic motion of the particles of a medium are called imple harmonic waves or sine waves. They are of two types, viz. Tansverse wave an (ii) Longitudinal wave. 7ST Transverse wave — 5 Leek ei the particles of the medium vibrate about their mean positions i i Hed vers fave. srependicular to the direction of propagation, the wave is called transverse w: a Explanation : Fig 171 shows a transverse wave. The particles of t ieiomn omens ection. Small arrows on tt the wave travels in a horizontal direction , move up and down and the wave tr a a t the directions of motion of the different particles at any instant. °P teat A ees f particles. These points are d E inthe upper part of the wave show maximum displacement ol llei called crests. Point C represents the maximum displacement of particles in the & & & $. direction WAIN is called trough. A transverse wave progresses as a series of crests andi. > “as F Direction of Propagation of wave > Direction of motion of particles —_— Fig. 171 ¢ Here, the directions of motion of particles is perpendicular to the direction of propagatic \ of wave, hence it is a transverse waves 7 Examples : A stretched stFing— AW Wave motion fixed at both ends is pulled Perpendicular to its length and is released, a wave is produced ithe string [Fig. 17 3] It is observed that the particles in the string oscillate perpendicular to the direction of motion of the wave. Vibration of string "s,s os ¥ So, the wave produced in a tretched string is a transverse wave. femonstration of transverse wave : angular frame fixed on a horizantal base. The ¢ (Moet nt ve apparatus consists of a vertical” asses encentrically through a numberof cular discs with grooved edges. It consists a number of equidistant rods‘which are, pported vertically by passing through les in a wooden frame. Vertical rods ‘tying spherical balls at their upper ends, ston the circumference of their respective , ses. These discs which are fixed tothe aft, have certain gradual angular splacements with respect to each other and a result, certain phase difference _is. ‘oduced in the up and down movements of ‘€ rods. When the shaft is rotated by the andle each ball moves up and down and tere isa gradual phase difference between bl iiN a a \essi cess \ECeSSIVe rods. When the shaft is continuously rotated with a uniform speed, the balls ‘a pros 5 int Bressive transverse Wave pattern-Erests and troughs seem to follow each other and ¢ horizontal direction while the balls move up and down in the vertical directios al direction while ith ngitudinal waves Abe 4 sot itition Wher particles of the medium vibrate about thei the direction o i di 5 'cabout their mean position parallel to_ : n of propagatiorrof the dis! e, the wave is called longitudinal wave. Exai ‘waves in a spring, sound wave etc. ve Beample Explanation : In fig 174 a longitudinal s shi : sever¥ Danation_ in fig a longi al wave is shown. The medium is divided into vidistant layers [Fig. 17 4(a)]. When longitudinal waves propagate, each layer vibrates back and forth about some equilibrium position. Due to this, some layers come yer) close to each other at any instant called’ com the medium and someTayers are separated from each other produdi . ing what is called rarefaction. Direction of , Direction of the vibration of particle T TIT TTT : Rarefaction —p¢—Compression’ 4————_4 (b) Fig. 174 Pre ind density of the medium are increased in_the region of compression wherea they are decreased_in’ the region of rarefaction. By compression and rarefaction of t ium longitudinal wave propagates from one place To another. The length or distance between adjacent compression and rarefaction constitutes one wavelength. i Rarefaction —>'4—Compression > Example : We take a vertical spring one end of which is fixed toa rigid si to the other end [Fig. 17°5]. The spring is pulled sli downward and I relesslg tree sere -contraction-and extension of the spring take place periodically along its Jength, That means the motion of _ the coil; ring is a sii monic motio1 along the direction of propagation of the wave.-This wave is a longitudinal wave. —. vaveewe stietcpatrtion of longitudinal waves / : sams is hung fr In this experiment a helical coil of thin wire containing eee cgal the coins horizontal rods CD and C’D’ by a fine silk thread in V-sha] a Bie a ee eon that it remains horizontal [Fig. 17°6]. Holding, one end of the col years AC 4 push is given to the coil it will be observed that the coil is compresse« ee silk thread spring coil ~ =e | s Rarefaction Compression Rarefaction S Fig. 176 iuccessively and this vibration progresses along the li ce of the distur} . That neans, the coil vibrafés along the propagation of wave executing simple harmonic motion. So he generated Wave is gitudinal wave. 744 Distinction between transverse and ; Ansverse wave ‘SLéngiludinal wave 1. When the particles of the medium] Sve the particles of the medium itudinal wave * vibrate about their mean _pgsitions| Sy vibrate about their mean position ‘perpendicular to the “direction ale parallel to the direction of propagation, / propagation, the” wave is catraa| the wave is called longitudinal wave. /” erse wave. eee , During propagation of the wave crests]2. During propagation of the wave / and troughs are produced in the compression and rarefaction of the medium. medium take place. 3. The distance between two successive] 3. _ The distance between two compressions fe sts or troughs is called wavelength. or rarefactions is called wavelength. P ‘ eetion athe medium Tykes | 4. - Polarisation of the medium does nottake Tr . place. * is n Transverse wave motion is possible in] 5. Longitudinal wave is possible in media ey m which possesses rigidity i.e., which pos: elasticity of volume ie., Zalids solids, liquids and gases. 3 So ¢ definit: ions relating to w: we iB aves Uae say omplete oscillation; When « Point from the same betel Wavelength re = - en any length | When, a wave propagates through a,medium, the minimum distanc two ame phase at ai ° Particles-of t i i in’ i ‘sof the medium which are in'the s. hase at any instant is calle ee ~ . 7 > an ~ an oscillating body starting from a point comes back t direction, then it is called one complete oscillation. —§ ——aye!) ae 5a! Avel: cage It is denoted by AI fig 17°7, distance between A and E or C and G is the @ Fig. 177 (iii) Time perio {Time required by a particle of the medium to execute one complete oscillation is called the time period of the wave, Iris denoted by T. Let the time taken by a Particle or source to complete N number of oscillation be t, then time period T = “In fig. 177, ieee the time taken by a wave to travel the distance AE is the time Pp Ore period T. Fequency : The number of complete oscillations executed by a particle or an object in One second is called the frequency. It is denoted by n or f. So, n So Cie ee Amplitude : When a wave propagates through a medium the maximum displacement of a partic! js called amplitude of the wave. In fig. distance of A, C or E from the line BF is the amplitude “a”. (wi Wave velocity : The dist ance travelled bya ave in one second is called wave velocity. denoted by v. rey (wit Phase : State of motion of a vibyating particle of wave at aay instant is called its phase. State of mofion of a vibrating | Particle af any ins its displacement Phase, State Velocity and acceleration at that, inst (viii)_Epoch : The initial initial phase wit with which a vibrating body starts oscillating is calle the epoc yal (ix) (Wave ave front + The + round wave front uy Kae continuous locus of potnts—~ having the same phase of , vibration in a medium through nearest which a wave pro, agatessis » called a wave ante ~ + Its unit is cycles per sec 177, the perpendicular For exam mp le, Particles on_a crest of w, qwaves are ir same eases ‘Similarly, all particles in a trough arein same ee So, Surfa acrest or on a a trgtgh is a_ wave front. The distance between wave fronts is one wavelength ) (Fig. 17 n/a wave is propagated through space, The wave lront is spherical. “spherical Pe plane wave front Fig. 178— HIGHER SECONDARY PHYSICS ressiv me wave g dium By of Crests : In transvers¢_wave, the-points where the particles of the me maximum displacement in the positive direction are called crests. In Fig. 17°7, points are cres| = FD Troughs s_: In transverse wave, he points where the particles of the mediuiy ne maxiinum displacement in the negativé direction are called troughs. In Fig. 177 point aa! a ee a RT are troughs. @ intensity of wave: ergy transferred per second through unj 7 Rormal to the- wave is called intensity of the wave. It is also called ‘energy current or energy flux a — Aa me here is anot} cs of the medium. It is denoted by 1. Intensity of wave m nec density x velocity of the wave? a Mathematically, it can be Shown that y* yh 2pmtgnty L P = density of the medium C6 4 wv 3 n= frequency of Rowe YA mplitude of th@ wave” 2 = velocity of the wave From the above equation, it is found that, I oq? = Ka", ere K is a constant ng wats Le., Intensity is proportinal to the square of amplitude. InS. |. system, the unit of | is Js” or Wm? Relation between wavelength, frequency ana wave velocity Let the velocity of the wave in a medium be v, frequency of the source of the wave n and vavelength 4. A relation iS tobe found out between these e quantities. _ Smite the trequency of the wave is n, so m number of waves are produced in one second and ye particles of the medium complete n vibrations. Now after one complete vibration of the article, the wave travels a distance A. So after n vibrations, the wave travels a distance'nA. e distance is travelled in one second which is the velocity of the wave. a= (1) vam Hy 7 = (2) i.e. velocity = frequency x wavelength. q This is the relation between velocity, frequency and wavelength of a wave. 7 Relation between time period and frequency We know, the time taken by a wave to execute one complete oscillation is called time iod T and the number of oscillations or vibrations per second is called frequency So, time taken for n vibrations = nT x This time is 1 sec. y ‘1 - * #aT=1 a « / fh 1 or, Tay as e 1 or, n==ey unl ee waves and stationary wares ‘ he wave generated from a source progr 8 a me i ; a othe 4 Svcs ee called progressive wave. Progressive wave can be longituieorse e # (her is another type of wave called station, q supes lary wave which is produced by the it ‘sition of twe oppositely directed waves) is wave has no forward motion but fed ipgpace.”ROEROHEY seca waved) This wa ae bul remains esses with time from one point to A 17°8/1 Progressive waves 7 Definiti When a wave propagating from one la i i D yer to another layer of Progresses contin riathe fovea ve wave medion Progres jusly in the forward direction, then it is called progressive wave- Exampleg, 71. When a stone is dropped in water, transverse waves are generated on the surface of water, These waves progress onward with time from one point to another on the surface of water. 90, these waves are progressive waves. 2. When d speaker talks, he produces sound waves. Tese waves are longitudinal waves which progress through ait/medium and reach to the listener. These waves are progressive waves. oe | |S Te ~~ Sfin stringed instruments like guitar, “esraj etc. stationary waves are produced by the superposition of transverse waves. On the other hand, in wind instruments like flute, organ pipe xtc. stationary waves are produced by the superposition of longitudinal waves. 4 i 752 Characteristics of progressives waves 4 The following characteristics are observed in progressive waves : 1. Progressive waves are generated by contiriuous disturbance OF 4 portion of a medium. 2, These waves travel with a fixed velocity through a uniform medium. 3. The velocity of propagation of the waves depends on the density aid elasticity of the nedium. : __—4-Vibrations of the particles of medium may be transverse or longitudinal. 5. Progressive waves transfer energy from one point to another Point perpendicular to thy wave fronts. 6. AS e progresses, every point of the medium undergoes same change of pressur and density. r ~~ J~The phase of one particle of the medium is transmitted to the next particle along t! line of propagation. The phase difference betwee! ‘icles along this line is proportior to the distance-between the particles. RET Equation of progressive wave Wave motion, whether longitudinal or transverse is the result of simple harmor _Qucillations OFTHE particles of the medi im. Although every particle of the medium execul ientical vibrations, they are nol all in the same phase. Since some time is passed for t sac’ one particle from another, there is a gradual fall of phase of the pattic! eorsithe line of propagation of the wave. If the wave travels from Te ht, then t ae ane val be disturbed first and those on the right. later. Consequently, tl : e di 3 Particles of the Seite erent phases. Wave mo! s,actually the motion of pha: iO! “Satin penton gene “quation can be derived to represent the displacement of y BP n which a wave passes in the following way.AAs 2Ag COST) Ee, or, coo atl 2 <0, 2n or, = 0% or, q02 2 (where n= 0,1 Distance between two successive antinodes -( 5 —s+ The distance between a node and an adjacent antinode is 4" In Fig. 17°11 points anda Fm represent nodes and antinodes. Between two nodes there exists an antinode. ion of amplitude with time ye 1711] +23. 202 i a 21 Since the expression for amplitude A (A = 2a cos" x) does not contain t. amplitude of any for amplitude A (A = 2a cos") does aie senplinide of ay se point remains fixed with time. OT 179 Distinction between | progressive waves and stationary waves "Progressive waves ts in periodic motion. 2. “The amplitude of each particle of difference 3. Each particle of the velocity of each particle_passes through the same change of cycle. The distance between two successive Alf particles in a_progressive wave are 1 the| 2. mediums same ; but theré exists phase| medi undergoes 9: thrcUgh SMe et Sand “Gensity—and -pressure. Energy and} 4. fionary waves All particles in a stationary wave, those at nodes, are in periodic motion. The phase difference between particles of the medium is same but amphtudet «different. The amplitude is maximum at antinodes and zero at nodes. 5 Each particle of the medium undergoes throu: e same change in The distance between three successive 4. crests of a tranverse neem nodes or antinodes is called a wave- .2-tranverse! z nin distance between a compressfon an Tength. ST | rarefaction is called a wavelength: aN F 5. The equation of a progressive wave 15, 5. The equation of a stationary wave is 2n Sa acre idl 2m — (vt — x). = 2Ap cos sin wt. d qos y=A Principle of | superposition of When two or more waves prog Jependently. When these waves-su perpose in the regi waves» in the same medium, then they propag edium, the Test TE TTTdisplacement is governed by a principle, known as the principle of superpositic, states that— x_n two or more waves pos simaltaneously thesush the same medium, the , displacement of each particle of the medium at any inst int is equal to the vector sur displacements produce by the waves separately, x Suppose. the displacemegt at any point in the medium due to one wave is y; and that 4." to the other ausue at lagsame instant ¥, ME aeCOREME TO the SUPETPOSTUON PNG te resultant displacemertt, SP ae r y=nth Here, y;, y) both-can be positive or negative or one can be positive and the other one negative. By the application of this principle we can explain the formation of stationary wave, interference oPyounds and beats etc. 17°11 Sound ( Sound is a form of energy. The longitudinal waves produced by a vibrating object is sound. For example, waves produced Tn luced Trom the strings of a guitar, fromthe vocal chord. vocal chord, from the membrane of a microphone are sounds. ror tig Bopesation of sound 3 medium is necbssary. When sound waves travelling through air Satium enter into the ears produces sensation in the brain and we hear sound. In additio® To air or gisgous medium sound_waves can travel through liquids and solids. For exampleySound of a train can be heard Hol Tong distance if we place our ears on the rail Tine. Sound can neither b produced nor be propagated through vacuum. finition Sound is a form oftenergy produced by @ vibrating body which propagates through the continuous elastic medium and on entefing into our ears creates sensation in the rain and wi sound. The vibrating i uurce of sound. ri eee 1z-¥2 Production of sound The source dis the vibration of an object. Sound is emitted fates iat n vibration. When these vibrations travelling through the continuous elastic medium enters nto our ears we hear sound. The following example demonstrates this. A tuning fork is hammered and its prongs vibrate and reate sound. But if the prongs are touched by hand vibration vill stop and no sound will be emitted. In fig 17°12 apit ball _ 5 shown in touch with the prong of a tuning fork.When the uning fork vibrates the pit ball moves ba from he prong of the fork. But when there is no vibration of the Jacl tee uning fork, pit ball remains at rest. __— SorClusion : A vibrating body generates sound. The origin of all forms Of sound is the vibration OF bodies. Due to Vibration mechanical energy is transforme : sty Sound is a longitudinal travelling wave We know, th : Caveat nt ee : there are two types of waves, viz., longitudinal wave and transverse wavs ee Be a form Of waves. The following-Teasons show that sound is a wave-and it is Fig. 1712rion of an object is also needed," Obie is necessary. For the production of or the Propagation of wa A oe a ed — Wave medium is needed. For the Propagation of sound medium is 3. During Propagation of w, mF ‘pagation of sound the particles cree Particles of the medium are not transferred. For "4. For propagation of w of the medium also are not transferred. for the propagation of sour €s from one place to’ another, some time is needed; same is true. ~The velocity of waves depends on the types of fedia depends on the types of, medium. The velocity of sound also_. 6-Réflection; teractions ‘ase of sound TON, refraction, interference and diffraction occur in waves which also occur in 7, Sound waves are propagated through compressi i i a chgracteristic of lost Mpression and rarefaction of the medium which, ; ‘(Polarization of sound waves does not take place in gaseous medium. Polarization takes lace only in tranverse waves It proves that sound is a longitudinal way. 9. Sound waveScar-travel through solids ui ases which o% i . ccur in case of ongitudinal waves. 8 < ® It is proved from the above conditions that due to the vibrations of the source sound is 'roduced. It travels through the air medium in the form of longitudinal waves and reaches to he ears which we_can hear, ' So, sound is a travelling longitudinal wave. = - ZA4 Relation between velocities of a sound in two media Let A and B be ive: meslias Lh the velocity amtwavelengih of sound in medium A be vq ad Aq respectively-and those in medium B be vp and Ag respectively. If n is the Frequency of the— id, the velocity vs in medium A, Da =Mthy and velocity in medium B, ity a Dae Up = mhp 2 Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii) we get, yA 7 a i) 48 is is the relation between velocities of a sound in two media. : OO oe ee “18 Relation between wavelength and frequency between two sounds in a medium — SS ee Let two sound waves having wavelengths A, and 42 and frequencies m and np travel in a dium. - —s 7 Ete. ~ —Tet the velocity of sound be So, the velocity of the first waye, : ven, us: ke ie (i) and the velocity of the second wave. > 4 ii) v=MAQ ay on Pr (ii) From equations (i) aud-fit}-wepet, =f my = Mohy % Ay_m “fy (i) (ii) qu) (12Se s ’ ectively. find 1: forks arg 128 La-and 384 H-te6p! [R. B. 21 frequencies of two tuning fash the ciate ‘of the sound waves produced by the lengths be A,| Heres Se Frequency of the first tuning fork da ib eho nm = 128 Hz : “" a Frequency of the second tuning fork =m or ¥ =m rr my = Mhz =3:1 nga travelled by a sound wave in air is 140 m when the tuning fork completes ps rations. If the frequency of the tuning, fork is 500 Hz, find the velocity of sound in air. {J. B. 2008] We know, Here, 2 om Distance travelled, s = 140 m 10 Number of vibrations, N = 200 7 = 500% 209 1. Wavelength, =350 ms Frequency, n = 500 Hz Velocity, v =? e wavelength of sound produced by a tuning fork is 1006 m in air and 3°824 m in yd?ogen. If the velocity of sound in air is 332 ms", find the velocity of sound in hydrogen. Let the velocity of the sound in hydrogen be v), We know, Here, venh Wavelength in air, 4, = 1006 m nae eRe EN rawh (4) Wavelength in hydorgen, dy = 3824 m Velocity of sound in air, v, = 332 ms From equation (1), “ ave n= »,- 382m “1006 m 332 ms = 1262 ms"! ai aclength of vibrating object in a medi Sol ve it generates is 340 ms“. If it produces what is the wavelength in medium B ? Um A is 0°5 m and the J 4 progressive w. Velocity of the ave of velocity 550 met y 3 F now. Here, vy =Tha Wavelength in medium Aha =05m i and op = "he Velocity in medium A, vg = 340 ms 1 2a js Velocity in medium B, vg = 550 ms ap Ne Wavelength in medium B, Ay =? ) or, Ag = Aes vA 550 dg = 05x T= B 340 081m KThe amplitude of a wave is 0°2 m. Find the displacement of the point at a distance from the source at time t 6 We know, Here, y =Asin = (vt — x) Amplitude, A = 02m T 9 sin ao x E_* Time, t= 5 =02sin=(vx>-% (3-9 ie 02 2n0T Distance of the point, x = 6 7 sn( 3h Displacement, y =? _ (2nnT =02sin es o2sin( 2 -o2sn( 02 2n— © - sin( 3 =0173m i i i is 118 Hz. If the two wavelengths of 13. TX difference of frequencies of two tuning forks is 118 : ve ye ee fork is equal three wavelengths for-the-other fork, find the eee tuning forks. —_—_— “Det the e wavelengths of tuning forks be A, and A, and the frequencies be m and m, pectively. Now, ftp = 118 Hz. or, n= 118 +m and 2A = 3 and v = nA2or, 3m = 2 3m, =2(118 + ny) = 236 +2m or, 3m —2n, = 236 or. my =236 He om wavelength of sound wave of a tuning fork in air is 50 cm and that of the other ing fork is 70 cm, If the frequency of the first tuning fork is 350 Hz, what is the frequency of the second fork ? [R. B. 2000] We know, Here, mA, = Mydg Wavelength of the first fork, or, ade 4 =50cm=0'5m moh, Wavelength of the second fork, or, ity = 2 29=70cm=07m Aa Frequency of the first fork, m, = 350 Hz am 2x08 Frequency of the second fork, ny =? = 250 Hz . The velocities of sound in media P and Q are 300 ms“! and | 350 ms“ respectively. If the difference in wavelength of a wave in those médiais OT, what distance will the sound travel in 50 vibrations in the medium Q? UJ. B. 2006 ; C. B. 2006 ; D. B. 2000] “Since velocity ug > vp, so Here, vp = 300 ms Vg = 350 mst @ g—dp= 01m No. of vibration, N =50 ati 230 350 = nha oe a ee) aie oe Distance travelled, s =? By subtracting equation (ii) from (i) we get, ~ the — thy = 50 or, nig — Ap) = 50of a progressive Wave is y 5 g;. S ¥ = 5 sin (200 nt — 1°57 x), here al , here all quantities + Thee ert. Find the ampli : jn S.L- unit. Find the amp| itude, frequency, ti i : me ia oe febpna Sees of the wave. athe equation of the progressive wave is sill oeeg y=5:sin (200 xt — 157 2) 7 % (i) We know, the general equation of a progressive wave is, _ 21 y = Asin $* (ot 3) : ae Ba: (ii) Comparing equations (i) and (ii) we get, A=5m 2n Zot = 200 at 2v_ or, x = or, ™ a 2n or, 777 ae. | _2n _2x314 7 “157° 157 =4m Now, v= nh v=4%100 = 400 ms* fe ee and T=2 = 799 70018 y = 400 ms“ and time pr Ans. Amplitude, A = 5m, frequency, n = 100 Hz, velocity, — 157 x). Here a ‘01s 17. The equation of a progressive wave is, y = 0°S sin(20nt : e itities are expressed in S.1. unit. Find the amplitude, frequency, velocity and time | he wave. {R.B Here, y = 0'5 sin (20nt — 1°57 x) We know the equation of a progressive wave is,Comparing equations (2) ane \2), 0s BS, amplitude, A =0'5m (3) Qn and oT 20n (4) 1s; 5 7197 Inserting equation (4) in equation (3) we get. 157 xv =20n 20m 20x34 yy as on P= 157-157 From equation (4), 4 Time period SS 18. y = 1°15 sin (2000 ¢ + 0°01 x), here all quantities are expressed in S.1. Find the nplitude, frequency, wavelength and velocity of the waye. J. B. 2007; Ch. B. 2005] Here the wave equation is given, = y =115sin (2000 #+001 x) Ee a (i) We know the general equation of a progressive wave travelling in the —ve x direction is, y = Asin (ot +x) sm (= 2) =Asin Xr + rm i 2n aA sin(2znt + 2) Comparing equations (i) and (ii) we get, A=115m (ii) 2nnt = 2000 t D= mh = 3185 x 628 =2x 105 mst Ans, A=115m;m=3185 Hz, A= 628m: 0=2%105 ms!