1

📘 Physics ABC: Quick

2

Revision Guide

Physics A–Z: Quick Revision

Guide
Covering Key Concepts Across
All Major Branches of Physics

Compiled by: Folorunsho S.O.

(Mr Humble Superior )
Year: 2025
 ✨ Dedication
3

This book is dedicated to all learners who are curious,

determined, and inspired to explore the fascinating world
of Physics.

To the dreamers who look at the stars and wonder,

To the thinkers who question “why” and “how,”
To the problem-solvers who believe in the power of
science,
And to every student who dares to see beyond formulas
and equations—

May this handout be a guiding light on your journey of

discovery, helping you unlock the mysteries of the
universe.
 4

Acknowledgments ✦
Special thanks to all teachers, mentors, and fellow
learners who inspired the creation of this handout.
 5

About the Author

Folorunsho S. O. (Mr. Humble Superior) is an enthusiastic and

dedicated Physics teacher with a deep passion for making the
subject simple, engaging, and accessible to all learners. With
years of experience teaching and guiding students, he has
developed a unique style of breaking down complex concepts
into clear, relatable explanations that inspire confidence and
curiosity.

Driven by a love for exploration and discovery, Mr. Humble

Superior believes that Physics is not just a subject — it is a way
of understanding the universe. His goal is to help students see
the beauty of Physics in everyday life, from the smallest
particles to the vastness of space.

Beyond teaching, he is committed to continuous learning and

innovation, creating resources like this Physics A–Z handout to
support learners in exams, research, and self-study. His vision is
to raise a generation of students who will not only excel
academically but also apply Physics to solve real-world
problems.

✨ “To teach Physics is to awaken the mind to the wonders of

the universe.” – Folorunsho S. O.
 6

About This Book

Physics A–Z is designed as a concise, exam-friendly handout for
students who want to master the fundamentals of physics
quickly and effectively. It breaks down physics into its main
branches, presenting each in a clear, simplified, and engaging
way.

✨ What’s Inside:
●​ A–Z Keywords & Definitions: Physics terms arranged
alphabetically within each branch for easy revision.
●​ Explanations Made Simple: Complex concepts explained in
short, clear sentences.
●​ Formulas with Units: Essential equations highlighted for
quick recall during exams.
●​ Real-Life Examples: Everyday applications of physics to
connect theory with reality.
●​ Diagrams & Icons: Visual aids that make difficult topics
easy to understand.
●​ Quick Revision Notes: Summaries at the end of each
branch for last-minute prep.
●​ Fun Facts & Did You Know?: Engaging physics facts to
spark curiosity and make learning enjoyable.
 7

🎯 Purpose of the Book

This handout serves as:

●​ A revision guide before tests and exams.

●​ A foundation tool for students entering science and
engineering fields.
●​ A self-study resource for anyone curious about how the
universe works.

📚 Who Can Use This Book?

●​ Senior secondary school students (SSCE, WAEC, NECO,
JAMB).
●​ College/University students in science and engineering.
●​ Teachers seeking a classroom-friendly resource.
●​ Curious minds who love learning about the natural world.

⚡ With this handout, Physics is no longer a subject of fear —

it’s a subject of wonder, logic, and discovery. 🌍✨
 8

✦ Preface / How to Use This Book

This handbook is designed as a quick reference guide for
students, teachers, and anyone interested in Physics. It is
arranged in A–Z format under each branch of Physics,
making it easy to recall definitions, formulas, and
principles at a glance.

Simple Explanations – Each term is explained in short,

clear language.

Diagrams & Icons – Visuals are added where needed for

better memory retention.

Branch by Branch – From Mechanics to Quantum

Physics, each section is self-contained.

👉 Use this book as a revision aid before exams, a

memory refresher, or a study companion.
 🔹 Introduction to Physics
9

Physics is the science of matter, energy, space, and time.

It explores the fundamental principles that govern the
universe — from the motion of planets to the behavior of
tiny particles inside atoms.

Physics is often called the “mother of all sciences”

because its laws form the foundation of other fields like
chemistry, engineering, astronomy, and even biology.

📍 Why Study Physics?

To understand natural phenomena (why the sky is blue,
how rainbows form, how electricity flows).

To apply scientific principles in technology (smartphones,

vehicles, medical machines).

To train the mind in problem-solving and logical

reasoning.
 10

📍 Branches of Physics
Physics is divided into several branches for easier study:

Mechanics – Motion and forces

Thermodynamics – Heat and energy transfer

Waves & Optics – Sound, light, and their behavior

Electricity & Magnetism – Electric charges, currents, and

magnetic fields

Modern Physics – Atomic, nuclear, and particle physics

Quantum Physics – Physics at the microscopic scale

Relativity – Space, time, and gravity at cosmic scales

Astrophysics & Cosmology – Stars, galaxies, and the universe

Each branch in this book is presented A–Z, making it easier to

study in bits.
 11

📑 Table of Contents
Front Matter
●​ Dedication
●​ Acknowledgments
●​ About the Author
●​ About This Book
●​ Purpose of the Book
●​ Preface / How to Use This Book
●​ Introduction to Physics
●​ Branches of Physics​

Main Content (A–Z by Branch)

🌡
1.​⚙ Mechanics (A–Z)

🌊
2.​ Thermodynamics (A–Z)

👁
3.​ Waves & Oscillations (A–Z)

⚡
4.​ Optics (A–Z)

🌌
5.​ Electricity & Magnetism (A–Z)
6.​ Modern Physics (A–Z)
Back Matter
●​ Glossary of Key Symbols
●​ Quick Revision Tips
●​ References
●​ Closing Note
 ⚙️ Mechanics (A–Z)
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Mechanics is the branch of Physics that deals with

motion, forces, and energy of objects. It is the foundation
of classical physics, covering everything from the motion
of a car to the orbit of planets.

Mechanics is the branch of Physics that studies motion,

forces, and the effect of forces on bodies. It is divided into
Statics (bodies at rest), Kinematics (motion without
considering causes), and Dynamics (motion with causes).

🔤 A–Z of Mechanics
A – Acceleration

Definition: The rate of change of velocity with time.

∆𝑣
Formula: 𝑎 = ∆𝑡
 13

Example: A car increases speed from 0 to 20 m/s in 5 s →

20− 0 2
𝑎= 5
= 4𝑚/𝑠 .

Icon/Image: 🚗💨
B – Bernoulli’s Principle

Definition: In a fluid flow, an increase in velocity causes a

decrease in pressure.

1 2
Formula: 𝑝 + 2
ρ𝑣 + ρ𝑔ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Example: Airplane wings use this principle to generate

lift.
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Icon/Image:

C – Centripetal Force

Definition: Force that keeps an object moving in a

circular path, directed toward the center.

2
𝑚𝑣
Formula: 𝐹 = 𝑟

Example: A stone whirled in a circle using a string.

D – Displacement

Definition: The shortest distance in a specific direction

between two points.

2 2 2
Formula: 𝑠 = 𝑥 +𝑦
 15

Example: Walking 3 km east and 4 km north →

displacement = 5 km northeast.

E – Equilibrium
Definition: A body is in equilibrium when net force and
net torque = 0.
Example: A ladder leaning against a wall without
slipping.

Formula: Σ𝐹 = 0

Icon/Image: ⚖️ balance scale.

F – Friction
Definition: Resistive force opposing motion between two
surfaces.

Formula: 𝐹 = µ𝑁

Example: Car tires grip road due to friction.

G – Gravitational Force
Definition: Attractive force between two masses.
 16

𝑚1𝑚2
Formula: 𝐹 = 𝐺 2
𝑟

Example: Earth pulls objects downward with acceleration

.

Icon/Image:

H – Hooke’s Law

Definition: The extension of a spring is directly

proportional to the applied force.

Formula: 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥

Example: Stretching a spring with 2 N makes it extend

0.04 m.
 17

Icon/Image:

I – Inertia
Definition: Tendency of an object to resist change in its
state of rest or motion.

Example: Passengers lurch forward when a bus suddenly

stops.

Icon/Image:

J – Joule
Definition: SI unit of work and energy.

Formula: 1𝐽 = 1𝑁 · 𝑚
 18

Example: Lifting an apple (0.1 kg) by 1 m requires ~1 J.

Icon/Image: ⚡ energy bolt.

K – Kinetic Energy
Definition: Energy possessed due to motion.
1 2
Formula: 𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣

Example: A 2 kg ball moving at 3 m/s → .

Icon/Image:

L – Lami’s Theorem
Definition: For three coplanar forces in equilibrium:
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐

Example: A body suspended by two strings.

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Icon/Image:

M – Momentum
Definition: Product of mass and velocity.
Formula: 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣

Example: A 0.2 kg ball moving at 10 m/s →p = 2kg

· 𝑚/𝑠 .

Icon/Image:

N – Newton’s Laws of Motion

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1st Law (Inertia): A body remains at rest/motion unless

acted upon.

2nd Law: 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

3rd Law: Every action has equal and opposite reaction.

Example: Rocket propulsion.

Icon/Image: 🚀
O – Oscillation
Definition: Repeated to-and-fro motion about an
equilibrium position.

2π
Formula: 𝑇 = ω

Example: Pendulum swinging.

 21

Icon/Image: ⏰

P – Projectile Motion
Definition: Motion under gravity with both horizontal and
vertical components.

2
𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ
Formula: Range: 𝑅 = 𝑔

Example: Football kicked at an angle.

Icon/Image: 🏈
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Q – Quality Factor (Q)

Definition: Sharpness of resonance in oscillatory systems.

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Formula: Q = 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

Example: Tuning fork resonance.

Icon/Image:

R – Resultant Force
Definition: A single force equivalent to two or more
forces.

2 2
Formula: 𝑅 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 2𝐹1𝐹2 𝐶𝑂𝑆θ

Example: Two people pushing a box at an angle.

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Icon/Image: .

S – Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Definition: Motion where acceleration ∝ displacement
but opposite in direction.

2
Formula: 𝑎 =− ω 𝑥

Example: Mass-spring system.

Icon/Image: 🌀
T – Torque (Moment of Force)
Definition: Turning effect of a force about a point.

Formula: τ = 𝐹 × 𝑑
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Example: Opening a door by pushing at its edge.

Icon/Image: 🚪
U – Uniform Motion
Definition: Motion at constant speed in a straight line.

Example: Train moving steadily at 60 km/h.

Icon/Image:

V – Velocity
Definition: Rate of change of displacement.
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∆𝑠
Formula: 𝑣 = ∆𝑡
Example: A runner covers 100 m in 10 s → 𝑣 = 10𝑚/𝑠.

Icon/Image: 🏃
W – Work
Definition: Product of force and displacement in force
direction.

Formula: 𝑤 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠θ

Example: Carrying a box up a ramp.

Icon/Image:

X – X-axis Motion
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Definition: Motion analyzed along horizontal axis in 2D

problems.
Example: Projectile motion broken into and components.

Icon/Image: .

Y – Young’s Modulus
Definition: Ratio of stress to strain in a material.

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Formula: 𝑌 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

Example: Steel has higher than rubber.

Icon/Image:
 27

Z – Zero Velocity
Definition: Instant when a moving body is momentarily at
rest.
Example: At the top of a ball’s vertical throw.

Icon/Image:

📘 Physics A–Z Study Handout

(Prepared by Mr. Humble Superior)
 🌡️ Thermodynamics ABC
28

Thermodynamics is the branch of Physics concerned with

heat, temperature, energy, and work. It explains how
energy is transformed and transferred in physical and
chemical systems.

🔤 A–Z of Thermodynamics
A – Adiabatic Process
Definition: A process where no heat is transferred to or
from the system.

Formula: 𝑃𝑉γ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Example: Sudden compression of air in a pump.

Icon/Image:
 29

B – Boyle’s Law
Definition: At constant temperature, pressure of a gas is
inversely proportional to its volume.

Formula: 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Example: Inflating a balloon – reducing volume increases

pressure.

Icon/Image: 🎈
C – Carnot Engine
Definition: An ideal engine with maximum efficiency
working between two heat reservoirs.

𝑇𝐶
Formula: η = 1 − 𝑇𝐻

Example: Theoretical model for steam engines.

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Icon/Image: ⚙️
D – Diffusion
Definition: Spontaneous mixing of molecules due to
random motion.

Example: Fragrance of perfume spreading in a room.

Icon/Image: 🌬️
E – Entropy (S)

Definition: A measure of disorder or randomness in a

system.
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𝑄
Formula: ∆𝑆 = 𝑇

Example: Ice melting increases entropy.

Icon/Image:

F – Free Expansion

Definition: Expansion of a gas into a vacuum without

doing work or heat exchange.

Example: Gas released from a punctured tire.

Icon/Image:

G – Gay-Lussac’s Law
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Definition: At constant volume, pressure is directly

proportional to temperature.

𝑃
Formula: 𝑇
= 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑇

Example: Pressure cooker – as temperature rises, pressure

rises.

Icon/Image:

H – Heat Capacity (C)

Definition: Heat required to raise the temperature of a
substance by 1 K.

𝑄
Formula: 𝐶 = ∆𝑇
Example: Water has high heat capacity, it warms slowly.
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Icon/Image: 🌊
I – Isothermal Process
Definition: A process occurring at constant temperature.

Formula: 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑇

Example: Slow compression of a gas in a cylinder with

thermal contact.

Icon/Image: 🧊
J – Joule’s Law
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Definition: Heat produced in a conductor is proportional

to current squared, resistance, and time.

2
Formula: 𝐻 = 𝑖 𝑅𝑡

Example: Electric iron heating up.

Icon/Image:

K – Kelvin Scale
Definition: Absolute temperature scale starting at absolute
zero.

◦
Relation: T(K)=T(𝐶 ) + 273

Example: 27 °C = 300 K.
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Icon/Image: 🌡️
L – Latent Heat (L)
Definition: Heat absorbed or released during phase
change without temperature change.

Formula: 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿

Example: Ice at 0°C absorbing heat but not rising in

temperature until fully melted.

Icon/Image: .

M – Maxwell’s Relations
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Definition: Thermodynamic equations derived from

potentials linking pressure, volume, entropy, and
temperature.

Example: Used in advanced heat engine calculations.

Icon/Image:

N – Non-Equilibrium Process
Definition: A thermodynamic process where the system is
not in equilibrium.

Example: Sudden pressure drop in a gas chamber.

Icon/Image:

O – Otto Cycle
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Definition: Ideal cycle describing petrol engines.

1
Formula: Efficiencyη = 1 − γ−1 (r = compression
𝑟
ratio).
Example: Car engine cycle.

Icon/Image: 🚗
P – Pressure (P)
Definition: Force exerted per unit area.

𝐹
Formula: 𝑃 = 𝐴
Example: A sharp knife cuts better because it exerts
greater pressure on a small area.

Q – Quantity of Heat (Q)

Definition: Energy transferred due to temperature
difference.
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Formula: 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
Example: Heating 1 kg of water by 10°C requires ~42 kJ.

Icon/Image: 🔥
R – Reversible Process

Definition: A process that can be reversed without leaving

any change in the system or surroundings.

Example: Idealized expansion/compression of a gas.

Icon/Image:

S – Second Law of Thermodynamics

 39

Definition: Heat flows naturally from hot to cold; entropy

of the universe increases.

Example: Heat never flows spontaneously from cold to

hot.

Icon/Image:

T – Thermal Conductivity (k)

Definition: Ability of a material to conduct heat.

𝐾𝐴∆𝑇
Formula: 𝑄 = 𝑑
Example: Metals conduct heat faster than wood.

Icon/Image:

U – Internal Energy (U)

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Definition: Total microscopic kinetic and potential

energies of molecules.
Formula: ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 (First law of thermodynamics).

Example: Heating gas in a cylinder increases its internal

energy.

Icon/Image:

V – Van der Waals Equation

Definition: Equation for real gases correcting ideal gas
law.

𝑎
Formula: (𝑃 + 2 )(𝑉 − 𝑏) = 𝑅𝑇
𝑣
Example: Explains deviation of gases at high pressure.
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Icon/Image:

W – Work (W)
Definition: In thermodynamics, work is done by system
when volume changes.

Formula: 𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉
Example: Piston in a cylinder moving outward.

Icon/Image: .

X – Expansion Ratio (X)

Definition: Ratio of final volume to initial volume in
expansion.
 42

𝑉𝑓
Example:𝑋 = 𝑉𝑖
in gas expansion.

Icon/Image:

Y – Yield (Thermal Efficiency)

Definition: Ratio of useful work done to heat input.

𝑊
Formula: η = 𝑄ℎ

Example: Steam turbine efficiency ~35%.

 43

Icon/Image:

Z – Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Definition: If two bodies are separately in thermal
equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each
other.

Example: Thermometers work on this principle.

Icon/Image:

📘 Physics A–Z Study Handout

 44

🌊 Waves & Oscillations ABC

(Prepared by Mr. Humble Superior)

This branch studies repetitive motions (oscillations) and

the transfer of energy through disturbances (waves). It
explains sound, light, vibrations, and more.

🔤 A–Z of Waves & Oscillations

A – Amplitude
Definition: Maximum displacement from the mean
position.

Formula: A (symbol for amplitude).

Example: Height of a pendulum swing.

Icon/Image:

B – Beats
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Definition: Periodic variation in sound intensity due to

interference of two close frequencies.

Formula: 𝑓𝑏 = [𝑓1 − 𝑓2]

Example: Guitar tuning using beats.

Icon/Image: 🎸
C – Crest
Definition: Highest point of a wave.
Example: Top of a water wave.

Icon/Image:
 46

D – Damped Oscillation
Definition: Oscillation with gradually decreasing
amplitude due to energy loss.
−β𝑡
Formula: 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠(ω𝑡)
Example: Swinging pendulum slowing down.

Icon/Image: 🕰️
E – Echo
Definition: Reflection of sound from a hard surface.
Condition: Time gap ≥ 0.1 s.
Example: Sound heard in empty hall.

Icon/Image: 📢
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F – Frequency (f)
Definition: Number of oscillations per second.
1
Formula: 𝑓 = 𝑇
Example: A sound of 440 Hz = 440 vibrations/sec.

Icon/Image: 🎶
G – Group Velocity
Definition: Speed at which energy or information travels
in a wave packet.
𝑑ω
Formula: 𝑣𝑔 = 𝑑𝑘
Example: Light pulse in fiber optic cable.

Icon/Image:
 48

H – Harmonics
Definition: Integral multiples of the fundamental
frequency.
Example: In strings, 1st harmonic = fundamental, 2nd
harmonic = first overtone.

Icon/Image: 🎻 .

I – Interference
Definition: Superposition of two or more waves to form a
new wave pattern.
Formula: Constructive:𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 , Destructive:
𝐴 = 𝐴1 − 𝐴2 .
Example: Soap film colors.
 49

Icon/Image:

J – Jerk (in SHM)

Definition: Rate of change of acceleration in oscillatory
motion.
𝑑𝑎
Formula:𝑗 = 𝑑𝑡
.
Example: Sudden stop of elevator causing jerk.

Icon/Image: ⬆️⬇️
K – Keynote (Fundamental Frequency)
Definition: Lowest frequency produced by an oscillating
system.
Example: The fundamental note of a guitar string.
 50

Icon/Image: 🎵
L – Longitudinal Waves
Definition: Waves where particles vibrate parallel to
direction of propagation.
Example: Sound waves in air.

Icon/Image: 🔊 .

M – Mechanical Waves
Definition: Waves requiring a medium to propagate.
Example: Water waves, sound waves.
 51

Icon/Image: 🌊
N – Node
Definition: Point of zero displacement in a standing wave.
Example: Closed ends of vibrating strings.

Icon/Image: 🎸
O – Overtone
Definition: Higher frequency vibration above the
fundamental.
Example: Second harmonic is the first overtone.
 52

Icon/Image: 🎶
P – Phase
Definition: The state of oscillation at a given instant,
describes position in a cycle.
Formula: ϕ = ω𝑡 + δ
Example: Two pendulums swinging together are in phase.

Icon/Image: 🔄
Q – Quality Factor (Q)
Definition: Sharpness of resonance in oscillating systems.
𝑓𝑟
Formula: 𝑄 = ∆𝑓
Example: Tuning fork has high Q factor.
 53

Icon/Image: 🎵
R – Resonance
Definition: Large amplitude vibration when driving
frequency matches natural frequency.
Example: Bridge collapsing under soldiers marching in
step.

Icon/Image: 🌉
S – Standing Wave
Definition: Wave formed by superposition of two opposite
waves of same frequency.
Formula:𝑦 = 2𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(ω𝑡)
 54

Example: Vibrating string on a guitar.

Icon/Image: 🎸
T – Transverse Waves
Definition: Waves where particles vibrate perpendicular
to propagation direction.
Example: Water waves, light waves.

Icon/Image: ↕️

U – Ultrasonic Waves
Definition: Sound waves with frequency > 20 kHz.
Example: Used in medical ultrasound imaging.
 55

Icon/Image:

V – Velocity of Wave (v)

Definition: Speed of wave propagation.
Formula: 𝑣 = 𝑓λ

Example: Sound travels at ~343 m/s in air.

Icon/Image: ⚡
W – Wavelength (λ)
Definition: Distance between two consecutive crests or
troughs.
 56

Example: Red light has wavelength ~700 nm.

Icon/Image:

X – X-ray Diffraction
Definition: Wave property of X-rays used to study atomic
structure.
Formula: Bragg’s law: nλ = 2𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
Example: DNA structure discovery.

Icon/Image: 🧬
Y – Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
Definition: Demonstrated interference and wave nature of
light.
λ𝐷
Formula: Fringe width β = 𝑑
 57

Example: Bright and dark fringes on a screen.

Icon/Image: 🌓
Z – Zero-Point Energy
Definition: Minimum possible energy of a quantum
oscillator, even at absolute zero.
1
Formula: 𝐸◦ = 2
ℎω
Example: Basis of quantum field vibrations.

Icon/Image: ⚛️
📘 Physics A–Z Study Handout
(Prepared by Mr. Humble Superior)
 👁️ Optics (ABC)
58

Optics is the branch of Physics that studies light, its

behavior, and interactions with matter. It includes
reflection, refraction, lenses, mirrors, interference,
diffraction, and polarization.

🔤 A–Z of Optics
A – Aperture
Definition: The effective opening through which light
enters an optical instrument.

Example: Camera lens opening.

Icon/Image: 📷
 59

B – Brewster’s Law
Definition: Polarization of light occurs when reflected ray
is at 90° to refracted ray.

Formula: 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ𝐵 = µ

Example: Polarizing sunglasses.

Icon/Image: 😎
C – Critical Angle
Definition: Angle of incidence in denser medium for
which angle of refraction = 90°.

1
Formula: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 = µ

Example: Fiber optics.

 60

Icon/Image: 💡
D – Diffraction
Definition: Bending of light around obstacles or openings.

Example: Spreading of light at a narrow slit.

Icon/Image:

E – Eye (Human Eye)

Definition: Natural optical instrument for vision.

Example: Cornea and lens focus light on retina.

 61

Icon/Image: 👁️
F – Focal Length (f)
Definition: Distance between optical center and focus of
lens/mirror.

1 1 1
Formula: 𝑓
= 𝑣
− 𝑢

Example: Convex lens focusing sunlight.

Icon/Image: 🔍
G – Grating (Diffraction Grating)
 62

Definition: Optical device with many slits for

diffraction/interference.

Formula: 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 𝑛λ

Example: Used in spectrometers.

Icon/Image: 📊
H – Huygens’ Principle
Definition: Every point of a wavefront acts as a source of
secondary wavelets.

Example: Explains refraction and diffraction.

Icon/Image:
 63

I – Interference of Light
Definition: Superposition of coherent light waves
producing bright and dark fringes.

1
Formula: Path difference = 𝑛λ (constructive),(𝑛 + 2
)λ
(destructive).

Example: Soap bubble colors.

Icon/Image: 🌈
J – Joule Heating in Light Sources
Definition: Conversion of electrical energy into heat and
then light.

Example: Bulb filament glowing.

 64

Icon/Image: 💡
K – Kelvin Lens (Achromatic Lens)
Definition: Lens system that removes chromatic
aberration.

Example: Used in telescopes.

Icon/Image: 🔭
L – Lens
Definition: Transparent medium bounded by curved
surfaces.
 65

Formula: Lens maker’s formula:

1 1 1
𝑓
= (µ − 1)( 𝑅 − 𝑅2
)
1

Example: Convex lens in magnifying glass.

Icon/Image: 🔍
M – Magnification (M)
Definition: Ratio of image height to object height.

ℎ𝑖 𝑣
Formula: 𝑀 = ℎ𝑜
= 𝑢

Example: Microscope enlarging bacteria.

Icon/Image: 🔬
 66

N – Newton’s Rings
Definition: Circular interference pattern formed by air
film between lens and glass plate.

Example: Used to find wavelength of light.

Icon/Image: 🟠
O – Optical Fiber
Definition: Thin glass/plastic fiber transmitting light via
total internal reflection.

Example: Internet data transfer.

 67

Icon/Image:

P – Polarization
Definition: Restriction of vibration of light to a single
plane.

Example: 3D movie glasses.

Icon/Image: 🎥
Q – Quantum Theory of Light
Definition: Light behaves as both wave and particle
(photon).

Formula: E=hf
 68

Example: Photoelectric effect.

Icon/Image: ⚛️
R – Refraction
Definition: Bending of light at boundary between two
media.
Formula: Snell’s law: 𝑛1𝑠𝑖𝑛θ1 = 𝑛2𝑠𝑖𝑛θ2
Example: Pencil appearing bent in water.

Icon/Image:

S – Spectrum
 69

Definition: Band of colors produced when light is

dispersed.

Example: Rainbow.

Icon/Image: 🌈
T – Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
Definition: Reflection within denser medium when angle
of incidence > critical angle.

Example: Diamond sparkle, optical fibers.

Icon/Image: 💎 .

U – Ultraviolet Light (UV)

 70

Definition: Electromagnetic radiation with wavelength

10–400 nm.

Example: Sterilization lamps.

Icon/Image:

V – Virtual Image
Definition: Image that cannot be projected on a screen.
Example: Image seen in a plane mirror.
 71

Icon/Image:

W – Wavefront
Definition: Surface connecting points vibrating in same
phase.

Types: Plane, spherical, cylindrical.

Example: Light from a laser.
 72

Icon/Image: 🌐

X – X-ray Optics
Definition: Study of focusing/reflection of X-rays using
crystals.

Example: X-ray imaging in hospitals.

 73

Icon/Image:

Y – Young’s Double Slit (Optics Version)

Definition: Experiment proving wave nature of light.

λ𝐷
Formula: Fringe widthβ = 𝑑
.

Example: Bright & dark fringes.

 74

Icon/Image: 🌓

Z – Zoom Lens
Definition: Lens with variable focal length.

Example: Camera zoom lens.

Icon/Image: 📸
📘 Physics A–Z Study Handout
(Prepared by Mr. Humble Superior)
 ⚡ Electricity & Magnetism (A–Z)
75

Electricity & Magnetism is the study of electric charges,

currents, fields, and their relationship with magnetic
forces. It includes circuits, electromagnetism, and
Maxwell’s equations.

🔤 A–Z of Electricity & Magnetism

A – Ampere (A)
Definition: SI unit of electric current.

𝑄
Formula: 𝐼 = 𝑡

Example: 1 A = flow of 1 coulomb per second.

Icon/Image: 🔋
 76

B – Biot–Savart Law
Definition: Describes magnetic field due to a current
element.

µ0 𝐼𝑑𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
Formula: 𝑑𝐵 = 4Π 2
𝑟
Example: Magnetic field near a conductor.

Icon/Image:

C – Capacitance (C)
Definition: Ability of a capacitor to store charge.
𝑄
Formula: 𝐶 = 𝑉
Example: Capacitors in circuits.
 77

Icon/Image: ⚡
D – Dielectric
Definition: Insulating material placed between capacitor
plates.

𝑘ε0𝐴
Formula: 𝐶 = 𝑑
Example: Plastic/ceramic capacitors.
 78

Icon/Image:

E – Electric Field (E)

Definition: Force per unit charge in a region.

𝐹 𝑘𝑄
Formula: 𝐸 = 𝑞
= 2
𝑟

Example: Field around a point charge.

Icon/Image:
 79

F – Faraday’s Law of Induction

Definition: Induced emf is proportional to rate of change
of magnetic flux.

𝑑Φ𝐵
Formula: ε = 𝑑𝑡

Example: Generator working principle.

Icon/Image:

G – Gauss’s Law
Definition: Electric flux through a closed surface = charge
enclosed / permittivity.

𝑄
Formula: Φ𝐸 = ϵ0

Example: Field of a spherical charge distribution.

 80

Icon/Image:

H – Hall Effect
Definition: Voltage develops across a conductor in
magnetic field due to moving charges.

𝐵𝐼𝑑
Formula: 𝑉𝐻= 𝑛𝑞

Example: Used to measure magnetic field.

 81

Icon/Image:

I – Inductance (L)
Definition: Property of coil to oppose change in current.

𝑑𝑙
Formula: ε =− 𝐿 𝑑𝑡

Example: Inductor in AC circuits.

 82

Image:

J – Joule’s Law of Heating

Definition: Heat produced in a resistor = product of
square of current, resistance, and time.

2
Formula: 𝐻 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑡

Example: Electric iron heating.

Icon/Image:
 83

K – Kirchhoff’s Laws
Definition: (1) Current law:Σ𝐼𝑖𝑛 =Σ𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡
(2) Voltage law:Σ𝑉 = 0 around a loop.

Example: Solving circuit problems.

Icon/Image:
 84

L – Lorentz Force
Definition: Force on a charge moving in electric &
magnetic fields.

Formula: 𝐹 = 𝑞(𝐸 + 𝑣 × 𝐵)

Example: Motion of charges in cathode ray tube.

Icon/Image:

M – Magnetic Field (B)

Definition: Region around a magnet/current-carrying
conductor where magnetic force is felt.

𝐹
Formula: 𝐵 = 𝑞𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛θ

Example: Compass near magnet.

 85

Icon/Image:

N – Neutral Point
Definition: Point where magnetic fields cancel each other.
Example: Between two bar magnets.

Icon/Image: ⚖️
O – Ohm’s Law
Definition: Current is directly proportional to voltage
across a conductor.

Formula: 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
 86

Example: Resistance of a bulb filament.

Icon/Image: 💡
P – Permittivity (ε)
Definition: Measure of how medium allows electric field.

1 𝑞1𝑞2
Formula: 𝐹 = 4Πε0 𝑟2

Example: Higher in vacuum = ε0.

Icon/Image:
 87

Q – Quantity of Charge (Q)

Definition: Electric charge stored or transferred.

Formula: 𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡

Example: 5 A current in 2 sec transfers 10 C.

Icon/Image: ⚡
R – Resistance (R)
Definition: Opposition to current flow.

𝑉
Formula: 𝑅 = 𝐼

Example: Resistor in electronics.

 88

Icon/Image:

S – Self & Mutual Induction

Definition: Induction of emf in same coil (self) or another
coil (mutual).

𝑑𝑖
Formula:ε =− 𝑀 𝑑𝑡

Example: Transformer.

Icon/Image:
 89

T – Transformer
Definition: Device to change AC voltage.

𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃
Formula: 𝑉 = 𝑁
𝑆 𝑆

Example: Step-up transformer in power supply.

Icon/Image:

U – Unit of Charge
Definition: SI unit = Coulomb (C).

−19
Example: 1 electron = 1. 6 × 10 𝐶.
 90

Icon/Image: ⚛️
V – Voltage (V)
Definition: Potential difference between two points.

𝑊
Formula: V= 𝑄

Example: 9 V battery.

Icon/Image: 🔋
 91

W – Wheatstone Bridge
Definition: Circuit for precise measurement of resistance.

𝑃 𝑅
Formula: 𝑄
= 𝑆

Example: Used in labs.

Icon/Image:
 92

X – X-ray Tube (Electrons & EM Radiation)

Definition: High-speed electrons striking a target produce
X-rays.

Formula: 𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 = 𝑒𝑉

Example: Medical imaging.

Icon/Image:

Y – Yoke (Magnetic)
Definition: Iron piece guiding magnetic flux in devices.

Example: Used in transformers.

 93

Icon/Image:

Z – Zener Diode
Definition: Semiconductor diode used for voltage
regulation.
Example: Voltage stabilizers.

Icon/Image:

📘 Physics A–Z Study Handout

(Prepared by Mr. Humble Superior)
 🌌 Modern Physics (A–Z)
94

Modern Physics deals with the discoveries of the 20th

century onwards, focusing on atomic structure, quantum
mechanics, nuclear reactions, relativity, and particle
physics.

🔤 A–Z of Modern Physics

A – Atom
Definition: Smallest unit of matter, consists of protons,
neutrons, electrons.
Example: Hydrogen atom (1p + 1e).

Icon:
 95

B – Blackbody Radiation
Definition: Ideal body that absorbs and emits all radiation.

ℎ𝑐
Formula: Planck’s Law → 𝐸 = λ
.

Example: Sun approximates blackbody.

Icon:

C – Compton Effect
Definition: Scattering of X-rays by electrons shows
photon momentum.

ℎ
Formula: ∆λ = 𝑚𝑒𝑐
(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ).
Example: Evidence of particle nature of light.
 96

Icon: 📡
D – De Broglie Wavelength
Definition: Particles behave like waves.

ℎ
Formula:λ = 𝑝
.
Example: Electrons show diffraction.

Icon: 🌊
E – Einstein’s Theory of Relativity
Definition: Motion near speed of light changes mass,
time, and energy.
 97

2
Formula:𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 .

Example: Nuclear reactions.

Icon:

F – Fission (Nuclear)
Definition: Splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller ones.

Example: Uranium-235 reactor.

 98

Icon:

G – Gamma Rays (γ-rays)

Definition: High-energy electromagnetic radiation.
Example: Used in cancer therapy.
 99

Icon:

H – Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Definition: Cannot simultaneously know position &
momentum of a particle.

ℎ
Formula:∆𝑥 · ∆𝑝 ≥ 4π
.
Example: Quantum measurements.
 100

Icon:
 101

I – Isotopes
Definition: Atoms with same proton number but different
neutrons.
Example: Carbon-12, Carbon-14.

Icon:

J – Josephson Effect
Definition: Supercurrent flows through two
superconductors separated by thin insulator.
Example: SQUIDs (super-sensitive magnetometers).
 102

Icon:

K – Kirchhoff’s Spectrum Laws

Definition: Hot solids → continuous spectra; gases → line
spectra.
Example: Neon lamp colors.
 103

Icon:

L – Lasers (Light Amplification)

Definition: Coherent, monochromatic, intense light.

Formula: Stimulated emission.

Example: Laser surgery, CD readers.

Icon: .
 104

M – Mass-Energy Equivalence
2
Formula:𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 .

Example: Energy released in nuclear bomb.

Icon:

N – Neutrino
Definition: Nearly massless neutral particle.
Example: Emitted in beta decay.
 105

Icon:

O – Orbitals (Quantum Chemistry)

Definition: Probability distribution of electron location.
Types: s, p, d, f.
 106

Icon:

P – Photoelectric Effect
Definition: Light ejects electrons from metal surface.

Formula:ℎ𝑓 = ϕ + 𝐾𝐸 .

Example: Solar cells.

 107

Icon:

Q – Quantum Mechanics
Definition: Study of matter & energy at atomic level.

𝑑ψ
Equation: Schrödinger’s Equation →𝑖ℎ 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐻ψ .
Example: Electron probability clouds.
 108

Icon:

R – Radioactivity
Definition: Spontaneous emission of particles/rays from
unstable nuclei.
Types: α, β, γ emissions.
Example: Uranium decay.
 109

Icon:

S – Superconductivity
Definition: Zero resistance below critical temperature.
Example: MRI magnets.
 110

Icon:
 111

T – Tunnel Effect
Definition: Particles pass through barriers they shouldn’t
classically cross.
Example: Tunneling diode.

Icon:

U – Unification of Forces
Definition: Electroweak theory unites electromagnetic &
weak nuclear forces.
Example: Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model.
 112

Icon:

V – Virtual Particles
Definition: Temporary particles mediating interactions in
quantum field.

Example: Photon exchange in EM force.

 113

Icon:

W – Wave–Particle Duality
Definition: Light & matter exhibit both wave and particle
properties.
Example: Double-slit experiment.

Icon:
 114

X – X-rays
Definition: High-energy EM radiation discovered by
Röntgen.
Example: Medical imaging, crystal diffraction.
 115

Icon:
 116

Y – Yukawa Interaction
Definition: Theory of nuclear force mediated by mesons.
Example: Explains strong force inside nuclei.

Icon:

Z – Zeeman Effect
Definition: Splitting of spectral lines in magnetic field.
Example: Used in astronomy to study stars.
 117

Icon: 🌠

📘 Physics A–Z Study Handout

(Prepared by Mr. Humble Superior)1

1
 118

Glossary of Key Symbols

a – acceleration (m/s²)

c – speed of light (3 × 10⁸ m/s)

E – energy (J)

F – force (N)

g – acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s²)

h – Planck’s constant (6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s)

k – Boltzmann constant (1.38 × 10⁻²³ J/K)

m – mass (kg)

P – pressure (Pa)

Q – heat (J)

T – temperature (K)
 119

V – volume (m³) / potential difference (V)

W – work done (J)

 120

Quick Revision Tips

1. Always write formulas with correct SI units.

2. Draw clear diagrams in mechanics, optics, and

electricity.

3. For thermodynamics, remember laws in order (Zeroth

→ First → Second → Third).

4. Use mnemonics for wave and optics formulas.

5. In Modern Physics, focus on definitions + experiments

(Photoelectric, Compton, Rutherford).
 121

References
American Physical Society. (2022). Superconductivity and
applications. APS Physics. https://www.aps.org

Britannica. (2022). Reflection and virtual images in optics.

Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://cdn.britannica.com

Carroll, S., & Ostlie, D. (2017). An introduction to modern

astrophysics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

CERN. (2023). Particle physics and the standard model. European

Organization for Nuclear Research. https://home.cern

CK-12 Foundation. (2022). Gas laws and kinetic theory.

https://flexbooks.ck12.org

European Space Agency. (2023). Gravitational waves and black

holes. ESA Science & Technology. https://www.esa.int

Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., & Sands, M. (2013). The Feynman

lectures on physics, Vol. 1. Basic Books.

Griffiths, D. J. (2017). Introduction to electrodynamics (4th ed.).

Cambridge University Press.

Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2018). Fundamentals of

physics (11th ed.). Wiley.

Hecht, E. (2017). Optics (5th ed.). Pearson.

HyperPhysics. (2022). Classical mechanics and Newton’s laws.

Georgia State University. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
 122

HyperPhysics. (2022). Electromagnetism and Maxwell’s equations.

Georgia State University. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

HyperPhysics. (2022). Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Georgia

State University. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

International Atomic Energy Agency. (2023). Gamma rays and

nuclear radiation safety. https://www.iaea.org

Khan Academy. (2023). Work, energy, and power in physics.

https://www.khanacademy.org

Kittel, C. (2004). Introduction to solid state physics (8th ed.). Wiley.

LibreTexts Physics. (2023). Oscillations and waves.

https://phys.libretexts.org

LibreTexts Physics. (2023). Thermodynamics and entropy.

https://phys.libretexts.org

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2023). Quantum mechanics:

Fundamentals. MIT OpenCourseWare. https://ocw.mit.edu

NASA. (2023). Cosmology and the expanding universe. National

Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://www.nasa.gov

NASA. (2023). Relativity and spacetime physics. National

Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://www.nasa.gov

Neutrino Research Group. (2022). Neutrinos and virtual particles.

ETH Zürich. https://neutrino.ethz.ch

OpenStax. (2023). University physics, Vol. 1–3. OpenStax CNX.

https://openstax.org/subjects/science
 123

Physics Classroom. (2022). Circuits and electricity basics.

https://www.physicsclassroom.com

Physics Classroom. (2022). Momentum and collisions.

https://www.physicsclassroom.com

ScienceInfo. (n.d.). Zeeman effect in physics. Retrieved August 25,

2025, from https://www.scienceinfo.com

Springer Nature. (2023). Yukawa interaction in particle physics.

https://media.springernature.com

Testbook. (2023). Josephson effect explained. Testbook.

https://blogmedia.testbook.com

University of Oregon. (2023). Wave–particle duality. Department of

Physics. https://pages.uoregon.edu/physics/wave-particle

1.​ American Physical Society. (2022). Superconductivity and applications.

APS Physics. https://www.aps.org
2.​ Britannica. (2022). Reflection and virtual images in optics. Encyclopaedia
Britannica. https://cdn.britannica.com
3.​ CERN. (2023). Particle physics and the standard model. European
Organization for Nuclear Research. https://home.cern
4.​ CK-12 Foundation. (n.d.). Diffusion and gas laws. CK-12 Flexbooks.
https://flexbooks.ck12.org
5.​ ETH Zürich. (2022). Neutrinos and virtual particles. Neutrino Research
Group. https://neutrino.ethz.ch
6.​ HyperPhysics. (2022). Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Georgia State
University. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
 124

7.​ IAEA. (2023). Gamma rays and nuclear radiation safety. International
Atomic Energy Agency. https://www.iaea.org
8.​ IOPScience. (2023). Photon exchange and electromagnetic force. Institute of
Physics. https://iopscience.iop.org
9.​ Khan Academy. (2022). Spectral lines and atomic transitions. Khan
Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org
10.​MIT OpenCourseWare. (2023). Quantum mechanics: Fundamentals.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://ocw.mit.edu
11.​NASA. (2023). Relativity and spacetime physics. National Aeronautics and
Space Administration. https://www.nasa.gov
12.​Nature Physics. (2022). X-ray diffraction and crystallography. Nature
Publishing Group. https://www.nature.com
13.​New Scientist. (2021). Electron orbitals and quantum chemistry. New
Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com
14.​Physics Classroom. (2022). Circuits and electricity basics. Physics
Classroom. https://www.physicsclassroom.com
15.​Physics LibreTexts. (2023). Thermodynamics and entropy. LibreTexts.
https://phys.libretexts.org
16.​Radiology Star. (n.d.). Nuclear binding and medical imaging physics.
Retrieved August 25, 2025, from https://www.radiologystar.com
17.​ScienceInfo. (n.d.). Zeeman effect in physics. Retrieved August 25, 2025,
from https://www.scienceinfo.com
18.​Springer Nature. (2023). Yukawa interaction in particle physics.
https://media.springernature.com
19.​Testbook. (2023). Josephson effect explained. Testbook.
https://blogmedia.testbook.com
20.​University of Oregon. (2023). Wave–particle duality. Department of Physics.
https://pages.uoregon.edu/physics/wave-particle
21.​

Concepts of Physics – H.C. Verma

 125

Fundamentals of Physics – Halliday, Resnick & Walker

University Physics – Young & Freedman

NCERT Physics (Class XI–XII)

Khan Academy (Online)

 126

About the Book

This eBook has been prepared as a concise Physics revision guide, tailored for students and exam
candidates. It simplifies complex theories into A–Z keywords, with formulas, examples, and
icons for quick recall.
 127

🌟 Closing Note
"Physics is not just equations – it is the language of nature. Master the basics, and the universe
opens up before you."