‫‪íè…]†£]<^ÓéÚ^ßè‚Ö]<ð^éÛéÒ‬‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﻱ‪2005‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﺎﻤــﺭ‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫„‬

‫ف ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﺮار ِة أَو ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻐﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗُﻌ ّﺮ َ‬ ‫„‬

‫„ ‪Energy = Work + Heat‬‬

‫ﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ِﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫هﻨﺎك ﺻﻨﻔﺎن ِﻡ ْ‬ ‫„‬

‫ﺨﺰُوﻧﺔ(‬ ‫ﺡﺮآﻴﺔ ) ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮآ ِﺔ( وآﺎﻡﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬أَو) ﻃﺎﻗﺔ َﻡ ْ‬ ‫„‬

‫ﻦ آﺘﻠ ِﺔ وﺳﺮﻋ ِﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮآﻴّﺔ )وﺗﺨﺘﺼﺮ ‪ ( Ek‬وﺗﺤﺴﺐ ِﻡ ْ‬ ‫„‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴ ِﻢ ﻃﺒﻘ ًﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻐ ِﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴ ِﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻦ‬
‫ﺞ ِﻡ ْ‬
‫ﺨﺰَﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬و َﻗ ْﺪ َﺗﻨْﺘ ُ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻡﻨﺔ وﺗﺨﺘﺼﺮ)‪ (Ep‬وهﻲ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ُﻡ ْ‬ ‫„‬
‫ﻡﻮﻗ ِﻊ اﻟﺠﺴ ِﻢ أَو اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ِﺔ اﻟﻤُﺤﺘَﻮی ُﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎوی ِﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﻱ‪2005‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﺎﻤــﺭ‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫وﺡﺪ َة ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ِﺔ‬
‫‪) -‬آﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮام‪.‬م‪/ 2‬ث‪ ( 2‬وهﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮآﻴﺔ وﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺝﻮل‪،‬‬ ‫„‬
‫وﺗﺨﺘﺼﺮ)‪(J‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺡﺎﻟﺔ وﺡﺪة اآﺒﺮ= آﻴﻠﻮﺝﻮل )وﺗﺨﺘﺼ َﺮ)‪.( kJ‬‬ ‫„‬

‫وﺡﺪة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻷﺥﺮى ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗ ِﺔ هﻲ اﻟﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﺤﺮاري وﺗﺨﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫„‬

‫ﻼ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ِﺔ اﻟﻼزﻡﺔ ﻟ َﺮﻓْﻊ درﺝ ِﺔ ﺡﺮارة ‪1‬‬
‫ف أﺻ ً‬
‫)‪ (cal‬وﺗﻌ ّﺮ َ‬
‫‪g‬ﻡِﻦ اﻟﻤﺎ ِء ﺑﺪرﺝﺔ واﺡﺪة ﻡﺆویﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ وﺗﻘﺎس ﺑﺎﻟﺴُﻌﺮات اﻟﺤﺮاری ِﺔ )واﺥﺘﺼﺎرهﺎ ‪(Cal‬‬ ‫„‬
‫و ُآﻞّ ﺳُﻌﺮة ﺡﺮاریﺔ ﻏﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي = ‪cal1000‬‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﻱ‪2005‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﺎﻤــﺭ‬

‫„‬ ‫‪1 J = 1 (kg.m2)/s2‬‬

‫‪1 cal = 4.184 J‬‬
‫‪1 Cal = 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ‬‬

‫„‬ ‫‪Energy: the capacity to do work or supply‬‬

‫‪heat‬‬
‫„‬ ‫;‪Kinetic energy (EK): the energy of motion‬‬
‫‪EK = (1/2)mv2‬‬
‫„‬ ‫‪Potential energy (EP): energy that is stored,‬‬
‫‪either in an object because of its position or‬‬
‫‪in a molecule because of its chemical‬‬
‫‪composition‬‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﻱ‪2005‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﺎﻤــﺭ‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ِﺔ واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ِﺔ‬

‫ل ﻟﻠﺪیﻨﺎﻡﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ن اﻷو ِ‬ ‫ن ﺡﻔﻆ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ِﺔ ﻡَﻌﺮوف ﺑِﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ ِ‬ ‫ن ﻗﺎﻧﻮ َ‬

‫إّ‬ ‫„‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮاری ِﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ل ِﻡ ْ‬ ‫ن ﺗﺘﺤ ّﻮ َ‬
‫ﻦ َأ ْ‬
‫ﻄ َﻢ ؛ وهﻲ ُی ْﻤ ِﻜ ُ‬ ‫ﻖ أَو ﺗُﺤ ّ‬
‫ﺨَﻠ َ‬
‫ن ُﺗ ْ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻻ ُیﻤْﻜﻦ أ ْ‬ ‫„‬
‫ﻞ واﺡﺪ إﻟﻰ ﺁﺥ ِﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜ ِ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮع اﻵﺥﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗ ِﺔ هﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ُﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ُﺔ‬ ‫„‬
‫)اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻡﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺨَﺰوﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ‬ ‫„‬
‫ت( ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎوی ِﺔ ﻡِﻦ اﻟﺠﺰیﺌﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ن ﻃﺎﻗ َﺔ آﺎﻡﻨﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ُی ْﻤ ِﻜ ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎویﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰیﺌﺎت َﺗﺨْﺰ َ‬ ‫„‬
‫أَن ﺗﺘﺤﺮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺡﺮار ِة وﺿﻮ ِء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺡﺪوث ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ آﻴﻤﻴﺎوي ‪.‬‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﻱ‪2005‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﺎﻤــﺭ‬

‫س ﻃﺎﻗ ًﺔ اﻟَﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎویﺔ‪،‬ﻓﺎن ﻡﻮاد اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ َﻧﺪْر ُ‬ ‫„‬

‫واﻟﻨﻮاﺗﺞ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻡﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‪.‬‬
‫و ُآﻞّ ﺷﻲء ﺁﺥﺮ آﺄس اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪،‬واﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‪،‬واﻟﺒﻨﺎیﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺦ‪ُ .‬ی ْﺪﻋَﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫„‬

‫ﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗ ِﺔ ‪،‬ﻓﺎن‬‫ﻂ ﺡﻴﺚ ﻻ یﺘﻢ ﺡﺪوث ﻧﻘ َ‬ ‫إذا اﻟﻨﻈﺎ ِم ﺗﻢ ﻋﺰﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻴ ِ‬ ‫„‬
‫ﻆ و َﺗﺒْﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ آﺎﻓﺔ أﻧﺤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺪاﺥﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻴّﺔ )‪ (E‬ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎ ِم ﺳَﺘﺤ َﻔ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ل ﻟﻠﺪیﻨﺎﻡﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﺤﺮاریﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ن اﻷو ِ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ إﻋﺎدة ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ ِ‬ ‫„‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺪاﺥﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻡﻌﺰول ﺗﺒﻘﻰ داﺋﻤﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫„‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﻱ‪2005‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﺎﻤــﺭ‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫ب اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻓﺎن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻻ یﻤﻜﻦ ان ی ْﻌﺰَل ﻋﻦ‬ ‫„ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر ِ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﺨﺎرﺝﻲ‬
‫س اﻟَﺘﻐﻴ َﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ِﺔ اﻟﺪاﺥﻠﻴ ِﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎ ِم) ‪.(∆E‬‬
‫„ ِویﺘﻢ َﻗِﻴﺎ ُ‬
‫„ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ َﺔ ) ‪ (∆E‬یﻤﺜﻞ اﻹﺥﺘﻼ َ‬
‫ف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ِﺔ اﻟﺪاﺥﻠﻴ ِﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴ ِﺔ واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم ‪.‬‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﻱ‪2005‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﺎﻤــﺭ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻘﺎس ﻡﻦ وﺝﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎ ِم‬ ‫„‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮرة ﻡﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﻜﻮن اﺷﺎرﺗﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ) ‪( Ef < Ei‬‬ ‫„‬

‫واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺪاﺥﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم ﻡﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﻜﻮن اﺷﺎرﺗﻬﺎ ﻡﻮﺝﺒﺔ ) ‪( Ef > Ei‬‬ ‫„‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻡﺎ یﺪرس اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫„‬

‫ﻓﺎن اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ َﺔ داﺋﻤﺎ ﻡﺎ یﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠﺐ اﻷﺡﻴﺎن ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟ ِﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ِﺔ اﻟﻤﻮزوﻧ ِﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﻱ‪2005‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﺎﻤــﺭ‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ق اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻦ یﻤﻜﻦ أَن ﻧﻘﺮأ ﺡﺮارة اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮ ِ‬ ‫„‬

‫ﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺡﺮر ﻡﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺡﺪوث اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫‪ِ kJ 802‬ﻡ ْ‬ ‫„‬

‫اﻟﻨﻮاﺗﺞ ﻡﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) ‪ (CO2 and 2 H2O‬ﻟَﻬﺎ أﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫„‬

‫ﻦ ﻡﻮاد اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )‪(CH4 and 2 O2‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺥﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ‪ِ kJ 802‬ﻡ ْ‬
‫ف اﻟ ِﻘ َﻴ َﻢ اﻷوﻟﻴ َﺔ واﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴ َﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗ ِﺔ اﻟﺪاﺥﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤُﻼﺡﻈﺔ هﻲ اﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ َﻧﻌْﺮ ُ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ واﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻡﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Kj 802‬ﻡﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺤﺮر ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ 1‬ﻡﻮل ﻡﻦ ‪ CH4‬ﻡﻊ ‪ 2‬ﻡﻮل‬ ‫„‬
‫‪ .O2‬اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺮر ﻋﻨﺪﻡﺎﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ آﻤﻴﺎت ﻡﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻡﻦ‬
‫‪CH4 and O2‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗ َﺔ اﻟﺪاﺥﻠﻴ َﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم ﺗﺼﻨﻒ آﺪاﻟﺔ ﺡﺎﻟﺔ ‪ .‬وﻗﻴﻤﺔ داﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫„‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ِﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴ ِﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎ ِم‪.‬‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﻱ‪2005‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﺎﻤــﺭ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻐﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻐﻞ یﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﻮة ﺗﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﻰ ﻡﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻡﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫„‬

‫„‬

‫„ َاﻟﺸﻐﻞ یﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎویﺔ اﻡﺎ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺗﻤﺪد او ﺿﻐﻂ‬

‫ﻟﺠﺤﻢ ﻡﺎ ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫)‪2N2O(gas) →N2(gas) + O2(gas‬‬ ‫„‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﻱ‪2005‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﺎﻤــﺭ‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﻱ‪2005‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﺎﻤــﺭ‬

‫ﺐ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺴ َ‬ ‫ﺤَ‬
‫ن ُی ْ‬
‫ﻦ َأ ْ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ آﻴﻤﻴﺎوي ُی ْﻤ ِﻜ ُ‬ ‫„‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫„ ‪w = –PV‬‬
‫إن اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪد هﻲ آﺎﻟﺘّﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫„‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻡﺎ یﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎن ﺷﻐﻼ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺬل ﻡﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎ ِم واﻹﺷﺎر ِة ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ‬ ‫„‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﻱ‪2005‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﺎﻤــﺭ‬

‫‪6‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز ﻧﻘﻮل أن ﺷﻐﻼ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺬل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ اﻹﺷﺎرة‬ ‫„‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻡﻮﺝﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﻱ‪2005‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﺎﻤــﺭ‬

‫ﻡﻦ ﻡﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺸﻐﻞ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ)‪ (w = –PV‬ﻓﺎن اﻟﺘﺤﻮیﻼت‬ ‫„‬

‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺡﺪات ﺗﻜﻮن ﺿﺮوریﺔ‬
‫‪1 L.atm = 101 J.‬‬ ‫„‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﻱ‪2005‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻤﻬﻨﺩ ﻋﺎﻤــﺭ‬

‫‪7‬‬