الدٌنامٌكا الحرارٌةThermodynamics
The first lecturer
Definition
It is the study of relation between heat , work , and properties of
system .
system
The macroscopic part of the universe under study in thermodynamics.
. هو الجزء الظاهر والمرئى الموجود من الكون قٌد الدراسة فً الدٌنامٌكا الحرارٌة
Surrounding
the remainder of the universe , which can in anyways affect or can be
affected by the system .
. والذي ٌمكن أن ٌؤثر على النظام أو ٌمكن أن ٌتأثر به، ما تبقى من الكون
The univers = the system + the surroudings
Walls
A system may be separated from its surroundings by various kinds of
walls .
.ٌمكن فصل النظام عن محٌطه بأنواع مختلفة من الجدران
Rigid wall
A wall whose shape and position are fixed .
.ٌجدار شكهه ويىضعه ثابتا
Permeable wall
A wall that allows the passage of matter and energy .
.جدار ٌسمح بمرور المادة والطاقة
Impermeaple wall جدار غٌر منفذ
it allows matter passing through it . .ٌسمح للمادة بالمرور من خالله
Adiabatic wall جدار ثابت الحرارة
It one that does not conduct heat at all .
. ال يسًح بًرور انحرارة َهائيا
Changes in internal energy
the Internal energy (E) of the system will change if ,
Heat passes into or out of the system
Work is done on or by the system
Mass enters or leaves in the system
Types of the system
Open system - close system – isolated system – adiabatic system
Open system
the internal energy may change due to transfer of heat , mass and
work between system and surroudings .
. قد تتغٌر الطاقة الداخلٌة بسبب انتقال الحرارة والكتلة والشغل بٌن النظام والوسط المحٌط
close system
no transfer mass is possible : internal energy may only change
due to heat and work .
. قد تتغير انطاقة انداخهية فقط
isolated system نظام معزول
no change in the internal energy is possible. heat , work and mass
transfer are all impossible .(cannot transfer energy nor matter ) .
انحرارة وانشغم.ال يًكٍ تغيير في انطاقة انداخهية
.وانُقم انجًاعي كهها يستحيهة
System properties
Temperature ( T ) – Pressure ( P ) – volum ( V ) – Mass ( m )
classes of properties
extensive properties. (Chosse)
Depend on the total amount of the substance of the system .
Ex. Mass – number of mole – volume - energy – electric charge –
heat capacity –free energy – enthalpy –length - entropy .
intensive properties. (Chosse)
Does not depend on the amount of the substance of the system .
Ex . density – pressure – temperature – boilng point – surface tansion –
partical molar – refractive index – viscosity – specific heat -
Partial molar quantities - freezing poin - molar volume .
Thermodynamics Equilibrium
when properties of the system like T,P and V are constant with
time the system is said Thermodynamics Equilibrium .
Equilibrium divided into 3 kinds .
Thermal (tempreture)
Mechanical (pressure)
Chemical (composition)
Thermodynamics processes
It’s a change in the state of the system over time , starting with a
definite initial state and ending with a definite final state .
Isothermal process:-
The temperature of the system remains constant during various
operations . ΔT =0 , T2+T1 =0 , T1 = T2
. تظل درجة حرارة النظام ثابتة أثناء العملٌات المختلفة
Adiabatic process :-
No exchange of heat between system and surroudings . dq = 0
. ال ٌوجد تبادل للحرارة بٌن النظام والوسط المحٌط
Isobaric process :-
an isobatic process no change in preesure of the system . dp = 0
عًهية يتساوية ال تغيير في ضغط انُظاو
isochoric process:-
no change in volume of the system . dv = 0
.ال ٌوجد تغٌٌر فً حجم النظام
cyclic process:- عملية دورية
if state is change to anther state and returns to it is initial state .
dp = 0 , dq = 0 , dv = 0
.إذا تم تغٌٌر الحالة إلى حالة أخرى وعادت إلٌها فً الحالة األولٌة
) ً(بدأت من البداٌة للنهاٌة ورجعت نقطة البداٌة تان
reversible process:- عملٌة متعاكسة
the process is reversed by a very small modification of variable .
.ٌتم عكس العملٌة عن طرٌق تعدٌل صغٌر جدًا للمتغٌر
Irreversible process:-
The change is produced rapidly and the system does not have a chance to
attain equilibrium then the process is called irreversible . (spontaneous)
يتى حدوث انتغيير بسرعة ونيس ندي انُظاو فرصة نتحقيق
) انتىازٌ ثى تسًً انعًهية ال رجعة فيها(فجأة أو تهقائية
State of the system and state function
A state function is a property of a system depends only in the state of the
system and not on how the system arrived at that state .
وظيفة انحانة هي خاصية نهُظاو تعتًد فقط عهً حانة
.انُظاو ونيس عهً كيفية وصىل انُظاو إنً تهك انحانة
by convention, state function are always in CAPITAL LETTERS and pass
function are small letters .
