ANA 212- GENERAL HISTOLOGY
Cell Structure
& Function
http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells
through cell division.
Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is
capable of performing life
functions.
Exam ples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Two Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
• Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• Few internal
structures
• One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms
Plant Anim al
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
“Typical”Anim al Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
“Typical”Plant Cell
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Mem brane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement
in and out of the cell
• Double layer
• Endocytosis and
exocytosis occur here
• Fluid mosaic model of
lipid blayer
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell W all
• Most commonly found
in plant cells &
bacteria
• Supports & protects
cells
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Mem brane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chrom osom es
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
Endoplasm ic Reticulum
• Moves materials around
in cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
•Contains anastomosing network of sacs
•Which encloses a space called cisternae
•Rough is prominent in cells specialized in protein synthesis
•Examples are pancrease, fibroblast and plasma cells
• Glycosylation of glycoproteins
•synthesis of phospholipids
•Assembly of multichain proteins
•Modification of newly polypeptides
•SER lacks associated polyribosomes
They appear smooth rather than granular
Its cisternae are more tubular
They are continuous with RER
They synthesis steroid hormones, example cells of adrenal gland
Abundant in liver cells where they are responsible for oxidation,
Conjugation and methylation
these actions are needed to degrade many hormones and neutralize
Noxious substances like barbiturates.
Synthesis of phospholipids
Appears in a specialized form in muscle
Ribosom es
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Are electron dense
particles
• Make proteins
• Found in cytoplasm &
floating throughout
the cell
• They are basophilic
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
•Individual ribosomes held together by a
strand of mRNA to form polyribosomes or
polysomes.
•Two classes of ribosomes
•One is found in prokaryotic cells
•and the other in eukaryote
Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Tubular cristae in steroid
cells
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
•Flat in some cells
•Matrix found in between cristae
•Cristae contains enzymes of citric acid cycle
and fatty acid B- oxidation
•Cristae contain enzymes of oxidative
phosphorylation and electron transport system
Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell
• Composed of smooth
membrane-limited
cisternae
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
•Has the forming or cis face or convex face where
RER buds off small vesicles
•And concave or maturing or trans face
•Golgi vacuoles accumulate and are called condensing vacuoles
•It initiates packaging,concentration and storage of secretory
products
Lysosom e
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
• Sites of intracellular
digestion
• Membrane limited
vesicles
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
•Contains large variety of hydrolytic enzymes
•Abundant in cells exhibiting phagocytic activity eg macrophages,
Neutrophilic leucocytes
•Most common enzymes are acid phosphatase. Ribonuclease,
Proteases, sulfates, lipases, B-glucoronidase
•Enzymes have optimal activity at an acidic PH
•Enveloping membrane separates the lytic enzymes from attacking
Cytoplasmic components
•Enzymes synthesized and segretgated in the RER and later moved
To GA where they are packaged as lysosomes
• Lysosomes that have not entered into a digestive event are
Called primary lysosomes
•Lysosome plus phagosome called secondary lysosomes
•Indigestible compounds are retained within the vacuoles
And are called residual bodies
•Large quantity of residual bodies accumulate to form age
Pigment or lipofuscin e.g in the heart muscle and neurons
Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water
solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant
cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where
photosynthesis takes
place
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
