Java How to Program, 10/e

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights

Reserved.
• Review char, Character class and String Class:
• What does it mean for String class to be
immutable?
• Use StringBuilder class to deal with mutable
strings
• Learn about Regular Expressions
• Use regular expressions for matching and
splitting strings.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 Purpose: enable primitive-type values to be treated as
objects:
▪ Boolean, Character, Double, Float, Byte, Short,
Integer and Long
 Autoboxing: Automatic conversion between char
literals and Character objects
▪ Also for other primitive types and their respective wrapper
classes.
 Most Character methods are static methods
designed for convenience in processing individual
char values.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 A program may contain character literals as in ‘d’.
▪ Characters include letters, digits, punctuation, space, tab, new
line, symbols and others.
▪ Stored as a four byte integer using Unicode.
 Method charValue returns the char value stored in
the object.
 Method toString returns the String
representation of the char value stored in the object.
 Method equals determines if two Characters
have the same contents.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 Character method forDigit converts its first
argument into a character in the base (radix 2 to 36)
specified by its second argument.
▪ Character.forDigit(0, 16) →‘0’
▪ Character.forDigit(9 , 16) →‘9’
▪ Character.forDigit(10 , 16) →‘a’
▪ Character.forDigit(15 , 16) →‘f’
 Character method digit converts its first
argument into an integer in the number system
specified by its second argument.
▪ Character.digit(‘a’, 16) → 10

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 String class represent immutable strings;
▪ String literals (stored in memory as String objects) are
written as a sequence of characters in double quotation marks.
 StringBuilder class represent mutable strings
 Both in java.lang package.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 length determines the number of characters in a string.
 charAt returns the character at a specific position in the
String.
 getChars copies the characters of a String into a
character array.
▪ The first argument is the starting index in the String from which
characters are to be copied.
▪ The second argument is the index that is one past the last character to
be copied from the String.
▪ The third argument is the character array into which the characters
are to be copied.
▪ The last argument is the starting index where the copied characters
are placed in the target character array.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 Formatting strings
 System.out.printf(“%d - %s”, 42, “is the answer to life the universe
and everything”);
 Converting strings to numbers
 The Number subclasses that wrap primitive numeric types (Byte,
Integer, Double, Float, Long, and Short) each provide a class
method named valueOf that converts a string to an object of that
type.
 Since, for example, Integer is an object, but not a primitive, we
can use intValue to get the primitive. Same goes for other types
(byteValue, doubleValue, floatValue, longValue, shortValue)
 int a = Integer.valueOf("42").intValue();
 Class StringBuilder is used to create and manipulate dynamic
string information. (Modifiable strings)
 Every StringBuilder is capable of storing a number of
characters specified by its capacity.
 If the capacity of a StringBuilder is exceeded, the
capacity expands to accommodate the additional characters.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 There are special characters that cannot be easily printed.
Tab, newline, etc.
 We need a special approach to include special characters in
strings
▪ System.out.println("She said:\n\t\"Hello!\"\n to me.");
She said:
"Hello! “
to me.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 When you read a sentence, your mind breaks it into
tokens—individual words and punctuation marks that
convey meaning.
 Compilers also perform tokenization.
 String method split breaks a String into its
component tokens and returns an array of Strings.
 Tokens are separated by delimiters
▪ Typically white-space characters such as space, tab, newline
and carriage return.
▪ Other characters can also be used as delimiters to separate
tokens.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 A regular expression is a specially formatted String
that describes a search pattern for matching characters
in other Strings.
 Useful for validating input and ensuring that data is in a
particular format.
▪ Validate phone numbers, email or postal addresses,…
▪ Validate file formats
▪ Validate program syntax

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Any string containing ordinary characters match itself.
There are also special characters with specific meaning.

Since ‘\’ is a special escape character, you must use “\\” to insert a
single backslash into a string!!!

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 To match a set of characters use special characters[]-^.
▪ "[aeiou]" matches any single vowel.
▪ "[A-Y]" matches any single uppercase letter except for Z.
▪ "[A-z]" matches all characters (such as [ and \) with an integer value
between uppercase A and lowercase z.
▪ "[A-Za-z]" matches all uppercase and lowercase letters.
▪ If the first character in the brackets is "^", the expression accepts
any character other than those indicated.
 "[^Z]" matches any character other than capital Z, including lowercase
letters and nonletters such as \n

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 String method matches receives a String that
specifies the regular expression and matches the
contents of the String object on which it’s called to
the regular expression.
▪ The method returns a boolean indicating whether the match
succeeded.
 A regular expression consists of literal characters and
special symbols.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 The dot character "." in a regular expression matches any
single character except a newline character.
 The character "|" matches the expression to its left or to
its right.
▪ "Hi (John|Jane)" matches both "Hi John" and "Hi Jane".
 Parentheses are used to group parts of the regular
expression.
 How to match a parenthesis?
▪ Use “\\(|”
 First slash is used to insert a slash in the string; and having a slash before
the parenthesis prevents it from being interpreted as a special char for reg
ex.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 Quantifiers are used for describing repeating patterns.
 “\\d{5,7}” matches any five-to-seven-digit number.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 Sometimes it’s useful to replace parts of a string or to
split a string into pieces. For this purpose, class
String provides methods replaceAll, replaceFirst and
split.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 In addition to the regular-expression capabilities of class
String, Java provides other classes in package
java.util.regex that help developers manipulate regular
expressions.
 Class Pattern represents a regular expression.
 Class Matcher contains both a regular-expression pattern and a
CharSequence in which to search for the pattern.
 CharSequence (package java.lang) is an interface that allows
read access to a sequence of characters.
 The interface requires that the methods charAt, length,
subSequence and toString be declared.
 Both String and StringBuilder implement interface
CharSequence, so an instance of either of these classes can be
used with class Matcher.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 If a regular expression will be used only once, static
Pattern method matches can be used.
▪ Takes a String that specifies the regular expression and a
CharSequence on which to perform the match.
▪ Returns a boolean indicating whether the search object (the
second argument) matches the regular expression.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 If a regular expression will be used more than once, it’s
more efficient to use static Pattern method compile
to create a specific Pattern object for that regular
expression.
▪ Receives a String representing the pattern and returns a new
Pattern object, which can then be used to call method matcher
▪ Method matcher receives a CharSequence to search and returns
a Matcher object.
 Matcher method matches performs the same task as
Pattern method matches, but receives no arguments—
the search pattern and search object are encapsulated in the
Matcher object.
 Class Matcher provides other methods, including find,
lookingAt, replaceFirst and replaceAll.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 Matcher method find attempts to match a piece of
the search object to the search pattern.
▪ Each call to this method starts at the point where the last call
ended, so multiple matches can be found.
 Matcher method lookingAt performs the same
way, except that it always starts from the beginning of
the search object and will always find the first match if
there is one.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson
Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 Matcher method group returns the String from the
search object that matches the search pattern.
▪ The String that is returned is the one that was last matched
by a call to find or lookingAt.
 As you’ll see in Section 17.7, you can combine regular-
expression processing with Java SE 8 lambdas and
streams to implement powerful String-and-file
processing applications.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Pearson

Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.