# CHEMISTRY (CH 110) TUTORIAL SHEET 3 - TERM ONE YEAR 2025

## SOLUTIONS

### 1. Define the following terms, giving an example of each

**a. Electrolyte**

An electrolyte is a substance that produces ions when dissolved in water,

allowing the solution to conduct electricity.

*Example*: Sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves in water to form Na⁺ and Cl⁻
ions, making it an electrolyte.

**b. Arrhenius acid**

An Arrhenius acid is a substance that increases the concentration of

hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water.

*Example*: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissociates in water to form H⁺ and Cl⁻

ions.

**c. Strong electrolyte**

A strong electrolyte is a substance that completely or almost completely

dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.

*Example*: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) completely dissociates into Na⁺ and

OH⁻ ions in water.

**d. Weak electrolyte**

A weak electrolyte is a substance that only partially dissociates into ions

when dissolved in water.

*Example*: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) partially dissociates into H⁺ and CH₃COO⁻

ions in water.
**e. Redox reaction**

A redox reaction (reduction-oxidation) is a chemical reaction in which

electrons are transferred between species, resulting in changes in oxidation
states.

*Example*: Fe² + Cu²⁺ → Fe³⁺ + Cu⁺, where iron is oxidized and copper is
reduced.

### 2. Order the following molecules from lowest to highest oxidation state
of the nitrogen atom: HNO₃, NH₄Cl, N₂O, NO₂, NaNO₂

Let's determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in each compound:

- NH₄Cl: N has oxidation state of -3

- N₂O: N has oxidation state of +1

- NaNO₂: N has oxidation state of +3

- NO₂: N has oxidation state of +4

- HNO₃: N has oxidation state of +5

From lowest to highest: NH₄Cl (-3) < N₂O (+1) < NaNO₂ (+3) < NO₂ (+4) <
HNO₃ (+5)

### 3. Preparing 1.00 L of a 1.00 M solution of NaOH

**Using solid NaOH** (molar mass = 40.00 g/mol):

1. Calculate mass needed: m = M × V × MW = 1.00 mol/L × 1.00 L × 40.00

g/mol = 40.00 g

2. Weigh out 40.00 g of solid NaOH

3. Dissolve in some distilled water in a volumetric flask

4. Add water to make the solution up to exactly 1.00 L

**Using 2.00 M NaOH solution:**

1. Calculate volume needed using M₁V₁ = M₂V₂:

V₁ = (M₂V₂)/M₁ = (1.00 M × 1.00 L)/2.00 M = 0.500 L = 500 mL

2. Measure 500 mL of 2.00 M NaOH solution

3. Add to volumetric flask and dilute with water to 1.00 L mark

**Significant figures:**

To ensure three significant figures in the final molarity, both mass and
volume should be measured to at least three significant figures. Therefore:

- Mass should be measured to 40.0 g (three significant figures)

- Volumes should be measured to 1.00 L or 500 mL (three significant figures)

### 4. Strong electrolytes breaking up into component ions in water

a. NaBr → Na⁺ + Br⁻

b. MgCl₂ → Mg²⁺ + 2Cl⁻

c. Al(NO₃)₃ → Al³⁺ + 3NO₃⁻

d. (NH₄)₂SO₄ → 2NH₄⁺ + SO₄²⁻

e. NaOH → Na⁺ + OH⁻

f. FeSO₄ → Fe²⁺ + SO₄²⁻

g. KMnO₄ → K⁺ + MnO₄⁻

h. HClO₄ → H⁺ + ClO₄⁻

i. NH₄C₂H₃O₂ → NH₄⁺ + C₂H₃O₂⁻ (ammonium acetate)

### 5. Calculate the molarity of each solution

**a. NaHCO₃ solution**

- Mass of NaHCO₃ = 5.623 g

- Volume of solution = 250.0 mL = 0.2500 L

- Molar mass of NaHCO₃ = 84.01 g/mol

- Number of moles = 5.623 g ÷ 84.01 g/mol = 0.06693 mol

- Molarity = 0.06693 mol ÷ 0.2500 L = 0.2677 M

**b. K₂Cr₂O₇ solution**

- Mass of K₂Cr₂O₇ = 184.6 mg = 0.1846 g

- Volume of solution = 500.0 mL = 0.5000 L

- Molar mass of K₂Cr₂O₇ = 294.18 g/mol

- Number of moles = 0.1846 g ÷ 294.18 g/mol = 6.275 × 10⁻⁴ mol

- Molarity = 6.275 × 10⁻⁴ mol ÷ 0.5000 L = 1.255 × 10⁻³ M

**c. Cu²⁺ solution**

- Mass of Cu = 0.1025 g

- Volume of solution = 200.0 mL = 0.2000 L

- Molar mass of Cu = 63.55 g/mol

- Number of moles = 0.1025 g ÷ 63.55 g/mol = 1.613 × 10⁻³ mol

- Molarity of Cu²⁺ = 1.613 × 10⁻³ mol ÷ 0.2000 L = 8.064 × 10⁻³ M

### 6. Calculate the molarity of ethanol solution

- Volume of ethanol = 75.0 mL

- Density of ethanol = 0.79 g/cm³

- Mass of ethanol = 75.0 mL × 0.79 g/mL = 59.25 g

- Molar mass of C₂H₅OH = 46.07 g/mol

- Number of moles = 59.25 g ÷ 46.07 g/mol = 1.286 mol

- Volume of solution = 250.0 mL = 0.2500 L

- Molarity = 1.286 mol ÷ 0.2500 L = 5.14 M

### 7. Calculate the concentration of all ions

**a. Ca(NO₃)₂ solution**

- Amount of Ca(NO₃)₂ = 0.100 mol

- Volume of solution = 100.0 mL = 0.1000 L

- Dissociation: Ca(NO₃)₂ → Ca²⁺ + 2NO₃⁻

- [Ca²⁺] = 0.100 mol ÷ 0.1000 L = 1.00 M

- [NO₃⁻] = 0.200 mol ÷ 0.1000 L = 2.00 M

**b. Na₂SO₄ solution**

- Amount of Na₂SO₄ = 2.5 mol

- Volume of solution = 1.25 L

- Dissociation: Na₂SO₄ → 2Na⁺ + SO₄²⁻

- [Na⁺] = 5.0 mol ÷ 1.25 L = 4.0 M

- [SO₄²⁻] = 2.5 mol ÷ 1.25 L = 2.0 M

**c. NH₄Cl solution**

- Mass of NH₄Cl = 5.00 g

- Molar mass of NH₄Cl = 53.49 g/mol

- Number of moles = 5.00 g ÷ 53.49 g/mol = 0.09348 mol

- Volume of solution = 500.0 mL = 0.5000 L

- Dissociation: NH₄Cl → NH₄⁺ + Cl⁻

- [NH₄⁺] = [Cl⁻] = 0.09348 mol ÷ 0.5000 L = 0.1870 M

**d. K₃PO₄ solution**

- Mass of K₃PO₄ = 1.00 g

- Molar mass of K₃PO₄ = 212.27 g/mol

- Number of moles = 1.00 g ÷ 212.27 g/mol = 0.004711 mol

- Volume of solution = 250.0 mL = 0.2500 L

- Dissociation: K₃PO₄ → 3K⁺ + PO₄³⁻

- [K⁺] = 3 × 0.004711 mol ÷ 0.2500 L = 0.05653 M

- [PO₄³⁻] = 0.004711 mol ÷ 0.2500 L = 0.01884 M

### 8. Predict water solubility based on general solubility rules

**a. Aluminum nitrate (Al(NO₃)₃)**

- Nitrates are generally soluble

- Therefore, aluminum nitrate is likely to be soluble

**b. Magnesium chloride (MgCl₂)**

- Chlorides are generally soluble (with few exceptions like AgCl, PbCl₂)

- Therefore, magnesium chloride is likely to be soluble

**c. Rubidium sulfate (Rb₂SO₄)**

- Most alkali metal (Group 1) compounds are soluble

- Therefore, rubidium sulfate is likely to be soluble

**d. Nickel(II) hydroxide (Ni(OH)₂)**

- Most hydroxides are insoluble (except those of Group 1 and Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺)

- Therefore, nickel(II) hydroxide is likely to be insoluble

**e. Lead(II) sulfide (PbS)**

- Most sulfides are insoluble

- Therefore, lead(II) sulfide is likely to be insoluble

### 9. Precipitation reactions for insoluble ionic compounds

**a. Fe(OH)₃(s)**

- FeCl₃(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) → Fe(OH)₃(s) + 3NaCl(aq)

**b. Hg₂Cl₂(s)**

- Hg₂(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) → Hg₂Cl₂(s) + 2NaNO₃(aq)

**c. PbSO₄(s)**

- Pb(NO₃)₂(aq) + Na₂SO₄(aq) → PbSO₄(s) + 2NaNO₃(aq)

**d. BaCrO₄(s)**

- BaCl₂(aq) + K₂CrO₄(aq) → BaCrO₄(s) + 2KCl(aq)

### 10. Identifying possible cations in unknown compound

If a precipitate forms only when Na₂SO₄ is added (and not when KCl or NaOH
are added), then the cation in the unknown compound forms an insoluble
sulfate but soluble chloride and hydroxide.

Cations that form insoluble sulfates include:

- Ba²⁺

- Sr²⁺

- Pb²⁺

- Ca²⁺ (slightly soluble)

- Ag⁺ (slightly soluble)

Among these, Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, and Ca²⁺ form soluble hydroxides, but Pb²⁺ and Ag⁺
form insoluble hydroxides.

Since no precipitate formed with NaOH, the cation must be either Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺,
or Ca²⁺.

Therefore, the possible cations present in the unknown soluble ionic

compound are Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, or Ca²⁺.

### 11. Mass of aluminum hydroxide produced in precipitation reaction

**Balanced equation:**

Al(NO₃)₃(aq) + 3KOH(aq) → Al(OH)₃(s) + 3KNO₃(aq)

**Calculation:**
- Amount of Al(NO₃)₃ = 0.200 mol/L × 0.0500 L = 0.0100 mol

- Amount of KOH = 0.100 mol/L × 0.2000 L = 0.0200 mol

According to the stoichiometry, 1 mol of Al(NO₃)₃ reacts with 3 mol of KOH.

- Required amount of KOH for complete reaction = 3 × 0.0100 mol = 0.0300

mol

- Available KOH = 0.0200 mol

- Therefore, KOH is the limiting reagent

Amount of Al(OH)₃ produced:

- From KOH: 0.0200 mol ÷ 3 = 0.00667 mol Al(OH)₃

Molar mass of Al(OH)₃ = 78.00 g/mol

Mass of Al(OH)₃ = 0.00667 mol × 78.00 g/mol = 0.520 g

### 12. Determining atomic mass of M in M₂SO₄

**Balanced equation for the precipitation:**

M₂SO₄(aq) + CaCl₂(aq) → CaSO₄(s) + 2MCl(aq)

**Calculation:**

- Mass of M₂SO₄ = 1.42 g

- Mass of CaSO₄ precipitate = 1.36 g

- Molar mass of CaSO₄ = 136.14 g/mol

Number of moles of CaSO₄ = 1.36 g ÷ 136.14 g/mol = 0.00999 mol

According to the stoichiometry, 1 mol of M₂SO₄ produces 1 mol of CaSO₄

Number of moles of M₂SO₄ = 0.00999 mol

Let's call the atomic mass of M as x g/mol

Molar mass of M₂SO₄ = 2x + 32.07 + 4(16.00) = 2x + 96.07 g/mol

We can set up the equation:

1.42 g ÷ (2x + 96.07 g/mol) = 0.00999 mol

1.42 g = 0.00999 mol × (2x + 96.07 g/mol)

1.42 g = 0.00999 mol × 2x + 0.00999 mol × 96.07 g/mol

1.42 g = 0.01998x + 0.9597 g

0.4603 g = 0.01998x

x = 23.04 g/mol

The atomic mass of M is approximately 23.0 g/mol, which corresponds to

sodium (Na).

Therefore, M is sodium (Na), and the compound is Na₂SO₄.

### 13. Balanced equations for acid-base reactions

**a. KOH(aq) + HNO₃(aq) → KNO₃(aq) + H₂O(l)**

- Ionic equation: K⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) + H⁺(aq) + NO₃⁻(aq) → K⁺(aq) + NO₃⁻(aq)

+ H₂O(l)

- Net ionic equation: OH⁻(aq) + H⁺(aq) → H₂O(l)

**b. Ba(OH)₂(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → BaCl₂(aq) + 2H₂O(l)**

- Ionic equation: Ba²⁺(aq) + 2OH⁻(aq) + 2H⁺(aq) + 2Cl⁻(aq) → Ba²⁺(aq) +

2Cl⁻(aq) + 2H₂O(l)
- Net ionic equation: OH⁻(aq) + H⁺(aq) → H₂O(l)

**c. HClO₄(aq) + Fe(OH)₃(s) → Fe(ClO₄)₃(aq) + 3H₂O(l)**

- Ionic equation: 3H⁺(aq) + 3ClO₄⁻(aq) + Fe(OH)₃(s) → Fe³⁺(aq) + 3ClO₄⁻(aq)

+ 3H₂O(l)

- Net ionic equation: 3H⁺(aq) + Fe(OH)₃(s) → Fe³⁺(aq) + 3H₂O(l)

**d. AgOH(s) + HBr(aq) → AgBr(s) + H₂O(l)**

- Ionic equation: AgOH(s) + H⁺(aq) + Br⁻(aq) → AgBr(s) + H₂O(l)

- Net ionic equation: AgOH(s) + H⁺(aq) + Br⁻(aq) → AgBr(s) + H₂O(l)

**e. Sr(OH)₂(aq) + 2HI(aq) → SrI₂(aq) + 2H₂O(l)**

- Ionic equation: Sr²⁺(aq) + 2OH⁻(aq) + 2H⁺(aq) + 2I⁻(aq) → Sr²⁺(aq) +

2I⁻(aq) + 2H₂O(l)

- Net ionic equation: OH⁻(aq) + H⁺(aq) → H₂O(l)

### 14. Assign oxidation states for all atoms

**a. UO₂²⁺**

- O: -2 (each)

- U: +6 (to balance the +2 charge: x + 2(-2) = +2, so x = +6)

**b. As₂O₃**

- O: -2 (each)

- As: +3 (to balance: 2x + 3(-2) = 0, so x = +3)

**c. NaBiO₃**
- Na: +1

- O: -2 (each)

- Bi: +5 (to balance: +1 + x + 3(-2) = 0, so x = +5)

**d. As₄**

- As: 0 (elemental form)

**e. HAsO₂**

- H: +1

- O: -2 (each)

- As: +3 (to balance: +1 + x + 2(-2) = 0, so x = +3)

**f. Mg₂P₂O₇**

- Mg: +2 (each)

- O: -2 (each)

- P: +5 (each) (to balance: 2(+2) + 2x + 7(-2) = 0, so x = +5)

**g. Na₂S₂O₃**

- Na: +1 (each)

- O: -2 (each)

- S: One S has +6, one S has -2 (average +2 each) (to balance: 2(+1) + 2x +
3(-2) = 0, so 2x = +4, x = +2)

**h. Hg₂Cl₂**

- Cl: -1 (each)

- Hg: +1 (each) (to balance: 2x + 2(-1) = 0, so x = +1)

**i. Ca(NO₃)₂**

- Ca: +2

- O: -2 (each)

- N: +5 (each) (in each NO₃⁻: x + 3(-2) = -1, so x = +5)

### 15. Balance redox equations using half-reaction method

**a. H₂O₂ + Cr₂O₇²⁻ → O₂ + Cr³⁺ [acidic]**

*Oxidation half-reaction:*

- H₂O₂ → O₂ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻

*Reduction half-reaction:*

- Cr₂O₇²⁻ + 14H⁺ + 6e⁻ → 2Cr³⁺ + 7H₂O

*Balancing electrons:*

- 3(H₂O₂ → O₂ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻)

- Cr₂O₇²⁻ + 14H⁺ + 6e⁻ → 2Cr³⁺ + 7H₂O

*Overall balanced equation:*

- 3H₂O₂ + Cr₂O₇²⁻ + 8H⁺ → 3O₂ + 2Cr³⁺ + 7H₂O

**b. PbO₂ + I₂ → Pb²⁺ + IO₃⁻ [basic]**

*Oxidation half-reaction:*

- I₂ + 12OH⁻ → 2IO₃⁻ + 6H₂O + 10e⁻

*Reduction half-reaction:*

- PbO₂ + 4H⁺ + 2e⁻ → Pb²⁺ + 2H₂O

- In basic: PbO₂ + 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → Pb²⁺ + 4OH⁻

*Balancing electrons:*

- I₂ + 12OH⁻ → 2IO₃⁻ + 6H₂O + 10e⁻

- 5(PbO₂ + 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → Pb²⁺ + 4OH⁻)

*Overall balanced equation:*

- I₂ + 5PbO₂ + 2H₂O → 2IO₃⁻ + 5Pb²⁺ + 8OH⁻

**c. IO₃⁻ + Re → ReO₄⁻ + IO⁻ [acidic]**

*Oxidation half-reaction:*

- Re + 4H₂O → ReO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 7e⁻

*Reduction half-reaction:*

- IO₃⁻ + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻ → IO⁻ + 2H₂O

*Balancing electrons:*

- 4(Re + 4H₂O → ReO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 7e⁻)

- 7(IO₃⁻ + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻ → IO⁻ + 2H₂O)

*Overall balanced equation:*

- 4Re + 7IO₃⁻ + 4H₂O → 4ReO₄⁻ + 7IO⁻ + 8H⁺

**d. MnO₄⁻ + Fe → Mn²⁺ + Fe³⁺ [acidic]**

*Oxidation half-reaction:*

- Fe → Fe³⁺ + 3e⁻

*Reduction half-reaction:*

- MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5e⁻ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O

*Balancing electrons:*

- 5(Fe → Fe³⁺ + 3e⁻)

- 3(MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5e⁻ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O)

*Overall balanced equation:*

- 5Fe + 3MnO₄⁻ + 24H⁺ → 5Fe³⁺ + 3Mn²⁺ + 12H₂O

**e. I⁻ + ClO₃⁻ → I₃⁻ + Cl⁻ [basic]**

*Oxidation half-reaction:*

- 3I⁻ → I₃⁻ + 2e⁻

*Reduction half-reaction:*

- ClO₃⁻ + 6H⁺ + 6e⁻ → Cl⁻ + 3H₂O

- In basic: ClO₃⁻ + 3H₂O + 6e⁻ → Cl⁻ + 6OH⁻

*Balancing electrons:*
- 3(3I⁻ → I₃⁻ + 2e⁻)

- ClO₃⁻ + 3H₂O + 6e⁻ → Cl⁻ + 6OH⁻

*Overall balanced equation:*

- 9I⁻ + ClO₃⁻ + 3H₂O → 3I₃⁻ + Cl⁻ + 6OH⁻