Object-Oriented

Programming

Lecture 4
Chapter 9

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 Chapter Topics
Chapter 9 discusses the following main topics:
• Introduction to Wrapper Classes
• Character Testing and Conversion with the Character Class
• More String Methods
• The StringBuilder Class
• Tokenizing Strings
• Wrapper Classes for the Numeric Data Types
• Focus on Problem Solving: The TestScoreReader Class

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 Introduction to Wrapper Classes
• Java provides 8 primitive data types.

• They are called “primitive” because they are not created from
classes.

• Java provides wrapper classes for all of the primitive data types.

• A wrapper class is a class that is “wrapped around” a primitive

data type.

• The wrapper classes are part of java.lang so to use them,

there is no import statement required.

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 Wrapper Classes
• Wrapper classes allow you to create objects to represent a
primitive.

• Wrapper classes are immutable, which means that once you

create an object, you cannot change the object’s value.

• To get the value stored in an object you must call a method.

• Wrapper classes provide static methods that are very useful

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 Character Testing and Conversion With
The Character Class
• The Character class allows a char data type to be
wrapped in an object.

• The Character class provides methods that allow

easy testing, processing, and conversion of character
data.

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 The Character Class
Method Description

Returns true if the argument passed into ch is a digit

boolean isDigit(char ch)
from 0 through 9. Otherwise returns false.

Returns true if the argument passed into ch is an

boolean isLetter(char ch)
alphabetic letter. Otherwise returns false.

Returns true if the character passed into ch contains a

boolean isLetterOrDigit(
digit (0 through 9) or an alphabetic letter. Otherwise
char ch)
returns false.

Returns true if the argument passed into ch is a

boolean isLowerCase(char ch)
lowercase letter. Otherwise returns false.

Returns true if the argument passed into ch is an

boolean isUpperCase(char ch)
uppercase letter. Otherwise returns false.

Returns true if the argument passed into ch is a space

boolean isSpaceChar(char ch)
character. Otherwise returns false.

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 Character Testing and Conversion
With The Character Class
• Example:
CharacterTest.java
CustomerNumber.java

• The Character class provides two methods that will

change the case of a character.
Method Description
char toLowerCase( Returns the lowercase equivalent of the
char ch) argument passed to ch.
char toUpperCase( Returns the uppercase equivalent of the
char ch) argument passed to ch.

See example: CircleArea.java

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©2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 Substrings
• The String class provides several methods that search for a
string inside of a string.

• A substring is a string that is part of another string.

• Some of the substring searching methods provided by the

String class:
boolean startsWith(String str)
boolean endsWith(String str)
boolean regionMatches(int start, String str, int
start2, int n)
boolean regionMatches(boolean ignoreCase, int start,
String str, int start2, int n)
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 Searching Strings
• The startsWith method determines whether a string
begins with a specified substring.
String str = "Four score and seven years ago";
if (str.startsWith("Four"))
System.out.println("The string starts with Four.");
else
System.out.println("The string does not start with
Four.");

• str.startsWith("Four") returns true because str

does begin with “Four”.
• startsWith is a case sensitive comparison.
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 Searching Strings
• The endsWith method determines whether a string ends
with a specified substring.
String str = "Four score and seven years ago";
if (str.endsWith("ago"))
System.out.println("The string ends with ago.");
else
System.out.println("The string does not end with
ago.");

• The endsWith method also performs a case sensitive

comparison.
• Example: PersonSearch.java
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 Searching Strings
• The String class provides methods that will if specified
regions of two strings match:
regionMatches(int start, String str, int
start2, int n)
• returns true if the specified regions match or false if they don’t

• Case sensitive comparison:

regionMatches(boolean ignoreCase, int
start, String str, int start2, int n)
• If ignoreCase is true, it performs case insensitive comparison

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 Searching Strings
• The String class also provides methods that will
locate the position of a substring.
• indexOf
• returns the first location of a substring or character in the calling
String Object.

• lastIndexOf
• returns the last location of a substring or character in the calling
String Object.

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 Searching Strings
String str = "Four score and seven years ago";
int first, last;
first = str.indexOf('r');
last = str.lastIndexOf('r');
System.out.println("The letter r first appears at "
+ "position " + first);
System.out.println("The letter r last appears at "
+ "position " + last);

String str = "and a one and a two and a three";

int position;
System.out.println("The word and appears at the "
+ "following locations.");

position = str.indexOf("and");
while (position != -1)
{
System.out.println(position);
position = str.indexOf("and", position + 1);
}

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 String Methods For Getting Character Or
Substring Location
See Table 9-4

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 String Methods For Getting Character Or
Substring Location
See Table 9-4

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 Extracting Substrings
• The String class provides methods to extract
substrings in a String object.
• The substring method returns a substring beginning at a
start location and an optional ending location.
String fullName = "Cynthia Susan Smith";
String lastName = fullName.substring(14);
System.out.println("The full name is "
+ fullName);
System.out.println("The last name is "
+ lastName);
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 Extracting Substrings

The fullName variable holds

the address of a String object.

Address “Cynthia Susan Smith”

The lastName variable holds

the address of a String object.

Address “Smith”

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 Extracting Characters to Arrays
• The String class provides methods to extract
substrings in a String object and store them in char
arrays.
• getChars
• Stores a substring in a char array

• toCharArray
• Returns the String object’s contents in an array of char values.

• Example: StringAnalyzer.java

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 Returning Modified Strings
• The String class provides methods to return
modified String objects.
• concat
• Returns a String object that is the concatenation of two String
objects.

• replace
• Returns a String object with all occurrences of one character being
replaced by another character.

• trim
• Returns a String object with all leading and trailing whitespace
characters removed.

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 The valueOf Methods
• The String class provides several overloaded valueOf
methods.

• They return a String object representation of

• a primitive value or
• a character array.

String.valueOf(true) will return "true".

String.valueOf(5.0) will return "5.0".
String.valueOf(‘C’) will return "C".

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 The valueOf Methods
boolean b = true;
char [] letters = { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e' };
double d = 2.4981567;
int i = 7;
System.out.println(String.valueOf(b));
System.out.println(String.valueOf(letters));
System.out.println(String.valueOf(letters, 1, 3));
System.out.println(String.valueOf(d));
System.out.println(String.valueOf(i));

• Produces the following output:

true
abcde
bcd
2.4981567
7

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 The StringBuilder Class
• The StringBuilder class is similar to the String class.

• However, you may change the contents of StringBuilder

objects.
• You can change specific characters,
• insert characters,
• delete characters, and
• perform other operations.

• A StringBuilder object will grow or shrink in size, as

needed, to accommodate the changes.
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©2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 StringBuilder Constructors
• StringBuilder()
• This constructor gives the object enough storage space to hold 16 characters.

• StringBuilder(int length)
• This constructor gives the object enough storage space to hold length
characters.

• StringBuilder(String str)
• This constructor initializes the object with the string in str.
• The object will have at least enough storage space to hold the string in str.

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 Other StringBuilder Methods
• The String and StringBuilder also have common
methods:

char charAt(int position)

void getChars(int start, int end,
char[] array, int arrayStart)
int indexOf(String str)
int indexOf(String str, int start)
int lastIndexOf(String str)
int lastIndexOf(String str, int start)
int length()
String substring(int start)
String substring(int start, int end)

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 Appending to a StringBuilder Object
• The StringBuilder class has several overloaded versions of a
method named append.
• They append a string representation of their argument to the calling
object’s current contents.
• The general form of the append method is:
object.append(item);
where object is an instance of the StringBuilder class and
item is:
• a primitive literal or variable.
• a char array, or
• a String literal or object.

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 Appending to a StringBuilder Object
• After the append method is called, a string representation of
item will be appended to object’s contents.

StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder();

str.append("We sold ");

str.append(12);
str.append(" doughnuts for $");
str.append(15.95);

System.out.println(str);

• This code will produce the following output:

We sold 12 doughnuts for $15.95

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 Inserting to a StringBuilder Object

• The StringBuilder class also has several overloaded

versions of a method named insert

• These methods accept two arguments:

• an int that specifies the position to begin insertion, and
• the value to be inserted.

• The value to be inserted may be

• a primitive literal or variable.
• a char array, or
• a String literal or object.

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 Inserting to a StringBuilder Object
• The general form of a typical call to the insert method.
• object.insert(start, item);
• where object is an instance of the StringBuilder class, start
is the insertion location, and item is:
• a primitive literal or variable.

• a char array, or

• a String literal or object.

• Example:
Telephone.java
TelephoneTester.java
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 Replacing a Substring in a StringBuilder
Object
• The StringBuilder class has a replace method that
replaces a specified substring with a string.
• The general form of a call to the method:
• object.replace(start, end, str);
• start is an int that specifies the starting position of a substring in
the calling object, and
• end is an int that specifies the ending position of the substring. (The
starting position is included in the substring, but the ending position is
not.)
• The str parameter is a String object.
• After the method executes, the substring will be replaced
with str.

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 Replacing a Substring in a StringBuilder
Object
• The replace method in this code replaces the word
“Chicago” with “New York”.

StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder(

"We moved from Chicago to Atlanta.");
str.replace(14, 21, "New York");
System.out.println(str);

• The code will produce the following output:

We moved from New York to Atlanta.

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 Other StringBuilder Methods
• The StringBuilder class also provides methods to set and
delete characters in an object.
StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder(
"I ate 100 blueberries!");
// Display the StringBuilder object.
System.out.println(str);
// Delete the '0'.
str.deleteCharAt(8);
// Delete "blue".
str.delete(9, 13);
// Display the StringBuilder object.
System.out.println(str);
// Change the '1' to '5'
str.setCharAt(6, '5');
// Display the StringBuilder object.
System.out.println(str);

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 Other StringBuilder Methods
• The toString method
• You can call a StringBuilder's toString method to
convert that StringBuilder object to a regular String

StringBuilder strb = new StringBuilder("This is a test.");

String str = strb.toString();

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 Tokenizing Strings
• Use the String class’s split method
• Tokenizes a String object and returns an array of String
objects
• Each array element is one token.
// Create a String to tokenize.
String str = "one two three four";
// Get the tokens from the string.
String[] tokens = str.split(" ");
// Display each token.
for (String s : tokens)
System.out.println(s);

• This code will produce the following output:

one
two
three
four

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 Numeric Data Type Wrappers
• Java provides wrapper classes for all of the primitive
data types.
• The numeric primitive wrapper classes are:

Wrapper Numeric Primitive

Class Type It Applies To
Byte byte
Double double
Float float
Integer int
Long long
Short short

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 Creating a Wrapper Object
• To create objects from these wrapper classes, you
can pass a value to the constructor:
Integer number = new Integer(7);

• You can also assign a primitive value to a wrapper

class object:
Integer number;

number = 7;

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 The Parse Methods
• Any String containing a number, such as “127.89”, can be
converted to a numeric data type.

• Each numeric wrapper class has a static method that converts a

string to a number.
• The Integer class has a method that converts a String to
an int,
• The Double class has a method that converts a String to a
double,
• etc.

• These methods are known as parse methods because their

names begin with the word “parse.”

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 The Parse Methods
// Store 1 in bVar.
byte bVar = Byte.parseByte("1");
// Store 2599 in iVar.
int iVar = Integer.parseInt("2599");
// Store 10 in sVar.
short sVar = Short.parseShort("10");
// Store 15908 in lVar.
long lVar = Long.parseLong("15908");
// Store 12.3 in fVar.
float fVar = Float.parseFloat("12.3");
// Store 7945.6 in dVar.
double dVar = Double.parseDouble("7945.6");

• The parse methods all throw a NumberFormatException if

the String object does not represent a numeric value.

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 The toString Methods
• Each of the numeric wrapper classes has a static
toString method that converts a number to a string.
• The method accepts the number as its argument and
returns a string representation of that number.

int i = 12;
double d = 14.95;
String str1 = Integer.toString(i);
String str2 = Double.toString(d);

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 The toBinaryString, toHexString, and
toOctalString Methods
• The Integer and Long classes have three additional
methods:
• toBinaryString, toHexString, and
toOctalString
int number = 14;
System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(number));
System.out.println(Integer.toHexString(number));
System.out.println(Integer.toOctalString(number));
• This code will produce the following output:
1110
e
16

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 MIN_VALUE and MAX_VALUE
• The numeric wrapper classes each have a set of static final
variables
• MIN_VALUE and
• MAX_VALUE.

• These variables hold the minimum and maximum values for a

particular data type.
System.out.println("The minimum value for an "
+ "int is "
+ Integer.MIN_VALUE);
System.out.println("The maximum value for an "
+ "int is "
+ Integer.MAX_VALUE);

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 Autoboxing and Unboxing
• You can declare a wrapper class variable and assign a value:
Integer number;
number = 7;

• You may think this is an error, but because number is a wrapper

class variable, autoboxing occurs.

• Unboxing does the opposite with wrapper class variables:

Integer myInt = 5; // Autoboxes the value 5
int primitiveNumber;
primitiveNumber = myInt; // unboxing

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 Autoboxing and Unboxing
• You rarely need to declare numeric wrapper class objects, but
they can be useful when you need to work with primitives in a
context where primitives are not permitted
• Recall the ArrayList class, which works only with objects.

ArrayList<int> list =
new ArrayList<int>(); // Error!
ArrayList<Integer> list =
new ArrayList<Integer>(); // OK!

• Autoboxing and unboxing allow you to conveniently use

ArrayLists with primitives.

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 Problem Solving
• Dr. Harrison keeps student scores in an Excel file.
This can be exported as a comma separated text file.
Each student’s data will be on one line. We want to
write a Java program that will find the average for each
student. (The number of students changes each year.)

• Solution: TestScoreReader.java, TestAverages.java

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