Class Notes
Data Handling
Grade 07
Topics to be Covered
1. Data
• 1.1. Data Collection
• 1.2. Data Organisation
• 1.3. Frequency
2. Representative
Values
• 2.1. Arithmetic Mean
• 2.2. Range
• 2.3. Mode
• 2.4. Median
3. Bar Graph and
Double Bar Graph
• 3.1. Bar Graph
• 3.2. Double Bar Graph
4. Chance and
Probability
• 4.1. Chance
• 4.2. Probability
Mind Map
Data Data
Frequency
Collection Organisation
Chance Data
Bar Graph
Bar Graph and
Chance and
Probability
Data Handling Double Bar
Graph
Probability Double Bar
Representative Graph
values
Arithmetic Mean Range Mode Median
1. Data
1.1. Data Collection
Data collection is a process of gathering information
from all the relevant sources to find a solution to the
research problem. It helps to evaluate the outcome of
the problem.
• The collection of observations which are
gathered initially is called raw data.
1.2. Data Organisation
Data organization is arranging the collected data in a proper
format so that it becomes easy to understand and interpret.
• When the collected data is organised or arranged
so that it can be easily understood or interpreted
then it is known as organised data.
Example:
• A data set is given as: 5, 9, 13, 2, 6
• Organising the given data by arranging it in ascending
order we get: 2, 5, 6, 9 and 13.
1. Data
1.3. Frequency
The frequency of a data refers to the number of times a
data occurs in the given data set.
Example:
• Consider the following data set:
5, 4, 7, 10, 10, 10, 7, 10, 5, 10
• The frequency of each data entry is represented in
the following table:
Entry Tally marks Frequency
4 I 1
5 II 2
7 II 2
10 IIII 5
• The above table is known as frequency
distribution table.
2. Representative Values
2.1. Arithmetic Mean
Arithmetic mean is the average of the given set of values.
It is the most common representative value of a data set.
Sum of all observations
Arithmetic Mean =
Number of observations
Example:
• The arithmetic mean of the numbers 6, 8, and 10
6+8+10 24
= = = 8
3 3
2.2. Range
The difference between the highest and lowest
observation is called the range. Range gives us an idea of
the spread of the observations.
Range = Highest Observation − Lowest Observation
Example:
• A data set is given as: 2, 5, 6, 9, 13
• Range = 13 – 2 = 11
2. Representative Values
2.3. Mode
Mode is the value that occurs the highest number of times.
Example:
• A data set is given as: 4, 5, 6, 6, 8, 6, 6, 5
• 6 occurs the highest number of times.
• So, the mode of the given data is 6.
Mode of Large Data
Putting the same observations together and counting them
is not easy if the number of observations is large. In such
cases we tabulate the data.
Example:
• Find the mode of below data:
1, 3, 2, 5, 1, 4, 6, 2, 5, 2, 2, 2, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2,
6, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 4, 2, 1, 5, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 1, 2
• Looking at the table, we can quickly say that 2 is the
mode since 2 has occurred the highest number of times.
2. Representative Values
2.4. Median
The observation that lies in the middle of a set of
observations (after arranging in ascending or descending
order) is called the median of the data.
Example:
Consider the following data set: 3, 5, 5, 7, 3, 5, 3, 7, 3, 7, 5
Ascending order Descending order
3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7 7, 7, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5, 3, 3, 3, 3
Median
Let 𝑁 be the number of observations in the data.
• After arranging the data in ascending or descending
𝑵+𝟏 𝐭𝐡
order, term is the median, when 𝑁 is an odd
𝟐
number.
• After arranging the data in ascending or descending
order, the median is calculated as
𝑁 th 𝑁 th
term + +1 term
2 2
, when 𝑁 is an even number.
2
3. Bar Graph and Double Bar Graph
3.1. Bar Graph
Bar graphs are a display of information using bars of
uniform width whose heights are proportional to the
respective values.
• Heights of bars are proportional to the values
that they represent.
• Bar graphs have two axes:
x(horizontal) axis y(vertical) axis
• The scale of a bar graph helps us to represent
large numbers within the page size.
A bar graph representing quantity of ingredients A, B,
and C in litres is shown.
• The scale of the graph is taken as: 1 unit = 20 𝑙
• Along x axis ingredients are shown.
• Along y axis the quantity in litres are shown.
• The quantity of ingredient A is 200 𝑙.
• Similarly the quantity of ingredient B and C are 120
𝑙 and 170 𝑙, respectively.
Scale: 1 unit = 20 𝑙
280
Quantity of ingredients (in 𝒍)
240
200
160
120
80
40
0
A B C
Ingredients
3. Bar Graph and Double Bar Graph
3.2. Double Bar Graph
A double bar graph is a graphical display of information
using two bars besides each other at various heights.
It may be drawn both horizontally and vertically. It is
useful for the comparison of the data.
Conditions for drawing a joint bar graph:
• Number of samples must be same.
• Scale also must be same.
• Data type must be same.
A double bar graph representing the quantity of
ingredients A, B and C in zone-i and zone-ii is shown.
• The scale of the graph is taken as: 1 unit = 20 𝑙
• The quantity of ingredient A in zone-i is 240 𝑙 and in
zone-ii is 60 𝑙.
• The quantity of ingredient B in zone-i is 120 𝑙 and in
zone-ii is 160 𝑙.
• The quantity of ingredient C in zone-i is 180 𝑙 and in
zone-ii is 220 𝑙.
Scale: 1 unit = 20 𝑙
280
Quantity of ingredients (in 𝒍)
240
200
160
120
Zone-i
80
40 Zone-ii
0
A B C
Ingredients
4. Chance and Probability
4.1. Chance
A chance is the occurrence of events in the absence of any
obvious intention or cause. It is the possibility of something
happening.
• Sometimes we
usually say that
there is a high
chance of raining
by looking at sky.
• Sometimes looking
at the sun we can
say that there is low
chance of raining.
4. Chance and Probability
4.2. Probability
Probability denotes the possibility of the outcome of any
random event. The value of probability is expressed
from zero to one, where 0 means an event to be an
impossible one and 1 indicates a certain event.
0 1
Impossible Certain to happen
Number of favourable outcomes
Probability of an event =
Total number of possible outcomes
Example:
• When a coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes:
Getting a head or getting a tail.
1
• The probability of getting either a head or a tail is .
2
Important Questions
Question 1 2 marks
The enrolment in a school during six consecutive
years was as follows:
1555, 1670, 1750, 2013, 2540, 2820.
Find the mean enrolment of the school for this
period.
Solution
Mean enrolment
Sum of numbers of enrolment in all the years
=
Total number of years
1555 + 1670 + 1750 + 2013 + 2540 + 2820
=
6
12348
= = 2058
6 2 marks
Important Questions
Question 2 3 marks
There are 6 observations in a set of data and their
mean is 12. If each observation is multiplied by 2,
find the new mean.
Solution
Sum of observations
Step 1: Mean =
Number of observations
Given, mean = 12 and number of observations = 6
Sum of observations
∴ 12 =
6
⇒ Sum of observations = 72
2 marks
Step 2: If each observation is multiplied by 2 the new sum
of observations is = 72 × 2 = 144
144
∴ New Mean = = 24
6
1 mark
Important Questions
Question 3 1 mark
The rainfall (in mm) in a city on 7 days of a certain
week was recorded as follows:
Find the range of the rainfall in the above data.
Solution
The range of the rainfall
= Highest rainfall – Lowest rainfall
= 20.5 – 0.0
= 20.5 mm
1 mark
Important Questions
Question 4 3 marks
The ages (in years) of 10 teachers at a school are:
34, 52, 31, 56, 37, 28, 25, 35, 40, 42
(i) What is the range of the ages of the teachers?
(ii) What is the mean age of these teachers?
Solution
Step 1: (i) Arranging the ages in ascending order,
we get: 25, 28, 31, 34, 35, 37, 40, 42, 52, 56
1 mark
Step 2: We find that the age of the oldest teacher is
56 years and the age of the youngest teacher is 25 years.
Range of the ages of the teachers
= (56 - 25) years = 31 years
1 mark
Step 3: (ii) Mean age of the teachers:
25+28+31+34+35+37+40+42+52+56
=
10
= 38 years
1 mark
Important Questions
Question 5 5 marks
The number of students in five different classes are
tabulated here. Represent the data on a bar graph
and answer the following questions.
(i) Find the ratio of students of class sixth to the
students of class ninth.
(ii) What is the difference in the number of students
of class fifth and class eighth?
Solution
Scale: 1 unit = 10 children
70
60
Number of children
50
40
30
20
10
0
5th 6th 7th 8th 9th
Class 3 marks
(i) Ratio of students of class 6th to the students of
class 9th = 50 : 60 = 5 : 6 1 mark
(ii) Difference in number of students of class 5th and
class 8th = 40 – 30 = 10 1 mark
Important Questions
Question 6 2 marks
The mode of the data set given below is 15. Find the
missing observation.
5 ? 6 34 15 1 8 15 8 19 45
Solution
1 occurs once
5 occurs once
6 occurs once
8 occurs twice
15 occurs twice
19 occurs once
34 occurs once
45 occurs once
We know that the mode of a set of observations is the
observation that occurs most often.
1 mark
Since 8 and 15 both occur twice, they both have the
possibility of being modes.
But the mode of the dataset is given to be 15, which means
that 15 must occur a greater number of times than 8. So,
the missing number is 15.
1 mark
Important Questions
Question 7 3 marks
The scores in mathematics test (out of 25) of students
is as follows:
19, 25, 23, 20, 9, 20, 15, 10, 5, 16, 25, 20, 24, 12, 20
Find the mode and median of this data. Are they
same?
Solution
Step 1: Arranging the given data in ascending order,
5, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 23, 24, 25, 25
Mode is the observation occurring the highest number of
times. Therefore, mode = 20
1 mark
Step 2: Median is the middle observation = 20
1 mark
Step 3: Yes, the mode and the median are same.
1 mark
Important Questions
Question 8 2 marks
A coin is flipped to decide which team starts the
game. What is the probability that your team will
start?
Solution
A coin has 2 faces.
A head (H) and a tail (T)
∴ The number of possible outcomes = 2
1 mark
Now, the team has to choose only one face in order to win
the toss and further start a game.
∴ The number of favorable outcomes = 1
0.5 mark
1
∴ The probability of the team starting a game =
2
0.5 mark
Important Questions
Question 9 1 mark
The given double bar graph shows the required
necessities distributed between ‘Group A’ and
‘Group B’. Which of the mission necessities is given
more in Group A than in Group B?
40
30
Number of items
20
10
0
Laser guns Watches Energy drinks Armours
Mission necessities Group A
Group B
Solution
According to the double bar graph, Armours are given
more in group A than in group B.
1 mark
