CLASS 8 MATHS

DATA HANDLING
INTRODUCTION OF DATA HANDLING

1. The word data means information (its exact dictionary meaning is: given facts).
Statistical data are of two types
(i) Primary data (ii) Secondary data
2. When an investigator collects data himself with a definite plan or design in his (her)
mind, it is called Primary data.
3. Data which are not originally collected rather obtained from published or
unpublished sources are known as Secondary data.
4. After collection of data, the investigator has to find ways to condense then in tabular
form in order to study their silent features. Such an arrangement is called
Presentation of data.
5. Raw data when put in ascending or descending order of magnitude is called an array
or arranged data.
6. The number of times an observation occurs in the given data is called frequency of
the observation.
7. Classes/class intervals are the groups in which all the observations are divided.
8. Suppose class-interval is 10-20, then 10 is called lower limit and 20 is called upper
limit of the class
9. Mid-value of class-interval is called Class-mark
Loweer limit+upper limit
Class-mark =
2
1
Class-mark = lower limit + 2 (difference between the upper and lower limits)

10. If the frequency of first class interval is added to the frequency of second class and
this sum is added to third class and so on then frequencies so obtained are known as
Cumulative Frequency (c.f.).
11. There are two types of cumulative frequencies (a) less than, (b) greater than

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CLASS 8 MATHS

IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE

1. Experiment : An operation in which can produce some well-defined outcomes is
called an experiment.
2. Random Experiment : An Experiment in which all possible outcomes are known and
the exact output cannot be predicated in advance, is called a
random experiment.
3. Examples of Performing a Random
Experiment :
(i) Rolling an unbiased dice.
(ii) Tossing a fair coin.
(iii) Drawing a card from a pack of well-shuffled cards.
(iv) Picking up a ball of certain colour from a bag containing balls of different
colours.
4. Details :
(i) When we throw a coin. Then either a Head (H) or aTail (T) appears.
(ii) A dice is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. When
we throw a die, the outcome is the number that appears on its upper face.
(iii) A pack of cards has 52 cards. It has 13 cards of each suit, namely Spades,
Clubs, Hearts and Diamonds. Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.
Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.
There are 4 honours of each suit.
These are Aces, Kings, Queens and Jacks.
These are called face cards.
5. Sample Space : When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible
outcomes is called the Sample Space.
6. Examples of Sample Spaces :
(i) In tossing a coin, S = {H, T}.
(ii) If two coins are tossed, then S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}.
(iii) In rolling a dice, we have, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
7. Event : Any subset of a sample space is called an event.

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8. Probability of Occurrence of an Event

Let S be the sample space and let E be an event.
n(E)
Then, E ⊆ S  P(E) = .
n(S)

DATA
The collection of facts which are expressed numerically with the specific purpose is called
data.
Each numerical fact of this type is known as an observation.

COLLECTION OF DATA
On the basis of methods of collection data can be divided in to two categories :
(a) Primary data (b) Secondary Data
(a) Primary data : The data which are collected by the investigator itself are called
primary data.
(b) Secondary Data : Data already collected earlier and other investigator use it for his
investigation then it is called secondary data for investigator. It
may be published or unpublished.
Raw Data : A collection of observations gathered initially is called raw data.
Arrayed Data : The data arranged in an order descending or ascending order is called
arrayed data.
Range : The difference between the highest and the lowest value of the observations
in a data is called the range of the data.
e.g., Let us suppose 25 students obtained the marks
Highest marks obtained = 88
Lowest marks obtained = 30
Range = 88 – 30 = 58

Ex.1 Given below are the marks (out of 100) in mathematics obtained by 20 students of a
class in an annual examination.

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CLASS 8 MATHS

Arrange the above data in ascending order and find

(i) the lowest marks obtained.
(ii) the highest marks obtained.
(iii) the range of the given data.
Sol. Arranging the above data in ascending order, we get :

(i) Lowest marks obtained = 14.

(ii) Highest marks obtained = 92
(iii) Range of the given data = (92 – 14) = 78
ARITHMETIC MEAN
x1 +x2 +x3 +⋯.+xn
Mean of n observation x1, x2, x3.....xn is given by x
̅=
n
Sum of all observations
Mean =
number of observation

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Frequency : In a given data the number of times a particular observation occurs is called its
frequency. It is usually denoted by (fi).
Frequency Distribution tables : A table showing the frequencies of the various observation
of a data is called a frequency distribution table of simply a
frequency table.
Tally marks :
(i) When the number of observations is large, we make use of tally marks (||||)to find
the frequencies.
(ii) Tallies are usually marked in a bunches of five. [The fifth tally in a bunch is usually
marked diagonally across the earlier ( ) The fifth one crossing the other four
diagonally ( ) which represents five.

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CLASS 8 MATHS

Ex.2 The marks scored by 30 students of IX class, of a school in the first test of
Mathematics out of 50 marks are as follows :

Sol. From the observation of given raw data, it is difficult to judge the standard of the
class correctly but if we prepare a table showing how many students scored 0, how
many 6, how many 12, etc. then it becomes more easy to understand the standard of
the class. The number of times a mark is repeated is called its frequency. It is
denoted by f.
The following table is obtained from the above data :

Marks Tally Frequency

Obtained mark
0 2
6 3
10 3
17 2
22 6
25 1
26 1
28 4
32 3
36 2
48 3

Ex.3 In a study of number of accidents per day, the observations for 30 days were
obtained as follows :
4, 3, 5, 6, 4, 3, 2, 5, 4, 2, 6, 2, 1, 2, 2, 0, 5, 4, 6, 1, 3, 0, 5, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 2, 6.
Prepare a frequency table.
Sol. Arranging the data in ascending order, we get
0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6
Now, we represent the above data in the tubular from as shown below :

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CLASS 8 MATHS

No. of Tally Frequency

accidents mark
0 2
1 3
2 6
3 4
4 4
5 6
6 5
Total 30

NOTE : Such type of frequency distribution is called ungrouped frequency distribution.

GROUPING OF DATA
When the list of observation is long, the data is usually organised in to groups called class
intervals and the data so obtained is called a grouped data.
Presentation of data in groups along with the frequency of each group is known as the
frequency distribution of the grouped data.

SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITION

Lower limit & Upper limit : The lowest value of class-interval is called its lower limit and
the upper value of a class-interval is called its upper limit.
Class size : The difference between the upper and lower class limits is called the class size.
e.g., The size of class intervals = upper limit – lower limit
5 – 0 = 5, 30 – 20 = 10, 40 – 30 = 10
Class mark : The mid value of a class-interval is called its class mark.
upper limit+lower limit
Class mark = 2
5+10
Thus, the class marks of 0–5 is = 2.5, The class mark of 5–10 is = 7.5 etc.
2

Class interval : In the above frequency distribution.

Range
Class interval = Number of classes (it is generally denoted by h.)

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CLASS 8 MATHS

If x be the mid value and h be the class interval, then the class limits are
x–h,x+h
 2 2

Ex.4 The class marks of a distribution are : 5, 15, 25, 35, 45. Find the classes and the class
size.
Sol. Here the class size = 15 – 5 = 10
10 10
Lower limit of first class = 5 – = 0, Upper limit of first class = 5 + = 10
2 2

The classes are 0–10, 10– 20, 20–30, 30–40, 40– 50 and class size is 10.

GRAPHICAL METHOD OF REPRESENTING DATA

Some of the forms to represent data graphically are
(a) A pictograph (b) A bar graph (c) Double bar graph (d) Histogram

(a) A Pictograph
In Pictograph, we represent data with the help of symbol.

= 50 Cycle ¬ one symbol stands for 50 Cycle.

Amit 50 ×4 = 200

Sachin 50 ×3 = 150

Manish 50 ×5 = 250

Ankit 50 ×? =?

(i) How many Cycle does Ankit has?

(ii) Who has maximum Cycle?

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CLASS 8 MATHS

(iii) Who has minimum Cycle?

(b) A Bar Graph

A bar graph is a pictorial representation of numerical data in the form of rectangles (or
bars) of equal width and varying heights.
These rectangles are drawn either vertically or horizontally, keeping equal space between
them. The height (or length) of a rectangle depends upon the numerical value it represents.
Note : Bar graphs of grouped data are also called histograms.
ALGORITHM TO DRAW A BAR GRAPH
We can draw the graph by following the steps given below.
Step-I : On a graph paper, draw a horizontal line OX and a vertical line OY. These lines are
called the x-axis and the y-axis respectively.
Step-II : Mark points at equal intervals along the x-axis. Below these points write the
names of the data items whose values are to be plotted.
Step-III : Choose a suitable scale. On that scale determine the heights of the bars for the
given numerical values.
Step-IV : Mark off these heights parallel to the y-axis from the points taken in Step-II.
Step-V : On the x-axis, draw bars of equal width for the heights marked in Step-IV. The bars
should be centrad on the points marked on the x-axis. These bars represent the
given numerical data.
(c) Double Bar Graph
Double bar graph is used to compare the two sets of data simultaneously.
Ex.5

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CLASS 8 MATHS

(i) What is the information given by the double bar graph?

(ii) In which subject both students have scored equal marks?
(iii) In Science, whose performance is better?
Sol. (i) The double bar graph represents the marks obtained by two students Amit
and Anil.
(ii) In Maths, both students have scored equal marks.
(iii) In Science, Amit's performance is better.
(d) Histogram
A histogram or frequency histogram is a graphical representation of a frequency
distribution in the form of rectangles with class intervals as bases and the
corresponding frequencies as the heights such that there is no gap between any two
successive rectangles.
In drawing the histogram of a continuous grouped frequency distribution, we use
the following algorithm.

ALGORITHM
Step-I : Take a graph paper and draw two perpendicular lines, one horizontal and one
vertical, intersecting at O (say). Mark them as OX and OY.
Step-II : Take horizontal line OX as X-axis and vertical line OY as Y-axis.
Step-III : Choose a suitable scale for X-axis and along X-axis represent class-limits.
Step-IV : Choose a suitable scale for Y-axis and mark frequencies along Y-axis.
Step-V : Construct rectangles with respective class intervals as the bases and the
corresponding class frequencies as heights.
We give a break called kink indicated by and then start drawing histogram.
NOTE: It should be noted that the scale for X-axis may not be same as the scale for Y-axis.
The selection of scale depends upon our convenience and the type of data.

Ex.6 The following table gives the marks scored by 100 students in an entrance
examination.

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CLASS 8 MATHS

Represent this data in the form of a histogram.

Sol. We represent the class limits along X-axis on a suitable scale and the frequencies
along Y-axis on a suitable scale.
Taking class-intervals as bases and the corresponding frequencies as heights, we
construct rectangles to obtain the histogram of the given frequency distribution as
shown in Fig.

Ex.7 Read the following histogram and answer the questions given at the end.
Y
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
O 2025303540455055 X

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CLASS 8 MATHS

(i) What information is depicted by the histogram?

(ii) What is the most common age group? How many teachers are there in this
group?
(iii) What is the number of teachers who are more than 35 years of age but less
than 40 years?
(iv) How many teachers are 40 years or older?
(v) Which groups contain the same number of teachers? (vi) What are the class

marks of the classes?

Sol. (i) The histogram shows the distribution of ages (in year) of 40 teachers in a
school.
(ii) The most common age group is 30–35 and the number of teachers in this age
group is 11.
(iii) The number of teachers who are more than 35 years of age but less than 40
years is 8.
(iv) There are 12(5 + 4 + 3) teachers who are 40 years or older.
(v) The group 20–25 and 50–55 contain the same number of teachers.
20+25
(vi) The class mark of 20–25 is , i.e. 22.5
2

Similarly, the class mark of 25–30 is 27.5 the class mark of 30–35 is 32.5
the class mark of 35–40 is 37.5 the class mark of 40–45 is 42.5
the class mark of 45–50 is 47.5 the class mark of 50–55 is 52.5

Ex.8 Given below is the histogram, observe it and answer the following questions :
(i) What information is being given by histogram?
(ii) Which group contains maximum girls?
(iii) How many girls have a height of 145 cm and above?

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CLASS 8 MATHS

Sol. (i) Height (in cm) of 20 girls of class VII.

(ii) Group (140-145) contains maximum girls.
(iii) The number of girls having a height of 145 cm and more = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A BAR GRAPH AND A HISTOGRAM

(i) In a bar graph the bars are at a distance from one another, while in a histogram the
bars (rectangles) touch one another.
(ii) In a bar graph we generally have a scale for either the X-axis or Y-axis (generally Y
axis as vertical bars are more popular), but in a histogram, we have scale for both X
axis and Y-axis and both scales need not be the same.
(iii) In a bar graph, one axis many not have numerical values but have names, subjects,
flavours etc. along it, but in histogram we display numerical values along both the
axis.

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