PAVEMENT MATERIALS

Module 5, Lecture 3
Types of Cement, Admixtures, Geopolymers (Part 1)
NIKHIL SABOO
CIVIL ENGINEERING

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WHAT ARE WE GOING TO LEARN?

• PRODUCTION OF CEMENT
• THEORY OF HYDRATION
• PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
• TYPES OF CEMENT
• POZZOLANIC MATERIALS
• GEOPOLYMERIC MATERIALS

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Types of Cement
• Various types of cement are being produced by varying the proportion of raw materials, and targeted
desirable properties
• Literature indicates more than 20 types of cements that can be produced
• In concrete pavement, the following types of cement are typically recommended as per Indian
specifications
• Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
• Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
• Portland Slag Cement (PSC)
• Sulphate Resisting Cement (SRC)
• OPC
• Most common form of cement. OPC 43 and 53 recommended in
pavement application
• Produces higher heat, consumes higher energy, is costly, causes
environmental pollution. Use is reducing globally. In India the use
of cement is less than 30% presently
• Blended cement is being preferred
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Types of Cement
• PPC
• OPC mixed with 15-35% flyash
• Flyash is a pozzolanic material: Silicious or aluminous materials which in itself posses no
cementitious properties, but in finely divided form and in presence of water, react with calcium
hydroxide, liberated in the hydration process, at ordinary temperature, to form compounds
having cementitious properties
• Flyash is produced from combustion of coal in the thermal power plant and is collected in the
electrostatic precipitator
• Size varies from 0.5-300 μm
Component Bituminous Sub-bituminous Lignite

SiO2 (%) 20-60 40-60 15-45

Al2O3 (%) 5-35 20-30 20-25
Fe2O3 (%) 10-40 4-10 4-15
CaO (%) 1-12 5-30 15-40

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Types of Cement
• PPC
• 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 + 𝑃𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎 + 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐶 − 𝑆 − 𝐻
• Utilization of useless Ca(OH)2 improves the durability, produces less heat, improves strength at
ITZ, reduces permeability
• Do not contribute to early strength
• Beneficial specially in hydraulic structures
• Reduces the alkalinity and thus resistance against corrosion (but reduces permeability too!)
• OPC 53: Up to 20-25%
• OPC 43: Up to 25-30%

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Types of Cement
• PSC
• Obtained by mixing clinker, gypsum and granulated blast furnace slag
• Has low heat of hydration, better resistance to chlorides, soils and water consisting of excessive
sulphates or alkali metals, alumina and iron, as well as, to acidic water. Preferable in marine
construction
• 25-70% used. 25-50% in PQC/DLC layers
• GGBS/GGBFS is produced during iron manufacturing where iron ore, limestone and coke are
heated at temperatures of about 1500 °C
• Molten slag is fed to a granulation drum where it is blasted with cold water spray. Granulated
slag is pumped to dewatering tank where granulate is separated from water
• Granulated slag is further grounded to fine powder
• The main components of blast furnace slag are CaO (30-50%),
SiO2 (28-38%), Al2O3 (8-24%), and MgO (1-18%)
• Early strength is due to cement clinker. GGBFS aids in development
of later strength
• Air cooled crystallized slag cannot be used

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Types of Cement
• PSC
• Advantages
• Reduced heat of hydration
• Reduced permeability
• Increased resistance to thermal attack
• Improvement at ITZ and increase in durability

Age of 1 day 28 day 180 day

Hydration
Percentage slag 10-20 30-40 50-60
reacted in PSC
Percentage fly 1-2 5-10 15-20
ash reacted in
PPC

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Types of Cement
• SRC
• Sulphates react with free Ca(OH)2 in set-cement to form calcium sulphate which
further reacts with hydrates of calcium aluminate to form calcium sulpho-aluminate
• These products have 227% higher volume than their original aluminates
• This phenomena (Sulphate attack) may significantly affect the durability of structures
• Cements with lower C3A and C4AF are called SRC. Less than 5% C3A is used

• Use
• Concrete in marine condition
• Construction in soil having high sulphates
• Construction of pipes to be buried in marshy regions
with sulphate bearing soil
• Construction in sewage treatment works

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Other Admixtures
• Silica Fume
• Produced in electric arc furnace as a by product during production of elemental
silicon or alloy containing silicon
• The exhaust gas from silicon metal production produces SiO that combines with
oxygen to form SiO2. This condenses and forms small droplets of silica fume which is
caught in filter bags
• Amorphous (glassy) with 85% SiO2, high specific surface area (100 x smaller size than
cement) and are spherical in shape
• They react with Ca(OH)2 to form C-S-H gel
• Due to extremely small size, they increase the water
demand, makes concrete sticky and therefore is used in
lower dosages (3-10%)
• Approximately 7 lacs silica fume particle for every 1 grain of
cement!!
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Other Admixtures Wu et al.

• Silica Fume
• Size typically ranges from 0.1-0.3 μm
• SG varies from 2.20-2.30 and surface area
of silica fume particles can range between
13,000 and 30,000 m2/kg
• Reduces permeability and increases
strength
• Used for production high strength concrete
• Improves ITZ
• Very costly
• Reduces workability and necessitates use
of superplasticizers
• Should be mixed properly

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Other Admixtures
• Metakaolin
• Metakaolin is a highly reactive pozzolana formed by the calcination and dehyroxylation of
kaolinite (China clay)
• Kaolin is a phyllosilicate, consisting of alternate layers of silica and alumina in tetrahedral and
octahedral coordination, respectively
• Metakaolin has a smaller particle size (∼1–2 μm) and higher surface area compared
with Portland cement, but a larger particle size than SF
• The specific gravity of metakaolin can fall between 2.20 and 2.60
• It has to be processed in a burning process like cement, although
the temperature of production is between 700 and 900 °C as
opposed to 1450 °C in the case of cement
• Similarly to fly ash, MK reacts with Ca(OH)2 produced during
hydration of cement to give C-S-H gels
• Typical replacement levels for metakaolin range from 5% to 10%.
Upto 20% permitted as per IRC 44

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Other Admixtures
• Metakaolin
• Increases strength
• Reduces permeability
• Increases resistance to thermal attack
• Increases durability
• Reduces alkali-silica-reactivity
• Reduces drying shrinkage and creep in concrete
• Improves workability

• High cost
• Presence of required clay minerals needed

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Thank You

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