Types of Cement

Dinesh M
23CHE08
 Agenda

• Introduction

• High Alumina Cement

• Slag cement

• White Cement
 Introduction:

• Concrete was the most commonly used man made construction material.

• Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is the most commonly produced and used cement. The name
‘Portland’ was derived from word lime stone called “Portland stone”.

• Portland cement primarily consists of

1. Limestone

2. Clay

3. Silica

Reference: Concrete technology by Indian railway institute of Civil engineering 3

 High Alumina Cement:
High Alumina Cement was first developed in United Kingdom in 1925 by a cement producer
Lafarge. As it was found to be resistant to chemical attacks and it was primarily used for marine construction.

Composition of High Alumina Cement:

Reference: The constructor and Textbook of civil engineering 4

 Manufacture of High Alumina Cement:

• The process of manufacture of High Alumina Cement is different compared to that of ordinary Portland cement.
Here, Bauxite and lime are used as the major raw material.

• The raw materials are mixed in the required proportion and grinded into small fragments. These lumps are fed in
kiln and heated up-to their fusion point which is 1600°C. The molten material fall down on the steel plate and it is
send to cool down in rotary kiln. These clinkers are then grounded finely in tube mills untill the fineness not less
than 2250 cm2/gram is achieved.

Reference: The constructor and Textbook of civil engineering 5

 Characteristics of High Alumina Cement:

The characteristics of this cement are,

1. It is very resistant to chemical attacks.

2. The pH level is low.

3. High resistant to chemical corrosion, due to which it is used for construction of water pipes, sewage pipes, factory
drains, coastal constructions and in factory chimneys.

4. The refractive index of this cement is high.

5. Hardening property of this cement is fast.

6. It is used in manufacture of refractory castables.

Reference: The constructor and Textbook of civil engineering 6

 Uses of High Alumina Cement:

1. Due the property of rapid hardening and strength, it is widely used in marine construction and sewer infrastructure.

2. High alumina cement is also used in refractory concretes where it requires more strength at very high temperature.

Reference: The constructor and Textbook of civil engineering 7

Advantages of High Alumina Cement

The advantages of High Alumina Cement are:

•High Alumina Cement (HAC) does not expand during setting.

•Exhibits good resistance to fire.

•Not affected by frost

•Initial setting time of high alumina cement is 3.5 hours, and final setting time is 5 hours.

•High Alumina cement attains high strength in a short period, achieving compressive strength of 40 N/mm2 in 1 day and

about 50 N/mm2in 3 days.

Reference: The constructor and Textbook of civil engineering 8

 Disadvantages of High Alumina Cement

•High manufacturing cost due to the elevated heat required for production.

•Fine particle size not less than 2250 cm2/g necessitates caution to prevent contact with the eyes or

mouth.

•Unsuitable for mass concreting works due to the high heat energy evolution.

Reference: The constructor and Textbook of civil engineering 9

Slag cement:

Blast furnace slag cement is the mixture of ordinary Portland cement and fine granulated blast furnace slag,
which is obtained as a byproduct in the manufacture of steel. Ground granulated blast furnace slag cement (GGBFS)
is a fine glassy granules which contain cementatious properties.

Slag cement is used in a variety of applications, including:

• Dams

• Bridges

• Roads

• Buildings

• Marine structures

Reference: Civil Engineering, The Constructor 10

Composition of slag cement:

Reference: Civil Engineering, The Constructor 11

 Properties of Blast-Furnace Slag Cement:

Reference: Civil Engineering, The Constructor 12

 Advantages of Blast-Furnace Slag Cement:

1. The initial strength achieved is lesser than that of conventional concrete, but the final strength gained is equal and
sometimes higher that conventional concrete.

2. As the slag is grounded finely, it has the capacity to fill the pores efficiently.

3. It has good resistance towards sulphate and chloride attack and even less risk of alkali reaction.

4. Greater durability and reduced permeability due to fineness.

5. As the colour of GGBFS is white, the cement colour obtained is lighter coloured when compared to conventional
cement.

6. The production cost in this cement is less.

Reference: Civil Engineering, The Constructor 13

 Disadvantages of Blast-Furnace Slag Cement:

1. Initial Strength is low, due to this it cannot be used in RCC works.

2. As the initial setting time is high, this cement is not used for emergency or repair works.

Uses of Blast slag cement:

1. Used in ready mix concrete plants.

2. Used for structures meant for water retaining such as retaining wall, rivers, ports, tunnels for improvement in
impermeability.

3. Used as base material in road construction.

4. Used in the places susceptible to chloride and sulphate attacks such as waste water treatment plants.

Reference: Civil Engineering, The Constructor 14

 White Cement:
• The manufacturing process of white cement is same as that of grey cement, but the selection of raw material is an
important part in the manufacturing process. The oxides of chromium, manganese, iron, copper, vanadium, nickel and
titanium imparts the grey colour to the cement.

• In white cement manufacture, these raw materials are kept to least percentage. Limestone and clay is used as a prominent
raw material for the manufacture of white cement.

• The manufacture process are same as that of OPC cement, the only differences are the heat required for the burning of raw
material is more and fineness is more.

Following Raw material are used to make white cement:

1. Lime Stone

2. Clay

3. Pet Coke

4. Gypsum

Reference: The constructor 15

 Properties of White Cement:

Reference: The constructor 16

 Drawbacks:

1.Higher Cost: White cement is significantly more expensive, often costing up to four times more than

regular Portland cement

2.Lower Strength: It generally has less compressive strength compared to regular Portland cement.

3.Limited Use in Concrete: Due to its lower compressive strength, white cement is not typically used in

structural concrete applications

4.Rapid Setting Time: White cement sets more quickly, which can make it challenging to work with,

especially for larger projects.

Reference: The constructor 17

 Uses of White Cement:

1. Used for prestige construction projects and decorative works.

2. Due to its whiteness, it finds its application in architectural beauty, interior and exterior decorations, floorings,
ornamental concrete products such as idols while grey cement is mostly used for construction purposes.

3. Used in roads due the property of high reflectiveness to add visibility to highway medians.

4. They are also used widely for making cast stones of appealing appearance.

Reference: The constructor 18

 Differences between White Cement and Grey Cement:

Reference: The constructor 19