PETROPHYSICS
Formation Evaluation
Lecture 3
Eng. Bior Atem Bior
Eng. Bior Atem Bior.
Content
3. Rock Properties
1. Introduction to Petrophysics
• Classification of rocks
• Definition and importance of petrophysics
• Rock texture and mineralogy
• Role of petrophysics in petroleum exploration and
• Porosity and its types
production
• Permeability and its measurement
2. Well Logging
4. Fluid Properties
• Principles of well logging
• Types of well
• Types of fluids in reservoir rocks
• The essential logs
• Fluid saturation and its determination
• Interpretation of well log data 5. Applications
• Uses of well logs in petrophysical analysis • Petrophysical evaluation of reservoirs
• Reservoir characterization using petrophysical data
• Integration of petrophysics with other subsurface disciplines 2
Eng. Bior Atem Bior.
Log Interpretation
Raw Logs | Complete Logs Interpretations
3
Eng. Bior Atem Bior.
Log interpretation outcomes and Applications
Lithology Determination (Shale
Rw Determination
Volume) Pickett plot, 𝐶𝑊𝐴 VS 𝑉𝐷𝐶 /∅ 𝑇 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡
Vsh from GR
Vsh from Density - Neutron
Fluid Type Identification Fluid Saturation Calculation
Resistivity and Density-Neutron log plot Archie
Formation Pressure Sampling(RFT, Indonesia and Simandoux
MDT,SGS) Waxman-Smits and Dual Water
Near & Far Neutron count-rate log plot
Porosity Calculation Permeability Determination
Density log, Sonic log, Neutron log NMR log
D-N, S-N, D–S Crossplot Choo’s Permeability
• This is a sequence for clastic reservoirs
• For non-clastic – more lithology components need to be defined in
lithology determination.
Complete Petrophysical Evaluation
Raw logs Interpreted logs
Logging operation
GOC
OWC
Internal
Fluid Contacts
Water Saturation Calculation
Archie’s equation may be used to compute water saturation:
Sw2 = aRw/(F2 * Rt)
This can be modified as follows:
Sw2 = Ro/Rt
Where: Ro = resistivity in the water bearing interval
Rt = resistivity in the hydrocarbon bearing
zone
Rw = resistivity of formation water
Fluid Identification
Identification of formation fluids is carried
out by using two or more porosity logs in combination.
Usually the bulk density and neutron porosity
logs are used in combination to detect gas
bearing intervals.
Gas bearing intervals exhibit butterfly shape
separation between neutron and density logs.
Generally, oil and water give similar responses
on the neutron and density logs.
Oil can be differentiated from water by means
of high resistivity readings, in combination
with porosity logs.
Wireline Formation Tester
MDT (Modular Dynamics Tester) tool from
Schlumberger
This wireline formation testing tool can take an
unlimited number of pressure measurements
Depending on the tool configuration
several formation fluid samples can
be taken during one trip in the well
This tool is used for identification of
formation fluids (from pressure gradient) and
fluid contacts, fluid properties (for PVT analysis)
Mud Logs
Mud logs are very
useful in fluid
identification.
Gas and oil shows
are used to
corroborate fluid
identification from
well logs.
Mud logs are also
very useful in rock
typing and matrix
identification.
Summary
• Well logs acquired in oil and gas wells play a crucial role in
assessment of hydrocarbon resources
• The parameters used in hydrocarbon volume calculation are
derived from well logs
• Minimum three types of well logs, namely Gamma Ray log,
porosity log and resistivity logs, are required to derive
formation rock parameters.
