PETROPHYSICS
Formation Evaluation
Eng. Bior Atem Bior
Eng. Bior Atem Bior.
Content
3. Rock Properties
1. Introduction to Petrophysics
• Classification of rocks
• Definition and importance of petrophysics
• Rock texture and mineralogy
• Role of petrophysics in petroleum exploration and
• Porosity and its types
production
• Permeability and its measurement
2. Well Logging
4. Fluid Properties
• Principles of well logging
• Types of well
• Types of fluids in reservoir rocks
• The essential logs
• Fluid saturation and its determination
• Interpretation of well log data 5. Applications
• Uses of well logs in petrophysical analysis • Petrophysical evaluation of reservoirs
• Reservoir characterization using petrophysical data
• Integration of petrophysics with other subsurface disciplines 2
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Introduction to Petrophysics
Definition | Importance | Roles
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What is Petrophysics?
Petrophysics is the study of the physical and chemical properties that describes
the occurrence and behaviour of rocks, soils and
fluids.
It is the study of the mechanics of the reservoir rock and the fluids contained
therein.
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Importance Petrophysics
Rock and Fluids
Interactions
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Role of Petrophysics In Petroleum Exploration and
Production
The petrophysicist carries out evaluation of hydrocarbon reservoirs by making
use of well logs and all other relevant well data to derive the best possible
estimates of reservoir parameters in order to facilitate accurate assessment of
the hydrocarbon
resources in the reservoirs of interest.
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Role of Petrophysics In Petroleum Exploration and
Production
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How do petrophysicists acquire field data?
Tools of the Trade
Tools Classified by Acquisition Modes
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How do petrophysicists acquire field data?
Open Hole
logs
Surveillance
and production Mud logging
data
Sources
Source rock
and Seismic
geochemistry
Well test,
Pressure and
sampling
Open hole logs acquisitions via:
Wireline
Logging while drilling(LWD)
Tractoring
Rollers and other friction reduces
Drill Pipe conveyed tubing 9
Logging via losses(PMCD/MPD) Eng. Bior Atem Bior.
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Well Logging
Principles of logging | Types of logs | Logs Interpretations
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Principles of well logging: What Are Well Logs?
Data recordings of formation rock properties
Continuously recorded versus well depth
Measured by logging tools lowered into the well
Conveyed by electric cable (called Wireline Logging)
Conveyed by drill pipes (TLC/PCL Logs)
Recorded during drilling (called Logging While Drilling).
Recorded by means of resistivity, nuclear, acoustic or magnetic measuring
devices
Types of Well Logs
Two main types of well logs
Open hole logs:
Well logs run inside a well while the formation is still exposed or open
Cased hole logs
Well logs run inside a casing or tubing, mainly for production/injection
profiling and reservoir monitoring purposes
Casing and cement evaluation logs, corrosion monitoring logs
Typical Logging Tools
Comparison between the standard supercombo (triple
combo) logging tools and the PEX (Platform Express)
logging tools
Shorter tool length means less rat hole required
Less tool components means shorter rig up andrig down
time
Scale : 1 : 500 Puteri-1
DB : IPData (13) DEPTH (2020.06M - 2120.04M) 05/25/2006 11:58
DEPTH
M 50.
-370.
GR (GAPI)
SP (MV)
200. 0.2
-270. 0.2
HLLD (OHMM)
HLLS (OHMM)
2000. 1.85
2000. 0.45
RHOZ (G/C3)
NPHI (V/V)
2.85
-0.15
Open hole logs
HCAL (IN) RXOZ (OHMM) HDRA (G/C3)
6. 16. 0.2 2000. -0.75 0.25
• Gamma Ray
• Spontaneous potential
2050 • Caliper
• Resistivity
• Bulk Density
• Neutron Porosity
2100
Methods of Tool Conveyance
• Wireline conveyed logging
• Drill pipe conveyed logging (TLC/PCL)
• Logging While Drilling (LWD)
• Coiled tubing conveyed logging
• Slick line (piano wire) conveyed logging
Modes of Well Logging
Wireline Logging
Well logging tools are lowered into the well
by means of an electric cable attached to
the head of the tool string.
Power and tool commands are sent
downwards and data is transmitted upwards,
by means of a telemetry tool.
IDW (Integrated Depth Wheel) measures
the length of cable lowered into the well,
thus providing depth measurement
Pipe Conveyed Logging System
Normal wireline logging tools are attached
to the drill pipe by means of a “side-entry
sub” and lowered into the well.
Pipe Conveyed Logging System is used in
wells where the logging tools cannot be
lowered into the well using a logging cable,
due to hole conditions.
Logging While Drilling LWD
Coiled Tubing Conveyance
Logging tools, usually cased hole logging
tools, can be attached to the end of a
coiled tubing and lowered into the well.
A special coiled tubing, with an electric
cable inside, is required to transmit
power and data to and from the logging
tools.
Why Do We Run Logs
• To derive input parameters for calculating hydrocarbon
volumes as follows:
• HCIIP = GRV x N/G x F x Sh x 1/FVF
• GRV = Gross Rock Volume
• N/G = Net to Gross Ratio
= Formation Porosity
• Sh = Hydrocarbon Saturation
• FVF = Formation Volume Factor (Bo or 1/Bg)
Example of Evaluated Well Logs
Gas
zone
Oil
zone
Water
zone
