PETROPHYSICS
Formation Evaluation
Lecture 2
Eng. Bior Atem Bior
Eng. Bior Atem Bior.
I’m Content
3. Rock Properties
1. Introduction to Petrophysics
• Classification of rocks
• Definition and importance of petrophysics
• Rock texture and mineralogy
• Role of petrophysics in petroleum exploration and
• Porosity and its types
production
• Permeability and its measurement
2. Well Logging
4. Fluid Properties
• Principles of well logging
• Types of well
• Types of fluids in reservoir rocks
• The essential logs
• Fluid saturation and its determination
• Interpretation of well log data 5. Applications
• Uses of well logs in petrophysical analysis • Petrophysical evaluation of reservoirs
• Reservoir characterization using petrophysical data
• Integration of petrophysics with other subsurface disciplines 2
Eng. Bior Atem Bior.
2
Well Logging
Essential Well logs | Logs Interpretations
3
Eng. Bior Atem Bior.
The Essential Well Logs
Gamma Ray logs: to differentiate reservoir rock from
non-reservoir rock
Porosity logs: to determine net reservoir rock with
potential to store hydrocarbons
Resistivity logs: to calculate water saturation, which in
turn provides hydrocarbon saturation
Gamma Ray Log
Gamma Ray Log
GR Log measures natural Gamma Rays and is used to
differentiate between reservoir and non-reservoir rock
Gamma Ray Log
Gamma Ray Log is used to discriminate reservoir
rock (sandstone) from non-reservoir rock (shales).
A cutoff value of 105 API has been imposed on the
GR log to differentiate sands from shales.
Based on this cutoff criteria:
Net Sand Thickness : 65 meters
Shale volume calculation:
Vsh = (GR – GRmin)/(GRmax – GRmin)
Uses of Gamma Ray Logs
1. Discrimination between reservoir and non-reservoir rocks
2. Computation of clay content in reservoir rocks
3. Well to well correlation in a field
4. Identification of reservoir characteristics
5. Determination of depositional environment
Litho Density Tool
Bulk Density Log
Bulk density log measures formation density and is used to
compute formation porosity
Bulk Density Log
Litho density log provides bulk density
of the formation and PEF (photo electric absorption
factor).
Bulk density log is used to compute formation
porosity if grain density rma and fluid density are rf
known. PEF is used to identify the rock matrix
Litho density log is also used, together with the
Neutron Porosity log, to identifyformation fluid type
Porosity calculation from density log:
F = (rma – rb)/(rma – rf)
Neutron Porosity Tool
Neutron Porosity Tool
Neutron porosity log detects the thermal
neutrons which return after colliding with
hydrogen atoms in the formation
The neutron porosity log measures the Hydrogen
Index (HI) of the formation
Formation porosity is computed from the ratio of Near
to Far detector counts
The neutron porosity log is used together with the bulk
density log to identify the formation fluid
Sonic Logging Tool
Borehole Compensated Sonic Log
The sonic tool measures the time
taken by sound wave to travel across
one foot of formation.
The sonic transit time is affected by
the rock matrix, porosity and the type
of fluid in the pore spaces.
Formation porosity can be calculated
as follows:
Wyllie’s equation:
FS = (DT – DTma)/(DTf – DTma)
Raymer Hunt Gardner equation:
FS = 0.625 * (DT – DTma)/DT
Borehole Compensated Sonic Log
1. Computation of formation porosity using various porosity logs
2. Three main types of porosity logs
Bulk Density Log
Neutron Porosity Log
Sonic Porosity Log
3. Determination of Net Porous Reservoir Thickness
4. Identification of hydrocarbon type based on the combination of various
porosity logs
Uses of Porosity Logs
1. Computation of formation porosity using various porosity logs
2. Three main types of porosity logs
Bulk Density Log
Neutron Porosity Log
Sonic Porosity Log
3. Determination of Net Porous Reservoir Thickness
4. Identification of hydrocarbon type based on the combination of various
porosity logs
Resistivity Logging Tool
Resistivity Log
Resistivity log measures formation resistivity and is used to identify
hydrocarbon bearing zones and compute hydrocarbon saturation
Resistivity Log
Resistivity logs are used to differentiate hydrocarbon
bearing zones from the water bearing intervals.
Hydrocarbon bearing zones usually have high resistivites
accompanied by high or medium porosities.
Water bearing intervals usually have low resistivities
accompanied by high or medium porosities.
Tight or non-permeable zones have high resistivities
accompanied by low porosities.
Uses of Resistivity Logs
1. Identification of hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs
2. Determination of Net Pay thicknesses
3. Calculation of hydrocarbon saturation
4. Identification of productive reservoirs
5. Estimation of formation permeability
