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Chapter 6 - Lecture 2

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18 views23 pages

Chapter 6 - Lecture 2

Uploaded by

Taleb Abboud
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Laminar .v.

Turbulent Pipe Flow


Pressure Loss (drop)

Result from CH4


Laminar .v. Turbulent Pipe Flow

If the flow is laminar (Re<2300) we know pretty much everything about the flow (velocity
distribution; average velocity; flow rate, shear stress, pressure drop, etc …)

If the flow is turbulent (Re >2300) then we have a problem!


We must first know the velocity distribution over the pipe cross section:

 u (r )
u u
   
r r r R

 u 
 2RL   
  p R 2
 r r R  Must know the velocity
distribution for a turbulent
 p pipe flow!!!
Laminar .v. Turbulent Pipe Flow

Laminar Turbulent

Laminar Turbulent
Parabolic Poiseuille Profile Logarithmic Profile
 Laminar u (r )  Turbulent u(r )
 Laminar p  Turbulent p

Re<2300 Re>2300
Turbulent Pipe Flow Velocity Distribution
Log-Law of the Wall
From Experiments the velocity profile is given by the log-law of the wall:


u( y ) 1 yu
 ln B
u 
k 



2
 w 
u    Friction velocity


 y u
y  y
l  l*: viscous
wall unit
Turbulent Pipe Flow Velocity Distribution
Roughness Effect
u( y ) 1 yu
 ln B
u 
k 
  w 
2
y u
  ; u  
 
 ; y    y
    l 
1. The log-law describes the velocity profile
near the wall of the pipe (exactly where we
need it to get du/dr
l*: viscous
wall unit

2. The viscous wall unit l* is a (length scale)


associated with viscosity (very near wall). As
Re increases l* decreases.

3. Very near the wall, roughness effect on

/d
du/dr is important.
Turbulent Pipe Flow Velocity Distribution
Roughness Effect
u( y ) 1 yu
 ln B
u 
k 
  w 
2
y u
  ; u  
 
 ; y    y
    l 

 Wall roughness height

l*: viscous wall unit



Smooth Pipe:   l 

Rough Pipe:   l 

Very near the wall, roughness effect on du/dr


is important.
Smooth Turbulent Pipe Flow - Prandtl

 Finding the mean velocity from the logarithmic law correlation,


a relation between the friction factor and Re for turbulent flow
was found by Prandtl for smooth pipes as follows:

f implicit (cumbersome)
 If Re is known and f is needed, then the equation is
cumbersome to solve.
Friction Factor f: Turbulent Pipe Flow (Smooth)

 Alternative approximations to find f explicitly from Re:

f explicit (straightforward)
p: Turbulent Pipe Flow (Smooth)
Using the Blasius friction factor for turbulent flow in a
smooth pipe:

p scales with V1.75 for a turbulent pipe flow

Remember what it was for laminar flow?

pla min ar  32Ld V 2


Pipe Roughness
Recommended Roughness Values for Commercial Ducts
Friction Factor f: Turbulent Pipe Flow (Rough)
 Effect of roughness is negligible in laminar flow but this is not the case
in turbulent flow.
Roughness effect (Nikuradse)
Internal pipe roughness 

 Laminar friction is
unaffected by
roughness.
 Turbulent friction,
after an onset point,
increases with the
roughness ratio ε/d.
 For any ε/d, friction
factor becomes
constant at high Re.
Friction Factor f: Turbulent Pipe Flow (Rough)

Roughness effect (Colebrook)


Internal pipe roughness 

1  / d 2.51 
12
 2.0 log  
12 
f  3.7 Red f 
The accepted design formula for turbulent pipe flows
Moody (1944) plotted this formula into the famous Moody chart …
Moody Chart for
Turbulent Flow
(Rough Pipes)
1  / d 2.51 
Eq. 6.48:  2.0 log  
12 
f12  3.7 Red f 
Using Moody Chart

 Different types of problems that involve using the Moody Chart.


 Two are straight forward and Two need iterations to reach the final solution.

Straight Forward Problems:


1- Given Re & ε/d  Moody Chart  Get f  Get hf.

2-Given d, pump power, ε/d & Q  Get pipe length L?


𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ𝑓 → =𝑓
𝜌𝑔𝑄 𝑑 2𝑔
Re can be found  Moody Chart  Get f
 Substitute in the above equation
 Get L.
Iterative Problems

Iterative Solution: Guess 𝑓(educated guess)


 When the flow velocity
is not known a priori,
we need to iterate for Compute D or V, and Re
the friction loss since
the friction loss Update 𝑓
depends on the flow
velocity. Use Moody with Re to get new 𝑓
 This can arise in
questions having the
pipe diameter or flow
rate unknown. 𝑓 𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑠 − 𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 >10%
𝑓 𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑠
× 100%

<10%

Stop. 𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑
 Moody Chart iteratively, final solution:

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