Computer Networks (CSD304)
By:
Dr. Himani Sikarwar
Assistant Professor
Shiv Nadar IoE, NCR
Lecture-3
Protocols, OSI & TCP/IP
model
Protocols and Standards
Protocols:
● A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.
● Defines what is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is
communicated.
● The key elements of a protocol:
○ Syntax: refers to the structure or format of the data, meaning the order in
which they are presented (Data format).
○ Semantics: meaning of each section of bits (meaning of data and fields).
○ Timing: refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent and how fast
they can be sent.
● Examples: HTTP: Protocol used by web browsers to fetch web pages, TCP:
Ensures reliable delivery of data
Protocols and Standards
Standards:
● Guidelines for interoperability across devices
● Ensures compatibility across vendors
● Organizations:
○ IEEE: Standards for LANs (e.g., 802.3 Ethernet)
○ IETF: Internet protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP)
○ ITU-T: Telecommunications standards (e.g., telephone networks)
Internet
Regulatory
Forums standards and
Agencies
RFCs
Protocols and Standards
IEEE Standard Network Type Description / Use
IEEE 802.1 LAN/MAN Bridging, VLANs, network management
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet (LAN) Wired LAN, speeds from 10 Mbps to 400 Gbps
IEEE 802.11 WLAN (Wi-Fi) Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi 1 to Wi-Fi 7)
IEEE 802.15 WPAN Wireless PAN (Bluetooth, ZigBee, IoT)
IEEE 802.16 WMAN WiMAX – Broadband Wireless Access
IEEE 802.17 MAN Resilient Packet Ring for high-speed MANs
IEEE 802.21 Handover Media-independent handover between networks
IEEE 802.22 WRAN Wireless Regional Area Networks using TV white spaces
IEEE 802.24 Smart Applications Standards for Smart Grid, Healthcare, Vehicular networks
Protocol “layers” and reference models
Networks are complex, Question: is there any hope of
with many “pieces”: organizing structure of
▪ hosts network?
▪ routers ▪ and/or our discussion of
▪ links of various media networks?
▪ applications
▪ protocols
▪ hardware, software
Source: Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach 8th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Pearson, 2020
Protocol “layers” and reference models
end-to-end transfer of person plus baggage
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)
baggage (check) baggage (claim)
gates (load) gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway landing
airplane routing airplane routing
airplane routing
How would you define/discuss the system of airline travel?
▪ a series of steps, involving many services
Source: Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach 8th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Pearson, 2020
Protocol “layers” and reference models
ticket (purchase) ticketing service ticket (complain)
baggage (check) baggage service baggage (claim)
gates (load) gate service gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway service runway landing
airplane routing routing service airplane routing
airplane routing
layers: each layer implements a service
▪ via its own internal-layer actions
▪ relying on services provided by layer below
Source: Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach 8th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Pearson, 2020
OSI Layered Model
• Introduced in 1970.
• OSI Stands for Open Systems Interconnection.
• An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications.
• Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication
systems with standard communication protocols.
• Here, a layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer
below it.
• OSI had two major components,
✔ Basic Reference Model or Seven Layer model,
✔ A set of specific protocols.
OSI Layered Model
Layers Interconnection in OSI Model
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Data Exchange in OSI Model
• Each Layer Description is shown in subsequent slides
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Physical Layer
Responsible of: –
• Transmitting individual bits from one to the next.
• Physical characteristics of interface and media.
• Representation of bits: a stream of bit(0s,1s),
• Data rate
• Synchronize of bits
• Line configuration
• Physical topology
• Transmission mode
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Physical Layer
• The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop
(node) to the next.
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Data Link Layer
Responsible of: –
• Moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.
• Framing: divided the stream of bits received from the network layer manageable
data units called frames.
• Physical address (MAC address).
• Flow control.
• Error control: added trailer to the end of frame.
• Access control.
• Hop to hop delivery
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Data Link Layer
• The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the
next.
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Data Link Layer Hop-to-Hop Delivery
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Network Layer
The network layer is responsible:
• The delivery of individual packets from the original source to the final destination .
• Logical addressing: if the packet passes the network boundary we need another
addressing system to help (source to destination) connection.
• Routing : route or switch the packet to final destination.
• Source-to-destination delivery (End-to-End).
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Network Layer
• The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the
source host to the destination host.
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Packet Delivery at Network Layer
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for:
• Service point or Port addressing
• Segmentation and reassembly : a message is divided into transmittable segments
each segment containing a sequence no.
• Connection Control: connection oriented or connectionless.
• Flow control
• Error control
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Transport Layer
• The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to
another.
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Process to Process Delivery at Transport Layer
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Session Layer
• Dialog control: design to establish, maintain, and synchronize the interaction
between communicating systems.
• Synchronization: it allows a process to add checkpoints or synchronization points
to a data stream.
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Session Layer
• The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization.
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Presentation Layer
• The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption.
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Application Layer
• The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
• Mail services
• File transfer, access and management
• Remote log-in or network virtual terminal
• Accessing the World Wide Web
• Directory service
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Application Layer
• The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
Summary of Layers
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
OSI Layered Model
TCP/IP Communication Model
• TCP/IP means Transmission Control
Protocol and Internet Protocol. Application Layer
• It is the network model used in the current
Internet architecture as well. Transport Layer
• Developed by Department of Defence's
Project Research Agency (ARPA, later Network Layer
DARPA) as a part of a research project of
Data link Layer
network interconnection to connect remote
machines.
Physical Layer
• Protocols are set of rules which govern
every possible communication over a
network.
TCP/IP Addressing at different Layer
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
TCP/IP Physical Addressing
[Link]
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
TCP/IP Logical Addressing
The physical addresses
will change from hop to
hop, but the logical
addresses usually remain
the same.
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
TCP/IP Port Addressing
753
A 16-bit port address represented as one single number.
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
TCP/IP and OSI Compared
Source: Data Communications and networking, Fourth Edition, by: Forouzan
Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application Application exchanges messages to implement some application service using
services of transport layer
application
Ht M
transport Transport-layer protocol transfers M (e.g., reliably) from one process to another, transport
using services of network layer
network ▪ transport-layer protocol encapsulates network
application-layer message, M, with transport
link layer-layer header Ht to create a transport- link
layer segment
• Ht used by transport layer protocol to
physical implement its service physical
source destination
Source: Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach 8th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Pearson, 2020
Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application application
Ht M
transport Transport-layer protocol transfers M (e.g., reliably) from one process to another, transport
using services of network layer
network Hn Ht M network
Network-layer protocol transfers transport-layer segment [Ht | M] from one host
to another, using link layer services
link link
▪ network-layer protocol encapsulates
transport-layer segment [Ht | M] with
physical network layer-layer header Hn to create a physical
network-layer datagram
source • Hn used by network layer protocol to destination
implement its service
Source: Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach 8th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Pearson, 2020
Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application application
Ht M
transport transport
network Hn Ht M network
Network-layer protocol transfers transport-layer segment [Ht | M] from one host
to another, using link layer services
link H l Hn H t M link
Link-layer protocol transfers datagram [Hn| [Ht |M] from host to neighboring
host, using network-layer services
physical physical
▪ link-layer protocol encapsulates network
datagram [Hn| [Ht |M], with link-layer header
source Hl to create a link-layer frame destination
Source: Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach 8th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Pearson, 2020
Encapsulation
Matryoshka dolls (stacking dolls)
message segment datagram frame
Credit: [Link]
Source: Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach 8th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Pearson, 2020
Services, Layering and Encapsulation
application message M M application
transport segment Ht M Ht M transport
network datagram Hn Ht M Hn Ht M network
link frame Hl Hn Ht M Hl Hn Ht M
link
physical physical
source destination
Introduction: 1-39
source Encapsulation:
an end-end view
message M application
segment Ht M transport
datagram H n Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical
switch
destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
Source: Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach 8th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Pearson, 2020
