NETWORKING

OSI MODEL

Md. Ashiq Mahmood

Lecturer, KUET

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 Networks

 A network is two or more computers that are connected

so that data and resources can be shared

 Most computers are connected to some kind of network

 Each computer has its own network address, which

uniquely identifies it among the others

 A file server is a network computer dedicated to storing

programs and data that are shared among network users

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 OSI
 Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model (OSI
 Reference Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description for
layered communications and computer network protocol
design.
 It was developed as part of the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) initiative.
 In its most basic form, it divides network architecture into
seven layers which, from top to bottom, are the Application,
Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-Link, and
Physical Layers.
 It is therefore often referred to as the
OSI Seven Layer Model. 3
OSI Model's 7 Layers
Application to Application
APPLICATION APPLICATION

Application to Application
PRESENTATION PRESENTATION

Application to Application
SESSION SESSION

TRANSPORT Process to Process TRANSPORT

NETWORK Source to Destination NETWORK

Router
Source to Destination

Hop to Hop
DATA LINK Switch DATA LINK
Hop to Hop

Hub and Repeater

PHYSICAL PHYSICAL
Physical Medium

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Host and Media Layer

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 Data, Protocol & Activities
OSI Layers TCP/IP Suit Activities

Application Application To allow access to network resources

Telnet, FTP, SMTP, HTTP, DNS, SNMP, Specific address etc…

To Translate, encrypt, and compress

Presentation Presentation data

Session To establish, manage, and terminate

Session session

Transport To Provide reliable process-to-process

Transport SCTP, TCP, UDP, Sockets and Ports address Message delivery and error recovery

Network To move packets from source to

Network IP, ARP/RARP, ICMP, IGMP, Logical address destination; to provide internetworking

Data Link To organize bits into frames; to provide

Data Link IEEE 802 Standards, TR, FDDI, PPP, Physical address Hop-to-hop delivery

Physical To Transmit bits over a medium; to provide

Physical Medium, Coax, Fiber, 10base, Wireless Mechanical and electrical specifications

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Physical Layer
From data link layer To data link layer

110 10101000000010111 110 10101000000010111 Physical layer

Physical layer

Transmission medium

 One of the major function of the physical layer is to move data in the form of electromagnetic signals
across a transmission medium.
 Its responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (Node) to next.
 Both data and the signals can be either analog or digital.
 Transmission media work by conducting energy along a physical path which can be wired or wireless

 Concerned:
 Physical characteristics of interface and medium (Transmission medium)
 Representation of bits (stream of bits (0s or 1s) with no interpretation and encoded into signals)
 Data rate (duration of a bit, which is how long it last)
 Synchronization of bits (sender and receivers clock must be synchronized)
 Line configuration (Point-to-Point, Point-to-Multipoint)
 Physical topology
 Transmission mode (Simplex, half duplex, full duplex)

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 Data Link Layer (Host to Host)
From network layer To network layer

Data link layer H2 Data T2 H2 Data T2 Data link layer

To physical layer From physical layer

 Data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (Node) to the next.

 Concerned:
 Framing (stream of bits into manageable data units)
 Physical addressing (MAC Address)
 Flow Control (mechanism for overwhelming the receiver)
 Error Control (trailer, retransmission)
 Access Control (defining master device in the same link)

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 Network Layer (Source to Destination)
From transport layer To transport layer

Network layer H3 Data Packet H3 Data Packet Network layer

To data link layer From data link layer

 The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source
host to the destination host.

 Concerned:
 Logical addressing (IP Address)
 Routing (Source to destination transmission between networks)

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 Transport Layer (Process to Process)
From session layer From session layer

Transport layer H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data

Transport layer

Segments Segments

To network layer From network layer

 The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to
another

 Concerned:
 Service-point addressing (Port address)
 Segmentation and reassembly (Sequence number)
 Connection control (Connectionless or connection oriented)
 Flow control (end to end)
 Error Control (Process to Process)

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0
 Session Layer (Dialog initiation)
From Presentation layer To Presentation layer

H5 Data Data Data H5 Data Data Data Session layer

Session layer
Syn Syn Syn Syn Syn Syn

To transport layer From transport layer

 The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization

 Concerned:
 Dialog Control (Half Duplex/Full duplex)
 Synchronization (Synchronization points, process inline within same page)

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 Presentation Layer (dependency)
From application layer To application layer

presentation layer H6 Data

H6 Data presentation layer

To session layer From session layer

 The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression and encryption

 Concerned:
 Translation (interoperability between different encoding system)
 Encryption (Privacy schemes)
 Compression (data compression)

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 Application Layer (user level service)
USER USER
(Human or Program) (Human or Program)

X.500 FTAM X.400

X.500 FTAM X.400

Application layer

Application layer

H7 Data Message H7 Data Message

To presentation layer From presentation layer

 The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

 Concerned:
 Network virtual terminal (Software)
 File transfer, access and management
 Mail services
 Directory services (access to distributed database sources for global information about various objects
and services)

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