General Chemistry
CHM115
The Molecular Nature of Matter and
Change
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Chapter 8
Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity
Prerequisites:
❑ Understanding of chapter 2
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Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity
➢ Introduction
8.2 The Quantum-Mechanical Model and the Periodic Table
8.3 Trends in Three Atomic Properties
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Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity
➢ Introduction
8.2 The Quantum-Mechanical Model and the Periodic Table
8.3 Trends in Three Atomic Properties
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Electronic Cloud
It is the space occupied by e─ around the nucleus in an Atom.
- The electronic cloud is divided into shells
- n is the shell number (or level)
- Each shell includes sub-shells n=4
(or sub-levels, l, where l = 0→n-1): n=3
n = 1; l = 0 n=2
n = 2; l = 0, 1 n=1
n = 3; l = 0, 1, 2
n = 4; l = 0, 1, 2, 3
0 = s, 1 = p, 2 = d, 3 = f.
- Each sub-shell includes orbitals
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Shells and Orbitals
So;
s-subshell consists of one s-orbital
p-subshell consists of three p-orbitals
d-subshell consists of five d-orbitals
f-subshell consists of seven f-orbitals
So; every shell (n) can fit a definite number of e─ :
1: 2, it contains 1s orbital only.
2: 8, it contains 2s and 2p orbitals only
3: 18, it contains 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals only.
4: 32, it contains 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f orbitals.
…
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Electronic Orbitals
Orbitals are defined by the space that electrons
occupy in the electronic cloud!
s orbitals
(Spherical) d orbitals
(X Shapes)
p orbitals
(Dumbbell)
f orbitals
(Complex) Every orbital can fit no
more than 2 e-
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Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity
➢ Introduction
8.2 The Quantum-Mechanical Model and the Periodic Table
8.3 Trends in Three Atomic Properties
Learning outcomes:
❑ Write electronic configuration
❑ Draw orbital diagrams
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Electron Configurations and
Orbital Diagrams
Electron configuration is indicated by a shorthand
notation:
#
nl
Orbital diagrams make use of a box, circle, or line for
each orbital in the energy level. An arrow is used to
represent an electron.
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
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Figure 8.6
A vertical orbital diagram for the Li ground state.
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Building Orbital Diagrams
The Aufbau principle is applied
H (Z = 1) 1s1 ↑
1s
The exclusion principle
He (Z = 2) 1s2 ↑↓
1s
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Building Orbital Diagrams
Hund’s rule specifies that when orbitals of equal
energy are available, the lowest energy electron
configuration has the maximum number of unpaired
electrons with parallel spins.
N (Z = 7)
↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
2s 2p
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Partial Orbital Diagrams and
Condensed Configurations
A partial orbital diagram shows only the highest
energy sublevels being filled.
1s22s22p63s23p1 ↑↓ ↑
3s 3p
A condensed electron configuration has the element
symbol of the previous noble gas in square brackets.
Al has the condensed configuration [Ne]3s23p1
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Table 8.3 Partial Orbital Diagrams and Electron Configurations*
for the Elements in Period 3.
*Colored type indicates the sublevel to which the last electron is added.
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Electron Configuration and Group
Elements in the same group of the periodic table
have the same outer electron configuration.
Elements in the same group of the periodic table
exhibit similar chemical behavior.
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Figure 8.8 Condensed electron configurations in the
first three periods.
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Figure 8.10 A periodic table of partial ground-state electron
configurations. (only period 1-4! Without exceptions!)
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Figure 8.11 Orbital filling and the periodic table.
The order in which the orbitals are filled can be obtained directly from the
periodic table.
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Figure 2.9 The modern periodic table.
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Valence Electrons
for Main group elements
“gps: 1, 2, 13 – 18”
Valence electrons are those involved in forming compounds. They
are either lost (metals) or being gained to (non metals). For main
group elements, the valence electrons are the outer electrons.
Outer electrons are those in the outer highest energy level
(highest n value).
Valence Electrons
for Transition elements
Valence electrons: include the outer electrons + any incomplete
(highest n -1) d electrons.
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Electron Configuration and Group/period
identification of elements
For any element, period number is the n value of the
highest energy level.
For Main group elements, group number (with A notation) =
number of valence electrons.
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Sample Problem 8.2
Determining Electron Configurations
PROBLEM: Using the periodic table on the inside cover of the
text (not Figure 8.10 or Table 8.3), give the full and
condensed electron configurations, partial orbital
diagrams showing valence electrons only for the
following elements. In which block of periodic table
are these elements located?
(a) Potassium (K; Z = 19)
(b) Fluorine (F; Z = 9) “extra practice”
(c) Cobalt (Co; Z = 27) “extra practice”
PLAN: The atomic number gives the number of electrons, and the
periodic table shows the order for filling orbitals. The partial
orbital diagram includes all electrons added after the previous
noble gas except those in filled inner sublevels.
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Sample Problem 8.2
SOLUTION:
(a) For K (Z = 19)
full configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
condensed configuration [Ar] 4s1
partial orbital diagram ↑
4s 3d 4p
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Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity
➢ Introduction
8.2 The Quantum-Mechanical Model and the Periodic Table
8.3 Trends in Three Atomic Properties
Learning outcomes:
❑ Understand the trends in IE and Atomic size in groups and across periods
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The three most important atomic
properties are:
- Atomic size
- Ionization energy
- Electron Affinity
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Trends in Atomic Size
Figure 8.13
Atomic radii of the main-group
and transition elements.
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Sample Problem 8.3
Ranking Elements by Atomic Size
PROBLEM: Using only the periodic table (not Figure 8.15),
rank each set of main-group elements in order
of decreasing atomic size:
(a) Ca, Mg, Sr (b) K, Ga, Ca
(c) Br, Rb, Kr (d) Sr, Ca, Rb
PLAN: Locate each element on the periodic table. Main-group
elements increase in size down a group and decrease
in size across the period.
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Sample Problem 8.3
SOLUTION:
(a)
Ca, Mg, and Sr are in Group 2A. Size increases down the group.
(b)
K, Ga, and Ca are all in Period 4. Size decreases across the period.
(c)
Rb is the largest because it has one more energy level than the
other elements. Kr is smaller than Br because Kr is farther to the
right in the same period.
(d)
Ca is the smallest because it has one fewer energy level. Sr is
smaller than Rb because it is farther to the right in the same
period; atomic size decreases from left to right along a period.
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Trends in Ionization Energy
Ionization energy (IE) is the energy required for the
complete removal of 1 mol of electrons from 1 mol
of gaseous atoms or ions.
Atoms with a low IE tend to form cations.
Atoms with a high IE tend to form anions (except the
noble gases).
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Sample Problem 8.4
Ranking Elements by First Ionization Energy
PROBLEM: Using the periodic table only, rank the elements in
each of the following sets in order of decreasing IE1:
(a) Kr, He, Ar (b) Sb, Te, Sn
(c) K, Ca, Rb (d) I, Xe, Cs
PLAN: Find each element on the periodic table. IE1 generally
decreases down a group and increases across a period.
SOLUTION:
(a)
Kr, He, and Ar are in Group 8A. IE1 decreases down the group.
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Sample Problem 8.4
SOLUTION:
(b)
Sb, Te, and Sn are in Period 5. IE1 increases across a period.
(c)
K has a higher IE1 than Rb because K is higher up in Group 1A.
Ca has a higher IE1 than K because Ca is farther to the right in
Period 4.
(d)
Xe has a higher IE1 than I because Xe is farther to the right in the
same period. Cs has a lower IE1 than I because it is farther to the
left in a higher period.
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