s-block elements
XII – Chemistry | Chapter#3
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
s-block
Forms covalent bond due to smaller size.
Hence, starting elements differ from
I-A II-A
their respective group
Li and Mg are similar due to diagonal
Li Be relationship they both can form organo-
metallic compounds
Na Mg
K Ca
Rb Sr
Cs Ba
They are excluded due to
their radioactive nature
Fr Ra
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
Group Trends
• Atomic Radius
• Ionic Radius
• Ionization Potential
• Electron Affinity
• Electronegativity
• Electro positivity/Metallic character
• Hydration Energy
• Melting Point
• Density
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
Atomic Radius
• The distance from nucleus of an atom to its last shell is called atomic radius.
• The unit of atomic radius is Angstrom (Å) 1Å = 10-10 m = 10-8 cm
• Atomic radius is directly proportional to number of shells.
• Atomic radius is inversely proportional to the magnitude of nuclear charge.
• Atomic radius increases down the group in periodic table.
• Atomic radius decreases along the period in periodic table.
Atomic Radius of All Elements
Ionic Radius
(Cationic Radius/Anionic Radius)
• The radius of an ion is called ionic radius.
• Cations are smaller than their parent atom. (because a shell is
removed)
• Anions are bigger than their parent atom. (because of repulsion of
electrons)
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
Ionic Radius of Cations/Anions
Ionization Potential/Ionization Energy
• The minimum amount of energy which is required to remove an electron from the
last shell of an atom is called ionization potential.
• The unit of Ionization potential is KJ/mol or Kcal/mol
• Ionization potential is inversely proportional to number of shells
• Ionization potential is directly proportional to magnitude of nuclear charge
• Down the group IP decrease
• Along the period IP increase
• 1st IP < 2nd IP < 3rd IP
• Non metals generally have high IP values while metals have low IP values.
• Exception: Nitrogen has greater IP than Oxygen / II-A has greater IP than III-A
• Lower the IP greater will be the reactivity of metal.
IP Values
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
Electron Affinity
• The maximum amount of energy which is released/absorbed when an
electron enters in the last shell of an atom is called electron affinity.
• 1st E.A is mostly Negative
• 2nd E.A is always Positive
• Electron Affinity decreases down the group and increases along the period.
• Exception#1: VIII-A group elements have 0 electron affinity.
• Exception#2: I-A > II-A, IV-A > V-A, VII-A>VIII-A
• Exception#3: Cl>Br>F>I (small size and cloud of 7 e- in last shell of F repels
incoming electron)
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Electron Affinity Values
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
Electronegativity/Electron Gaining Tendency/
Non-Metallic Character
• The power of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself
is called electronegativity.
• Pauling Scale was discovered by Linus Pauling.
• Electronegativity has no Unit.
• Down the group electronegativity decreases and along the period increases.
• Most electronegative element is Fluorine = 4.0
• Least electronegative element is Cesium = 0.7
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
Electronegativity Values
Electropositivity/Electron Loosing Tendency/
Metallic Character
• It is the reverse of Electronegativity.
• Electropositivity has no Unit.
• Down the group electronegativity increases and along the period decreases.
• Most electropositive element is Cesium = 4.0
• Least electropositive element is Fluorine = 0.7
• Metals are electropositive in nature.
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids
Hydration Energy
• The process in which water molecules surrounds the ions of solute is called
hydration.
• Hydration is an exothermic process which results in release of heat energy called
hydration energy.
• The unit of hydration energy is KJ/mole or Kcal/mol
• Smaller the ions greater will be the hydration energy.
• Greater the charge greater will be the hydration energy.
• Down the group hydration energy decreases and along the period it increases.
• Example: Sodium ions can be easily hydrated than potassium ions.
• Example: Magnesium ions have higher hydration energy than sodium ions.
• Example: Mg+2 ions can be easily hydrated than Mg+1 ions.
Melting Point / Boiling Point
• The temperature at which a solid starts melting is called melting point.
• The temperature at which a vapour pressure becomes equal to atmospheric
pressure is called boiling point.
• Melting point / BP is directly related to hardness.
• Melting point / BP increases along the period up to IV-A then starts decreasing.
• Melting point / BP decreases down the group (I-A/II-A)
• Melting point / BP increases down the group (III-A VII-A)
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Density
• Mass per unit volume is called density.
• Density increases down the group.
• Density increase along the period up to IV-A then it starts decreasing.
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
Summary of Trends
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#1
Which of the following pairs have approximate same size:
a) Li+ and Mg++
b) Li+ and Na+
c) Li+ and Ca++
d) Li+ and Ba++
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#02
Which of the following element is most reactive:
a) Li
b) Na
c) K
d) Cs
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#03
Which element has high melting point?
a) Li
b) Na
c) K
d) Cs
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#04
Which element has large ionic radius:
a) Be
b) Mg
c) Ca
d) Ba
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#05
Li shows diagonal relationship with:
a) Na
b) B
c) Mg
d) Ca
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#06
In a group from top to bottom as the atomic number increases,
there is a steady decrease in:
a) Atomic size
b) Ionic size
c) Ionization potential
d) None of these
ENGINEER NASIM ZULIFQAR
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#07
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#08
Which of the following has higher value of electronegativity?
a)F
b)Cl
c) Br
d)I
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#09
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#10
Metallic character of the elements:
(A)Decrease down the groups
(B) Increase down the groups
(C) Decrease across the periods
(D)Increase across the periods
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#11
Which of the following will have maximum
value of heat of hydration?
(A)Na+
(B) Cs+
(C) Mg+
(D)Ca+2
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#12
Minimum hydration energy is of:
a) Rb+
b) K+
c) Cs+
d) Li+
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#13
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#14
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#15
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements
MCQ#16
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements (Topic: Group Trends)
MCQ#17
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements (Topic: Group Trends)
MCQ#18
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements (Topic: Group Trends)
MCQ#19
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements (Topic: Group Trends)
MCQ#20
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements (Topic: Group Trends)
MCQ#21
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements (Topic: Group Trends)
MCQ#22
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements (Topic: Group Trends)
MCQ#23
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements (Topic: Group Trends)
MCQ#24
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements (Topic: Group Trends)
MCQ#25
ECAT/MCAT – Chemistry
s-block elements (Topic: Group Trends)
MCQ#26
