is v
1. Do oxalic acid test for acetate, then dil, H4SO, group, then cone, HySQ,
group ineold, then in hot, then add Paper ball. Tf nothing is observed,
"* proceed independent group, | 4 | :
2. fin cono, Hy ‘O« group, brown fumes are evolved without heating, it'may
be bromide; but if ‘brown fumes evolve only on op and addin} paver
ball; then it is nitrate ion.
3. IfPOs ion is letected, then
4. TES0,* detected, then catio
Fe witer‘insgluble, 7
5. IfinNo;s Ting test, on addition of FeSO, solutio
*. then itjndicates that Cation may.be
Pe, WF Bet" Se onCat* :
cations of group HI and hhi igher are absent,
ns of group Land@V arejabsent as their salts
ny White pets obtained, .
i
bo . ; j
“., DETECTION. OF 8 rine IGRADICALS
a? > DiLH,S0, group bnio ‘ ‘rbonat), SOs" (ealphile), $* foulptide), No,"
3 * Qhitiite) ve
Conc. HySO, group anions: CT chloe), Brtoromid), HodiceyscHcoo: 3
ee ner te ss i
ONS:
4 ! | |
Independent ani ' POs (phosphate), S0,2(sulphate) ae |
S.A) bik. H.$0,,9roup Tndtcator [Pesibaraigs Tat
Take soljd’salt in.a test tube-and add’dil, H,SOy.L7 |e Nie
: 8
j :
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nsx, a fling |
1 pris er scenct | Cisk sg ws
20,” may be ee
aap TORY: |
ZONFIRMATORY: cos Earnie
ass the abave- gas |
x Take polid salt in | | Yi ee aiK,CH0r te
y utube and dil |i = 7
180, & ppss solution
~* through ime |
% water Lime | KsCe0)
@ water tums 1!
o milky |
oo |, Tears bao + 185
+ CO, + KO +0, 80s
“Bo? +06,4 180 [| i col
| }
G0z+ Ca(OH) lj | f | ae
|
‘
ee eee
: [ ANACL + KCHO, 1 + aSe ravais0, 2KHS0, «200K 31,0
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y a
5 Cr; ch + 4Na0!
: PU(CHsCOO)s
: eo
5. Nes the anion 2 ney 7 |
5 2s med. .
3 To the salts ion nsadd hes pale yellow ppt iff \
: opt Ne artially solubl le ‘
a Be orbs,
. be #AENOS Rh iniog : a
bi > eer ‘ppt a o
a . % o a a ae Fe we
a Ak Layer tdst | oor “Eu e
a To.aq. solution of salt, add’CCh, followed bys cone HNOs.. 5 Orangish
. yellow lays in CC (bottom lay ve D9 con\me oT 7
7 Br + CCk [= pa sort yellow Tayer
4 CONFIRMATORY:
) 1. AgNOs|test
Jue x To the salt{solution add AgNOs, YOU will get yellow ppt. ;
& ‘OF —rinsoluble z
: dr +HSO, —— "2+ 80,7 : |
a 2H + [0] ’ ah
we
y Fort 12 . 5 eae
y+ AgNo age NOs
; yan
t ‘ ;
, Layer is! ee
To a aq. tuto on. ai it add coh and coné. HNOs. Svourwitt pet pink \
‘or violet layer: 3m, Yan UD. oer aie Tos er
Int CCl, > violet: es
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On adding pa
[oo 4
| Sadk-+ Cone: HaSoy +A + P bate
er ball to the test.tube containing the|sample and one
H,S0,, ‘brown fumes are evolved; then ‘the anion may be NO;
* 2NOs'+ H)S0, —> 2HNO
s+ 50
C+4HNO; > 0,4 NO, +2540 l:
+ tbrowngas
AONFRMATORY:
Ring test
-To the aq. solition of salt, add FeSO, Sition + cone, HyS0, along the
sides of the test tube. Brown ring is formed'at the jut junction of two Hquigs.
GFeSO, + 3H,S0,+2HNO, ——y 3Fe,(S0O. [$80 +
_ Fe80,+NO | FeSO,.NO’ ey
+ "Brom ig of itosoFerous Sulphate”
“4 a solid = on your palm and zd small amount pf oxalic aid followed
by 2-3 ‘drops,
. itis acetaté anion, |
» 2CH3COO” PSO, —- 201000880" es
|
HES |
CONFIRMATORY: '
f water. Mix it and smell it. Ifit has vileger like smell, then
To the aq,solution of sl add 2-3 drops of: nate FeCh, Blood red
. colouration is observed. \
FeCl + 3CHyCOO” 7 > fe(CHsC00)s # act
| int ng Qut, bw’)
vy rorcoe e
If colourless{gas with effervescence is evolved, thee nay be oxalate ion
‘present in the salt. * é
CONFIRMATORY:
1. Pass -the above gas through I lime water. It tums sili.
‘o
| Lt. lime water :
\"
+ salt+ conc. H,SO, *
b>ovan fume are
A
© scanned with OKEN Scanner foe Le oy of KMnOx
2 salt Ai co i, Hy80, followed by 1-7 4r0P#° a
“solu 1 decolourises pink/purple colour.
4] Cy04? + HySOx
804+ SO, + CO, 1,0
solution, add BaCh solution. White ppt is formed.
age, thro “To its tesidue, add conc.
aioli ik TH. PPE US, wile
BaSO,+2Cl"
White
2. Ag. olitiont Jeat-acetate-séluti r Wi
hie filteate:and to-the residue, add hot solution of
acetate, White ppt is soluble-in this solution.
COOP); ——* PbSO4+ 2CH;COO”
a pot Walle 25
pb$04 #/NHA(CH;COO) ——— soluble complex
| : at
mXporpodg (Hp
To the aq. solution of salt, add conc. HNO;; Boil followed-by addition of
1m molybdate. Heat it. Canary yelllow ppt is obtained.
(0; —* 3NaNO3 +H;PO,
)yMoO,+HNOs * ’
|! |
solid ammoni
“Na3PO,j +. 3
HPO, + 121
: y ae
(NHL)sP «1200s + H,0 + INH«NO3
Canary yellow ppt ct
© scanned with OKEN Scanner FGroup reagent atigns ate
¥
3
a
> | Grotp] Cation
; wa ca |
: gl Ne get
’ POH 1 |emeling- gas) I
= {DUH PoCIa (white)
3-t .
2 DaHCI+NaS/ FS, IS
a
iron-sulphide Se ad
of NELCHNEOH | Al(GH), (Eelationous
; Re FeOHDs
5 [coy -
a RECT NEDO ZaS (dirty white),
3 .|+NaS/Tion Mins ut colour),
, sulphide * 1CoS (black), NiS-
j 5 (blacle)
i |V ‘NH,Cl + NH,OH BaCOs, SrCO3,
+. |; QNHa)2CO3 CaCes wake 4A
' Wr [Met | NECI+ Nuyou Mg(H)PO,
i : LU: NaHPO, ith the -
J
j ; ee i E
, ZERO GROUP £ Nha! , be i
/ ilo pote |
q Pungent smelling gas is evolved.
fe a glass rod dipped in.conc. HCl near the miputh of test tube,
Dense white fumes are observed. 5 I
\_. NH,*+2NaOH [—* NH{OH +2Na* |
\ i
eee
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_ NH,OH —>
NES + HQ], no
2.To tg tating Tot
Solution of salt
~ Reddish brown pots obtained tf
He
AGH, + NH, pH ak
NOTE:
Centrifage, throw away the filtrat
‘| Sage
make a clear|solution and divide ixito’3. ae \
| 3
Row iematory Teyt Go ony duo pores)
(> Part 1+KE solution oe yellow ppt
Pb" + 2HCi|—+> PbCh +.2E.”
PbCl, + 2K — Pbk + IKCI.
yellow
(at) Part 2+ dil #480, ppt
Pb" +H,SG,-* PbSO,+ 2H"
| White'ppt
7 .
PbCI, + 2K,CrO4 —+PHCIOe +2KCl
ellow ppt
|
and Nessler’s reagent,
eae age
E : Sua tong Tose :
"To original sblution of salt add dl ]HCL White pps obtained.
To white ppt, add water. Boil,
|
:
Part 3 + KitO, (potassium, chromate sclutiop —* yellow ppt
ee NA
NEI+ (K+ 3Nal + 24,0
‘Prepare Original| solution #f salt by dissolving thos falti inj um |
amount of a Cold or hot) or dil, HCI or cgne. HHL. | !
rit to
!
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|
tant
Ae
9
eo
:
oRour Ll. attesting
, dil HCI and Nays aa
‘Tfblack ppt ‘b
4 sa :
. wAaryellow it
OR. Cu (estan) °
Dissolve (oi ppt in 50% EINOs, Boil to got ad
9 “¥ it into 2 _ parts. «
Part 1 +NH,OH solutiort —+> Deep biue-coloratio .
3CuS + SHNO, —» 3CuNO)2+ 2NO + 4B
- * CaQNO4)2 + 4NHLO — [CuNH)¢] (NOS)a j
Part 2+, acetic acid + Potassium Ferrocyanide gives
2Cu"*+ KifFe(CN)] — oe 6] + 2K
4, BC | Sean vo
|
a (AspSs) i js obtairied’ Dissolve itin yel
Centrifuged, throw awa’
sulphide & add'dils HCI.
To original solhition of salt, add
* or ct , é 7
Jear solution and
Cut +S “| Cus +28"
43S
41,0. -
ie brown ppt 7
f salt, bad dil, HCl and Na,S solution. Yellow
ppt indicates the a of C@). Dissolve the yellow ppt in dil. HCI
and aad aE (CN solution. reen ppt confirms Cd™.
Ca?* + NaS ——7 CAS + 2Na ‘ | np TP
filtrate and to ppt,
rok x 3 sinha capairay)
val vont
Z
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Hy)aS +28 4
(0s Daher)
Hse + 12M
(NEA)5As0], 1944
tn)
STOUR IH [59 SHdecatow
[ Reretns Gaga
Bail asa i
id NEACL:
sAsS,,
104
003 + 2INELANO; +41911,0
tc
xen Test
‘0 gelatinous white ppt add dil HCI to niak
12 drops|of blue litmus solution followed
lyse heats Ape ew
a AI+3NHLOH—* A008), +43NE;Y
ys | oie.
AM(OH)s+3HCI— Alc, +3440
4
re
des
3+
To brown ppi, add dil Hel to
2 parts,,
llowe by|NELOH solution,
2 _ Heelatinousgwhite ppt ——> may be AP
bee ; Ifbrown ppt —+ may be Fe*
; |
by. NEJOH Solution. ¢, Boe
me due Red
os redlurp
Qeidie
AICh+ 3NE,OH*—> A\(OH); + 3NE,CI ai
: it ;
maka clear sohition & divide it into. .
Hiscy
Theat. Yellow Ppt is
ONO, + 38 + 21,0
a-clear solution. Add
work esi
wedi,
&
Part 1+ Potassium Ferro cyanide =a? Blue col
Part I + Potassium thio cyanaté>—* Blood xe
Fe(OH); + 3HCl — FeCl; + pO ' :
hy ~
Our ppt
d colour
© scanned with OKEN Scanner ‘ CN) + 38G N
FeCl + rang KFefe C 4
|
5 Hale cops 1K |
FeCl; + ss
i
Row |”
cor Gf 3S vol 5
este
Group IV “anatestng or st Nios so flied [res
an i id solid NH ws
To original solution of: salt ad Wace ma By
' by NaS solution» md bal Ee ay a
; say : { “Tat
» FOR Zn : he i = ; 2: dil
» Dirty white ppt. indicates the: presence 6f Zn Dissolve the pp H
y HCltomakea al solution. Divide if into 2, ee .
p>
ly Part + MOH white
- soluble is excess Fehon
a
Za ae he +2H*
> 78 + 2HCLL+ ZnCl + HS
», ZnCl, + 2NaOH ES Zn(OF)2 + 2NaCl &
Fy \
|
i sa
»
2 Zn(OH)2+ 2Na0:
9)
5 Part 2+ Hotassium Ferzo cyanide —rBinish white Ppt eee 2 sel)
, rh, + KPeCa -— - Zng[Fe(CN)e] + aK
. Soluble
NayZn0» + 2H,0 Le
Bluish white ppt i :
» Sauts| | :
(eng digit puste cola Counfemat»
ors, a Tent
Buff coloure (Skin colour) indicate’ the presence of Mn™*. Dissolve
; ppt in dil. HCl to make a clear solution. Boil & add NaOH solution.
A White ppt starts tuining brown. KR
| » yl
© scanned with OKEN Scanner ft veg I.
ey
Neon Ma(OHD, + Nac
; Gun. ' / |
FOR or Qe .
"'
[black ppt. is observed, the cation may be Co™ or N*.
To black Ppt add aqua regia (3 part conc, HCI +1 part cone, HNO,) &
» takeitina china dish. Boil to dryness, To this add 2-3 drops | of water &
4 divide it into two parts: i
%
a Patl+DMG +) OH solution —* Pink ppt 4 psy ted ppt)
2 ‘This test confirms Ni”*
9 NS +HCL+0 Le Nich +HO+S
Posi i
certs ai the |
8 ‘CHI : Be! uN
SiN ee = } \
3 * CHy-G=NOH = \
9 i ae “i ; tb & a! We
4 ete amt —+ Blue colour
®, Part 2+ acetone *mite ammonium tigate — = Go*
2 csi + HS CoS + +o |
” C084 2801 “oh “CoC +HO+S |”
\ Cot + ANF s[— (NE IGoCCNS)A ONE
_Groupv :
Mm
© scanned with OKEN Scanner | ;
wie
id); NAOH ohne cf ce
0
To original soluti ae 6 4 may De Bal, Bs
oan while i idl CHACOOI!
Contrifuge-and-thyow awa the filtsate: Lo white ppl
to aks A clear solution. Divideritinto three’ ee eos
t ak fry Ten,
& ; !
4 Tbr * Potassiush chromate (KCr0,) solution- ‘ alow pp
jo Ba “O00 BHC0, +208,"
2 BrCO; + 2cH,COdH—. Ba(COOCH
fag sha + HO + CO,
© -Ba(Coo FBO. —+ Bacio. + 2CH cooK.
ME ee 4
Part 2+ ammonium § Tf
a im sulphate (NH,),SO, solution. —+ white It
srt "* (NH):COs F [*src0, + 2NHy iH, a ae
“| itpst
S100, + 20H,COOR 000% +
s)2 + H,0 + CO,
S(COOCH,), + (H),80, — "$180.4 ies
< Worcs) |
Part IT + ! :
D onium oxalate solution» white ppt ca? :
,, Ca’ + (NHL),CO. CaCO; -+ 2NH,* BOF CA present
” eRT* CaO0s s+ INE, |
CaCO; + 2CH,COOR—+ (CHSCOO),C
—> Ca + 0
ae +(NAL),C,0, — eCs0e+ 2C8:COoH
na Sep dott” Peron Hae tent for
[2 ‘ Bat kia » eal ie
J oa “te pete :
Pex He cseprmaten fee for et
d YK
© scanned with OKEN Scanner FOR, Me".
To the original ; apes of tk ¢ add NHiCI ()
(aq). White crystalline ppt confirms Mg”.
); NH,OH (aq), NasHPO,
.
gh + NaBiPO,}+ NHOB —> gp. + i +40 °
le ee
ke
mm {
el
te
4
4
© scanned with OKEN Scanner
