SoLT

CNALYS0S
 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

PRELIMINARY TESTS:
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SALT:
1) Noted thecolour Colourless Absence of
Fefe, Mn*,coN
la Noted the odour of the salt Ammoniacal smell Maybe NH4+

Vinegar like smell May be CH3COC

Ib Deliquescence Salt absorbs moisture May be Zn2+ or Mg2+
and becomes like a
paste
 OBS INF
SLNO EXPT
DRY HEATING TEST: a. No residue May be
(NH)2CO3
A pinch of the salt is
heated in a dry test tube May be Al3+
b. Swelling
May be
KSublimation NH4+

d. Crackling sound May be lead

with reddish brown nitrate p N 2
fumes
e. Black residue Acetate
3. flame Test
Alittle of the salt is made into
b) 8rick red (oCiqe b) Pre.of Ca
paste with conc.HCI. A glass rod
c) Crimns on redtG c) Pre.of SrZt
Is dipped in t and introduced
d) Bluish white d) Pre.of Pbt
into the fla me.
e) Grassy green on e) Pre.of Ba*
prolonged
heating
a) Green a sh a) Pre.of Zn24
4. Cobalt Nitrate test
b) Blue tinted ash b) Pre.of At
Alittle of the salt is taken with
Conc. HNO3 and cobalt nitrate ) Pale pink ash Ma c) Pre.of Mg
solution in awatch glass. Afilter
paper is dipped in it and burnt.
 S)STEN1ATIC ANALYSIS OF ANIONS

Dl.H:SOstest: a) Evolution of a) Pre. of carbonates

}
Tothesat add dil.HSO4, warm Colourless,
if requred.
odourless gas
with brisk
efferves ce nce,
turns limewater
milky.

2YConc.H,SO4 test: a) Colourless gas a) Pre. of CI

Treat a Smallquantity of the with pungent
sat with Conc.H;SO4, warmif Smel, give dense
necess ary. white fumes
when a glass rod
dipped in NH40H
is shown.
b) Brown gas with b) Pre. of Br'
pungent smell

S mell ofvinegar e) Pre.of CHsC00

Light brown gas d) Pre.of NO.
3) Add copper turnings to
the above test tube and with pungent
smellon 'strong Coppia.
heat
heating.
Confirmation test of carbonate ion CO
onfirmation of Carbonate, C0
iCiEd 'ute acid test oy occurrence of brisk effervescence andevolut1on of carbon dioxice
Confirmattom of o i onate: a Contatlonoftaso~uble rarbonate
If the salt dissolves, soluble carbonate is If the salt remains insoluble, the prescnce of
indicated. insoluble carbonate is indicated.
1. Dil HCItest
To one portion of the solution, add dil. HCI, Tothe salt add dil. HCI.
Brisk effervescence and evolution- of Brisk effervescence and evolution of car.
carbon dioxide which turns lime water
bon dioxide which turns lime water milky
milky confirms the presence of soluble car confirms the presence of insoluble carbon
bonate. ate.
2. Magrnesium gulphate test
To another portion of the solution, add mag
nesium sulphate solution.
Formation of white precipitate in the cold
confiras the presence of soluble
carbonatc.

CaCO, +2HCI ’ CaCi, +CO, +H,0

Ca(0H), +CO, ’ CaCO, +H,0
Lime water Milkine88

2. Magrnesium sulphate test

This test is-performed in case of soluble carbonates only
Na,CO + MgS0, MgCO, +Na,S0,
(White ppt.)
 Confirmation test of Cl
Confirmation of Chloride,CI-
dilute HSO:but decomposed by cone S0: with the evoluticorn of 4l gas!
Bxperiment Qbservations

Silver uitrat test

Acidify a portion of aqueous solution (or which is soluble in
A white ppt. is formed
ndium carbonate extract) with dil. HNO,. ammonium hydroxide.
Boil for some time, cool and add AgNO,
solution.
Manganese dioxid test
Heat a pinch of the salt with a small quantity Evolution of greenish yellow gas having a
pungentirritating smell. It turng moist
of MnO, and conc. H,so,. Btarch-iodide paper blue.

Chloride (CI)
1. Silver nitrate test
NaCl + AgNO, ’ AgCl + NaNO,
White ppt.
AgCl +2NH OH [AgNH,),) Cl+ 2H,0
Soluble complex
2. MnO, test
2NaCl +MnO, +3HSO, 2NaHSO, + MnSO, + 2H,0 + CL, ‘
3. Chromsl chloride test
 Confirmation test of Br
onfirmation of Bromide, Br
wlute F:S0 but decompsed by cone -s0. with the evolutiorfbromreapL
Observations
Rxperimnent

Siirer nitrate tet

Alight yellow ppt. is obtained which is
par
Acidify a portion of aqueous solution (or so
dium carbonate extract) with dil. HNO,. Boil,
tially soluble in NH,OH.
cool and add AgNO0, solution.
SHanganrse dioxide tet
Evolution of yellowish brown vapours of
Heat a smallquantity of the salt with solid
bromine which turn starch paper yellow.
MnO, and conc. HSO,

Bromide (Br)
1, Silver nitrate test
KBr + AgNO, - ’ KNO, t. AgBr
(Pale yellow ppt.)
Pale yellow ppt. of silver bromide are sparingly soluble in ammonium hydroxide.
2. MnO, test
2KBr + MnO,+ 3H,SO, ’ 2KHSO, + MnSO, + 2H,0 +Br,
 confirmation test ofacetateion CH,CO0
Qrali&çidtest
CH,COO
lquantity of the salt on a watch
small Smell likethat of vinegar.
Takea solid Oxalic acid. Prepare confirmed
Mixi t with
giass. few drops of water. Rub
i twith a
pasteof smell
and
thepaste
Ester(est

small quantaty of the salt in atent. Pleasant fruity smell of ester. CH,CO0
Take &
ml) and heat. Noy
nhe. Add conc. h,SO, (2Shake.
addethyll
alcohol (1 ml). Pour the con- confirmed
ofthe tube in a
beaker full of water.
sof
tents

Acetate(CH,C00)
1.Oxalicacid test
COOH COONa
’ | + 2CH,C0OH
+ 2CH,COONa
COOH COONa
Aceticacid (Vinegar smell)
 Confirmation test of nitrate N0;
opper chips test
2at a small quantity of the original salt Dark brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide are
NO,
th concentrated sulphuric acid and a few evolved. confirn
Pper chips.
ing Test
dd a small quantity of freshly prepared A dark brown ring is formed at the junc NO;
lution of ferrous sulphate to a part of the tion of the layers of the acid and the solution.
Jueous solution and then pour concentrated
alphuric acid slowiy along the sides of the confirn
Dst ttube as shown in Fig. 12.9.

Nitrate (NO,)
1. Copper test
2KNO, + H,SO, ’ K,S0, + 2HNO,
4HNO, t Cu ’ Cu(NO,), + 2NO, + 2H,O
(Reddish brown)
2. Ring test
KNO, + H,SO, ’ KHSO, + HNO.,
6FeSO, + 3H,SO, + 2HNO_ 3Fe (SO)s + 4H,0+ 2NO
FeSO, + NO + 5H,0 ’ [FeNOXH,0)JS0,
(Brown ring)
 Confirmation test of oxalate ion C;04
Caleum
chlorud Cz042
water
soda extract if salt is Awhite ppt. is formed.
Addsmall amount dil confirmed
in water).
Take
insolubie
&cetic
acid boil off C0,.
andboil Add calcium
chloride
solution.

iINO,to the white ppt and Warm. The ppt. dissolves.

Addil
Potassiunmpermanganatetest
C2042
a
pinchofthessalt in test tube and add The pink colour of KMn0, solution is confirmed
Tske
suphuric. Warm to 60-70°Cand add decolourized with the evolutionof CO, gas.
dil solution.
23drops
ofk KMn0,

Oxalate (C,0)
1. Calcium chloride test
(NH),C,0, +CaCl, ’ CaC,0, + 2NH,CI
White ppt.
2. Potassium permanganate test
COOH
2KMnO, +3H,SO, +5| K,SO, + 2MnSO, + 10C0, T+ 8H,0
COOH
 Testfor independent radicals
TEST FOR SULPHATE
|Pre.of sulphat
Test for sulphates: White ppt insoluble in
Heat alitte of the salt solution Conc.HCI
with dil.HCIand add BaCl,
Solution.

TEST FOR PHOSPHATE

Presence of Phosphate.
Salt+ HNO3, boil and Yellow ppt
add ammonium
molybdate solution
 TESTFOR OXALATE INFERENCE
EXPERIMENT: OBSERVATION
May be oxalate
Pink colour of
3.. Potassiun permargannte test KMn4 disappears
Take a pinch of the salt in test tube and add
dil sulphuric acid. Warn to 80-70°C and add
2-3drops of KMnO, solution.
TESTFOR ACETATE

4. OXALICACID TBST: May be

Vinegar like sImell
Add solid oxalic acid to a pinch of the CH3COO
salt taken in a watch glass. Add a few
drops of water make a paste and smell.
CROUP Indicatory
EXPERIMENT
tests for cation:
OBSERVATION
Group Analysis
INERENCE
GROUP0 Salt + NaOH solution, heat. Presence of group )
A colorless gas is evolved with catíon.
ammoniacal smell that gives a
dense white fumes when a glass
May beNH44
rod dipped in conc. HCI is brought
near the mouth of the test tube.
GROUP 1 Original solution + dilute HCI White precipitate
Presence of group l
cation.
May be Pb2+.)
GROUP 2 OS + dil.HCl+ H2S Absence of group 2
Noprecipitate cation.

CROUP 3 OS + solid NH4C] +

NH40H Gelatinous white precipitate Presence of group 3
cation
May be A13+
GROUP4 OS + solid NH4Cl + NH40H + H2S Dirtywhite precipitate Presence of group 4
cation.
May beZn2+)
GROUP5 OS+ solid NH4CI + NH40H + White precipitate Presence of group 5
(NH4)2CO3 cation
May be Ba2+,Sr2+ or
Ca2+

GROUP6 OS +solid NH4Cl+ NH4OH+ White precipitate Group 6 cation

(NH4)2HPO4, scratch the side of the test Mg2+ present and
tube with aglass rod. confirmed. thy
 Confirmatory test of group
ammomium ionNHA
NESSLER'S R
the sah Solution
REAGENT TEST:
add NaOH anmonun confirmd
soluton. ar m Add Brown ppt Pre of

reageri!
Nesslers

Chemical Reactions Involved in Group-Zero Analysis

NH,CI+ NaOHA, NaCl + H,0 +NH, T
NH, + HCI NH,CI
White fumes
Nessler's Reagent Test
ZK,lHgI4] + NH,+ 3KOH HN.Hg0.HgI +7KI+2H,0
Nessler's Reagent Brown ppt.
 2+
Confirmatorytest of Group I Pb
The white precipitateobtained in group 1is boiled with water
and divided into two parts.

1. Potassium iodide test: Yellow ppt Pb2+ confirmed

Toone part of the solution add KIsolution
Pb2+ confirmed
2. Potassium chromate test: To the other part Yellow ppt
of the solution add K2Cr04 solution
Chemical Reactions Involved in Group! Analysis
precipitate Pb* as chloride
The addition of HClto the solution will
Pb(NO,), +2HCI--’ PbCL, +2HNO,
White ppt.
because the PbCL is
When the white ppt. is boiled with water, the precipitates dissolve
soluble in hot water.
Confirmatory tests:
in cold water.
1. On cooling, precipitates settle down as PbCL, is less soluble
2.Potassium iodide test
PbCL, 2KI. Pbl, J + 2KC1
(Hot solution) Yellow ppt.
3. Potassium chromate test
PbCl, K,CrO, ’ PbCrO, +2KC.
(Hot solution) Yellow ppt.
ANALYSIS OF

1) The white
GROUP Confi r mat
3(Alumninlum)
dissólved inpptobtained
dil.HCI
is
ory test of group III

Blue ppt floating in

A13+

Add 2 dr ops of blue litmus Pre. of aluminium confirmed

coluion.Then add ammonium colourless solution
hydroxide dropwisetill blue
colour develops.
2) Add excess of Na
solution
OHto the salt
White ppt solublein Pre. of aluminium confirmed
excess of NaOH

Aluminium (A)3*)
1. Lake test:

Al(OH), +
3HCIAIC, ++3H,0
AlC1, + 3NH,OH
3NH,cl Blue
.dissolution
AI(OH),
colour
adsorbs on
this ppt.
 Contirmatory test of sroup IöIý Zn
AALYSS OF GROUP 4(Zn2

1) The white ppt

obtained in gp.4
is dissotved in dil. HCI
And div ided into two
a) To one part add a) White ppt
Na OHin soluble Pre. of Zn' confirmed
drops in excess of NaH
h) To the second part a dd b) white/bluish confir med
Pre. of Zn2
pot.ferrocyanidesolution white ppt
Zinc (Zn*)
The precipitate of ZnS
The white ppt. ofobtained in Group IV is white.
ZnS disgolves in dil. HCI, and H,S is boiled off.
ZnS+ 2HCI ZnCl, + H,S T
1. NaOH test
ZnCl, + 2NaOH Zn(OH), L+2NaCl
White ppt.
Zn(0H), +2NaOH Na,ZnO, +2H
2. White ppt. Soluble
Potassium ferrocyanide test
6nl, +K4Fe(CN) Zn,Fe(CN) +4KCI
White or Bluisk
white ppt.
 Confirmation of group
Ba²+ Sr2+ Ca2+
To the white precipitate obtained in group 5 add acetic acid and warm.
The precipitate dissolves. Divide the solution into 3 parts

Ca)
Analysis of Group V(Ba2+, Sr*,
Bat
only if Ba
Test for Ca+
Test for Sr only if Ba* is S r are absent.
and
absenta oxalate test
1. Potassium chromate 1. Amm,
1. Amm, sulphate test of the
test To the third portion amnm.
To the second part of the solu
To one part of the solution, tion, solution, add 1-2 mnl of
add 1 ml of amm. 8ulphate Oxalate solution. Add a little
add a few drops of potassium 8olution and warm. White ppt. and scratch
chromatesolution. Yellow ppt. amm. hydroxide to it
the sides. White ppt.
2. Flame test
2. Flame test 2. Flamne test with the
Perform flame test
Perfornm flame test with the
Performn flame test with the
salt. Crimson red original salt. Brick red flame.
original salt. Grassy green original
lame. dane.
Barium (Ba+)
dilute acetic acid.
White ppt. of BaCO, dissolves in hot (CH,COO),Ba + Co, L + H,0
BaCO, + 2CH,COOH
I. Potassiun chromate test 2CH,COOK +BaCrO,
(CH,CO0,Ba + K,Cro, (yellow ppt.)

2. Flame test
the flame.
Barium impartsgrassy green colour to
Strontium (SP)
White ppt. of SrCO,dissolves in hot dilute acetic acid.
SrCO, + 2CH,COOH ’ (CH,COO,Sr + CO, 1 + H,0
1. Ammonium sulphate test
(CH,CO0),8r + (NH),SO, ’ 2CH,COONH,+ SrSo, L
(white ppt.)
2. Flame test
Strontium producès crimson red flame
Calcium (Ca2+)
acetic acid.
White ppt. of aCO, dissolves in hot dil.
CaCO, + 2CH,COOH ’ (CH,CO0),Ca + C0,T + H,0
1. Ammonium oxalate test
.(CH;CO0), Ca + (NH),C,04 2CH,COONH, + CaC,0, J
(white ppt.)
2. Flame test
Calcium imparts brick red colour to the flame.
 Confirmatory test of group V Mg2+

+solid NH4CI + NHAOH+ Group 6 cation

NH4)2HP04. scrateh the side of White precipitate Mg2+ present ard
glass roi
the test
ube wsth a confirmed.

Chemical Reactions Involved in

1. Confirmation of Mg*
Ammonium phosphate test
MgCl, + NHOH + (NH)HPO4 Mg(NH,)PO, J+ 2NH,C1+ H,0