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LTC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL NOTES
SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE FOR SIMPLE SALT ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. ACTION OF DIL.HCl a) Quick effervescence of colourless May be Carbonate ion
i) Test for Carbonate : gas is evolved.
To small quantity of given salt two (i) It puts of burning splinter
drops of dil.HCl is added
(ii) When passed into lime water, it
changes milky.
ii) Test for s 2 : Colourless gas with rotten egg smell May be sulphide
To small quantity of given salt two H S gas evolved which turns led
2
drops of dil.HCl is added
acetate paper black.
iii) Test for SO32 : Colourless gas with pungent smell gas
To small quantity of given salt two evolved which turns K Cr O / H May be
drops of dil.HCl is added 2 2 7 SO32
solution green
iv) Test for NO3 : Gives Brown fumes and it turns KI con- May be NO
3
To small quantity of given salt two tains starch solution blue.
drops of dil.HCl is added
2. ACTION OF CONC.H 2 SO 4 a) Colourless gas is evolved
(Cold Condition): a) May be Chloride ion
(i) It fumes in moist air
Test for Chloride, Bromide: (ii) It gives white dense fumes with
To small quantity of given salt, two ammonia
drops of conc.H2SO4 is added. b)(i) Reddish brown vapours are evolved b) May be bromide ion
(ii) It gives reddish brown fumes
with Ammonia
c) It gives violet colour vapours c) May be iodide ion
3.ACTION OF CONC. H2SO4 (Hot
condition) :
Test for Nitrate : To small quantity Reddish brown vapours are evolved May be nitrate ion
of given salt, two drops of on heating only.
conc.H2SO4 is added and heated
a) May be Chloride ion
4. ACTION WITH Manganeese a) Greenish yellow vapours are evolved
b) May be Bromide ion
Dioxide :MnO2 (Test for Cl-,Br-) b) Reddish brown vapours are evolved
T o small quantity of given salt, little c) Violet colour vapours are evolved c) May be iodide ion
amount of manganeese
dioxide is added. To this, 2 drops
of conc.H2SO4 is added .
Reddish brown vapours are evolved. The May be nitrate ion
5. COPPER TURNINGS TEST : solution turns bluish green.
Test for Nitrate : To small quantity
of given salt, small quantity of cop-
per turnings are added. To this 2
drops of Conc. H2SO4 is added and
heated.
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6. TEST WITH Barium Chloride
Soltuion: a) A white precipitate is formed which
Carbonate ion is confirmed
Test for SO4-2 & confirmation is soluble in dil.HCl
for CO3-2 :- May be sulphate ion
b) A white precipitate is formed which
To small quantity of salt solution
Barium chloride solution is added. is insoluble even in conc.HCl
7. Test for Sulphide :
i) To small quantity of salt solution Led
Black colour precipitate is formed S 2 is confirmed
acetate is added S 2 is confirmed
ii) To small quantity of salt solution so- Purpule colour is formed
dium nitroproside is added
Confirmatory Test for anions: (Wet Test)
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract :
The given salt is mixed with anhydrous sodium carbonate in 1 : 3 ratio. Sufficient amount of distilled
water is added and boiled. It is cooled and filtered. The resultant solution is called sodium carbonate extract.
1. Test for halides : a) A white curdy precipitate is formed which
The extract is acidified with is soluble in ammonium hydroxide solu- a)Chloride ion is confirmed
dilute HNO3 and silver tion, but insoluble in conc. HNO3.
b) A pale yellow precipitate is formed which b)Bromide ion is confirmed
nitrate solution is added. is partially soluble in ammonium hydrox-
ide solution, but insoluble in conc.HNO3.
c)Iodide is confirmed
c) A dark yellow precipitate is formed which
is insoluble in ammonium hydroxide solution
2. Test for nitrate :
A brown ring is formed at the junction of two Nitrate ion is confirmed
(Brown ring Test) layers (Brown ring compound is Nitroso
The extract is acidified with dilute Ferrous Sulphate [Fe(H O) NO]SO
H2SO4 and freshly prepared 2 5 4
ferrous sulphate solution is
added. To this, conc.H2SO4 is
added slowly along the walls of
the test tube.
3. Test for Sulphate :
The extract is acidified with A white precipitate is formed which is in- Sulphate ion is confirmed
dilute HCl and Barium Chloride soluble in conc.HCl
solution is added.
Test for cations
Test for Ammonium ion
(i) To the salt solution Smell of Ammonia is ob- may be ammonium
sodium hydroxide served ion
solution is added and
warmed
(ii) To the salt solution Brown color ppt. is formed Ammonium ion is
2 drops of Nessler’s confirmed
reagent is added
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GROUP SEPARATION TABLE
(Group identification of cations)
To the salt solution dil.HCl is added
To the salt solution dil.HCl is added and H2S gas is passed
A white pre-
cipitate is
formed. Ist To the salt solution Ammonium Chloride and Ammonium Hydroxide solution are
group cations A black pre- added.
are present cipitate is To the salt solution Ammonium Chloride and Ammonium
If characteris-
May be Pb2+, formed. IInd
tic ppt is Hydroxide solution are added and H2S gas is passed through
group cations
formed may be the solution until complete precipitation
are present.
IIIrd group A precipitate is To the salt solution , ammonium chloride,
May be Cu2+ cations are
formed. IVth ammonium hydroxide and ammonium
present group cations carbonate solution are added.
are present. A white pre-
If white The salt solution is tested
gelatanious May beZn2+ , cipitate is
ppt. is formed. Mn2+ If white formed. Vth for VI group cations, if all
may be Al+3. ppt. is formed group cations the cations in the above
may be Zn+2. If are present. 2+
group are not present.
M ay be Ba or (Mg+2, NH +)
If Dirty green flesh colour 4
Ca2+ (or) Sr+2
ppt. is formed ppt. is formed
+2
may be Fe may be Mn+2
Black PPT is
formed. May
be Ni+2
NOTE : According to the presence of cation the colour of precipitate is to be noted.
Confirmatory Test for Cations :
* Test for Ist group cations :
Test for Pb+2 Experiment Observation Inference
(i) To the salt solution potasium Yellow ppt. is formed Pb+2(Lead) is confirmed
chromate solution is added.
(ii) To the salt solution potasium
Yellow ppt. is formed. It is
iodide solution is added Pb+2 is confirmed
boiled with water
and cooled, yellow golden
spangles are formed
Test for IInd group cations(Cu+2)
(i) To the salt solution Ammonium
Deep blue color solution is
hydroxide solution is added Cu+2 is confirmed
formed.
(ii) To the salt solution potasium
ferro cyanide solution is added Chocolate brown color ppt. is
Cu+2 is confirmed
formed
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* Test for IIIrd Group Cations
Test for Aluminium ion:-
(i) To the salt solution Sodiium White gelatinous Al+3 (Aluminium)
hydroxide solution is added ppt. is formed which is confirmed
(ii) To the salt solution cobalt is soluble in excess
nitrate solution is added and a alkali.
filter paper is dipped and it is Blue color ash is Al+3 (Aluminium)
burned formed is confirmed
Test For Ferric ion
1. To the salt solution ammonium hy- Brownish red precipitate is formed Ferric ion is confirmed
droxide is added
2. To the salt solution potassium thiocy- Blood red colour is formed Ferric ion is confirmed
anate solution is added.
Test for IVth group Cations
1. To the salt solution sodium hydroxide a) A white gelatinous precipitate is Zn2+ ion is confirmed
solution is added. formed. It is soluble in excess of NaOH. Mn2+ ion is confirmed
b) A white precipitate, latter turning to
brown is formed
To the salt solution add few drops of Ni+2 is confirmed
A bright red PPT is formed
dimethyl glyoxine & shake the test tube
* Test for Vth group cations
Test for Ba+2 (Barium) ion and Ca+2(Calcium) ion.:-
(i) To the salt solution Potasium chromate (a) A yellow ppt. is formed Ba+2 is confirmed
solution is added. (b) ppt is not formed Ca+2 is confirmed
(ii) To the salt solution Ammonium (a) White ppt. is formed, it is soluble in Ba+2 is confirmed
oxalate solution is added. acetic acid
(b)White ppt. is formed, it is Ca+2 is confirmed
insoluble in acetic acid
iii) To the salt solution CH3COOH & A white PPT is formed Sr+2 ion is confisined
(NH4)2SO4 are added
+2 (Test for ammonium ion is already done)
* Test for VIth group cations(Magnesium) Mg
(i) To the salt solution ammonium
A white ppt is formed
chloride, ammonium hydroxide and Mg +2 is confirmed
excess of sodium dihydrogen
phosphate solutions are added
Test for Ammonium ion
(i) To the salt solution Smell of Ammonia is ob- may be ammonium
sodium hydroxide served ion
solution is added and
warmed
(ii) To the salt solution Brown color ppt. is formed Ammonium ion is
2 drops of Nessler’s confirmed
reagent is added
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(d) Mix a little amount of salt and an equal amount of solid potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in a
test tube and add conc. H2SO4 to it. Heat the test tube and pass the evolved gas through sodium hydrox-
ide solution. If a yellow solution is obtained, divide the solution into two parts. Acidify the first part
with acetic acid and then add lead acetate solution. Formation of a yellow precipitate of lead chromate
confirms the presence of chloride ions in the salt. This test is called chromyl chloride test.*
4. Test for Nitrite ion [NO2–]
(a) On treating a solid nitrite with dil. H2SO4 andwarming ,reddish brown fumes of NO2 gas are evolved.
Addition of potassium iodide solution to the salt solution followed by freshly prepared starch solution
and acidification with acetic acid produces blue colour. Alternatively, a filter paper moistened with
potassium iodide and starch solution and a few drops of acetic acid turns blue on exposure to the gas
due to the interaction of liberated iodine with starch.
Test for Nitrite :
(a) Take 1 mL of water extract in a test tube. Add a fewdrops of potassium iodide solution and a few
drops ofstarch solution, acidify with acetic acid. Blue colourappears.(b) Acidify 1 mL of water extract
with acetic acid. Add2-3 drops of sulphanilic acid solution followed by 2-3drops of 1-naphthylamine
reagent. Appearance of redcolour indicates the presence of nitrite ion.
