vat2% 10" mis | 8 Snel law of refraction: The rato of sine of angle of axto® incidence to the sine of the angle of refractions constant, For medium B, tgs => 133= "2° mys ‘sind Ye Stl cconstant=p p= 225% 10" m/s ar Hence, speed of light in medium A is 2x 10" m/s and in | where i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of medium Bis 225 x 108 mvs. ‘refraction 76. (The comet poston ot AB to otan mages | Sneed ina = image on screen is when the object is placed between 2F and saneS, ‘77. (bl: As per the arrangement, an optical device to folie de ueperimecl OF Nght is aly 0 be | 8S. Given, refractive index of air to glass = 1.50 fens. Speed of ight inthe glass, v=& 78. (c) Converging point, f= 20cm ‘Where, ¢ = speed of light, n = refractive index Power P=? aah As we ko that, (vet oy e200 ms 1 1 Power otlens—— 4 oat 86. Given object sistance, = = 25 em in m7 Tn Renata? 2 Pi: Pag he Oe ‘Using lens formula, As juf < if] " ‘The object is placed between F and optical centre of lens. Hence, power of convex lensis #5D. | Thus the four characteristics ofthe image formed by the 79. (Given, converging lens image is three times | convex ens are: ‘magnified, focal length, f = 30cm. (i) Erect, (i) Virtual, (ili) Enlarged image, (iv) Image is ‘AS we know, when a convex lens forms a magnified and formed on the same side of the lens as the object. ‘eal image, then the image is inverted Le, magnification 57 power isthe degree of convergence or divergence of ‘must be negative. rays achieved by a lens Therefore, magnification, m= -3 | itis defined a the reciprocal ofits focal length, 11a 1 Using ens forma, $e le pat wraps Stas ae nt.f-&) as: nian veititicm | Positive sign (6) of power indicates thet tensa commexond e f = ‘negative sign {-) of power indicates that lens is concave. get 5, ganane | If focal length (is expressed in metres then. power is Ses ar expressed in dioptres. The SI unit of power is dioptre. “Thus, object istance is at ~€0 em from the lens. | Thus, 1 dioptre i the power of lens whose focal length is Ametre 1D= 1m? 80, [c):The concave lens of very short focal length causes a higher divergence than the one with a longer focal length. So, assertion (A) is true. ‘The power of lens is inversely proportional to its focal length. So, Reason (R) is false. 81. ch: The SLL unit of power of fens is ‘Dioptre: So, assertion (A) is true. The power of a concave lens is negative and that of a | convex lens is positive. So, reason (R) is false. i 82. Itgives us the idea about the speed of light in the aie and in the glass. ' It means that speed of light is 15 time more in air than the speed of light in the glass. 183. Power is the degree of convergence or divergence of | light rays achieved by a lens. tis defined as the reciprocal of its focal length. fe, pad where, is the speed of light in vacuum and vis the speed 7 of light in medium.aise erent tet focal 100 eI gn fe Tew ** lens "75" Now, u= -50 em. f= 25 em ‘As the object is placed at 2F, so image is also formed at 2F and of same size as that of object. The image is real and inverted also. fi: TS x U=-ve,v= ve and f= +ve 9. Given:hy= 10¢m,u =~ 25 em, f= +15.cm aise * Height of image = 15 cm, image distance = 37.5 an ‘92. ‘The ability of a lens to converge or diverge the rays | flights called power of lens. tis the reciprocal of focal length of tens. pa Tem)" Fem Its Sl units dioptre. Mf f=-10em PaO, 6 1 10 So, lens is concave in nature. u=-20em.=~10an [AS the object placed beyond F image is virtual and thus magnification is +ve. 23. (a) Here, alcohol is optically denser medium as its refractive index is higher than that of water. When we compare the two media, the one with larger refractive | index s called the optically denser medium than the other as the speed of light is lower in this medium. (b) Since light is travelling from water (rarer medium) |. to alcohol (denser medium), a ae it slows down and bends MH PA wot towards the normal where i= angle of incidence and r= angle of refraction. According to Snell's lave, Rh a Haat 5 2S 10225 Sir ater sin i= 1.0225 « sinr Given refractive inex of medium x with respect toy. 2 "s ar8 | Refractive index of medium 2 with respect tox. yee? i hy 8 | Now speed of light in x= 3 108 mvs ‘Speed of light in y. v= ? spatottgiiny __%y_ Speed offightinx "3x20" mvs vyaFxantot extol ms "he 95. (a) Wehave used a converging lens. | (0) The characteristics ofthe image formed |) Itisceat, Gi) Itisinverted | Gi) itis enlarged | (2 We get the magnification of object. m= - 1 at the | position 2F. | 96. Focal length of convex lens (f1= 20m | Real image formed ata distance, (v) = 30 cm | Height of image (h,) = 4.em Vanes Mates | Lens formula, 2-22 ae From. e-t tine 2M yetem Hence, height of image of object is 2m. 97. Given, a2, wnat | Magnification, meat 2, 2h = value Ex(-12)—8 cm + Using lens formula, |. Focal length of the convex lens = 4.8 em90. (a) Laws of refraction of light : (The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence, all ie in the same plane. (i) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant, forthe light of a given colour and for the given pair of media. This law is also known as Snel’ law of refraction. sing SR econstant, where i is the angle of incidence and ris the angle of refraction. ‘This constant value is called refractive index of the second ‘medium with respect to the first when the light travels from first medium to second medium. ¥ = constantengs Zt nis the absolute refractive index ofthe medium cis the velocity of fightin vacuum and vs the speed of light in 2 Biven medium, then n= cv 99. Powers the degree of convergence or divergence of light rays achieved by a lens {tis defined a8 the reciprocal ofits focal length, le Pat Positive sign(+) of power indicates that lens is convex and negative sign (-) of power indicates that lens is concave. If focal length Ui expressed in metres. then, power is expressed in dioptres. The SI unit of power is dioptre. ‘Thus, dioptre is the power of lens whose focal length is Ametre.10= 1m Given that, Focal length of lens Af, = +40.em Focal length of ens 8, fg = -20.¢m Lens Ais converging. Lens Bis diverging. 100 100 Power of lens A #1029100. 4250) Tine)” 40 Power oflensB=—100_. 100, 5D iglinen” =20" 200.(a) ()_ Ray diagrams of an object placed between F, and ‘optical centre O of lens can be drawn as follows: (])Theimage formed is virtual and erect. |) Image is formed in front of the lens. | Gi) Image formed is enlarged. | 104.2) 3 (0) Refractive index of glass ws ari, 8%" Now, refractive index of air wit glass willbe 102 Magnification of ~1 indicates that the image is real | and inverted and is of the same size as of the object. | The object must be at 2f and image also at 2f on the other side. Tota distance between image and object | Also, 4f= 60 em = f= 15em | If object is moved 20 em towards the lens, then the ‘object will be between focus and optical centre of the Jens and image formed willbe vitual and erect and on > When [mj > 1, the image would be magnified | > When [mj < 1, the image would be diminished | When |m = 1, the image would be of same size as the | objet103.(a) Distance between the optical centre and the focus of the lens is known as the focal length of the lens. (b) Given, f=-30cm.v=~ 15em.h=Sem From the lens formula, ate Object should be placed 30 cm from the optical centre. BP as Wat) or tras na a Size of image formed is 25 «m 104.Concave lens always forms virtual, erect and diminished image for all positions of the object. Focal length ofthe concave lens, = -20 em 229m 1 1p 22.0 fine) 20m 105 aw otra tte (The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal the interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. Gil) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media. Ths Seo tno mS of acon, sei ‘nr where | is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of tescton The contant sale ele refractive index of he ‘second medium with respect to the first when the light Mave Nom es mesrnowcon nom sii re nite ohte rfactor he median isthe velocity of light in vacuum and v is the speed of light in a Brenan hen = Power of thelens,P = = constant, Yt ® ‘The speed of fight in vacuum = 3 « 10* m/s. ‘The speed of light in medium = 1.4 « 10* m/s 1 Absohte refractive index = Speedoflightinvacuum.,,. 3x10Pm/s oo 44 Speedoflightinmediam "” 14x10 mvs 106. Laws of refraction of fight: (The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media atthe point of Incidence, all ein the same plane. (id) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant, for the light of a given colour and forthe given pair of media. This laws also known as Snel’ law of refraction. siod Pe nconstant where I is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of | refraction. This constant values called refractive index ofthe second medium with respect to the frst when the light travels from first medium to second medium. sot Sinn "vp Uf nisthe absolute refractive index ofthe medium cis the velocity of light in vacuum and vfs the speed of ight in a given medium, then n = ev The speed of light in vacuum = 3% 108 ms Absolute refractive index = 15 The speed of fight in a medium = Speedoflightin vacuum | 3%108 m/s ‘Absolute reractiveindex” 15 1207.Given, u = ~40 em, v= 40 em 422 1°00" “Type of lens: Conver lens Focal length = 20m Nature of the image willbe virtual and erectf the candle flame is shifted 25 em towards the lens. o 3 comtantangye tt = 2x10" mis = f=20en 108.) Given refractive index uy = 242, | speed of light €= 3» 108 ms As, nt vee, | As tens ve AO at 299 108 1.24 208 ms(i) Given p= 15, thy = 133, og 162 | ‘According to Snel’ law, w= | : sine sine | # 50, Were. He, Hy «Hy 50, fa, >> he (ii). Given’: v= 2% 108 mvs, vy= 2.25 x 108 ms (a) The medium in which the speed is maximum, itis rarer and minimum itis denser. ‘So, glass is denser than water. (3A water rarer than gas, 30 when a ray of Tht | travels from rarer medium to denser medium, the ray _ ‘bends towards the normal. on Gi Given: HSH $ ver 2* 10° ms @ mE me} x2x10" avs: ¢= 3 x 10" mis w vgn IO 225 10h vs 109.(a) Given: P;=4D,P)=-2D P=hi+P:=40-20 Se the lense converpint in nature, ) P=-25D 100 100 Pareet 725° 7jeqy = fe 40cm () P=0.1D,u=-20em 100 100 Perea 2 Otepe fat000n ‘As object placed between focus and optical centre, so image is vial, erect and magnified and behind the lens. oR (€)_ The virtual image formed by convex lens is enlarged and beyond the focus but the virtual image formed by | the concave lens is smaller in size and between focus and | optical centre. Sea ie ak ste os wink ined ‘between focus and optical centre. Conve lens aways forms virtualimage respective to | the position of object. 110.(@) According to Snell's law of refraction, the | product of refractive index of sine of angle of incidence ‘at a point in a medium is constant. It implies that ‘when light travels from medium 1 to medium 2, then nysini= nine i) 121.) _Whenanobjectis placed between; and optical centre, O of a convex lens, it forms a virtual and erect image. The ray diagram for this situation can be drawn as follows: {In case (), the magnification, m is given by, mata apositive rar ive, the image formed virtual and erect.le, the image formed is virtual and erect. | > For convex lens, focal length is () positive andimage distance(u) is positive for real image and negative for virtual image. i 112.) (@ Power is the degree of convergence or | divergence of light rays achieved by a lens. | Itis defined as the reciprocal of its focal length. (il) Principal focus : Incident rays parallel to principal axis, after reflection either converge to as appear to | diverge from a fixed point on the principal axis known as | principal focus of the spherical mirror. | {b) (Fora spherical lens, according to lens formula, | distance and wis the object distance. (ii) For a spherical mirror, according to mirror formula, where f is the focal length of the mirror. v is the image distance and uis the object distance. {c) Given focal length, i vu | i f= +15 cm (convex lens) and u = -10em | 213.() The lens used here is a convex lens and it is | Used as a magnifying glass because at close range, Le. when the object is placed between optical centre and principal focus it forms an enlarged. virtual and erect image of the object. | (i) When this lens is placed such that the object is | between the centre of curvature and the principal focus, _ the palmist obtain areal and magnified image. (ii) Given, focal length f= 10 em and u = -5 em According to lens formuta, 114.0) Given, f= -30.cm,u=-600m, v=? Using enor, 2a 11a a ee ee (i) (a) The image is virtual in nature. (b) The image is formed at a distance of 20 cm on the evento toncme oe () Magnification, ma. Here, =~ 20¢m;u=-60em or 2a 4,2 ve 20,1 So, maBa5a+03 Since, value of magnification is less than 1, therefore the image is diminished. (@)_ The plus sign for the magnification shows that the image is erect. iy ‘> Magnification of concave fens is always less than 1 because it always forms diminished image. 115,(a) Given, h=5em,f=20¢m,u=-30em ris Using lens formula, £— = 1-243 1 Ste Sd = v=c0m . 136.(a)_ When an abject placed at 2F trom a convex lens, then its image is formed on the other side ofthe lens at the same distance from the lens. Thus from 5. No) we cansay that 2 favi2afaQasssem “Thus, the focal length is + 15 em. (b) In this case SNo. (6) is incorrect 2s the object egrets | distance is between focus and pole, for such case, the ‘Thus, the image will be formed at 10cm on the same side | image formed is virtual and on the same side as the of the palm and the size of the image will be enlarged. | object, hence image distance is negative.(€)_ The appreximate value of magnification for object distance -20 em and image distance + 60 em is -3. 127.(a) When an object is placed at 2F from the convex Jens, then its image is formed on the other side of the lens at the same distance from the lens. Thus from S.No. (3), we can say that fata 2.200n 272 (&)_ In this case, S. No. (6) is incorrect as the object distance is between focus and optical centre for such ‘cases, the image formed is virtual and image distance is The approximate value of magnification for object distance ~60 cm and image distance +30 cm is -1/2. 2118.(a) When an object is placed between F; and optical centre, O of 2 convex lens, it forms a virtual and erect image. The ray diagram for this situation can be drawn as follows: = t= Bem =10em=01m Power of thelens, Pah aPegyO=100 therefore the lens is convex. "Now magnification of the lens is 1120.(a) Optical centre is the central part of the fens {through which a ray of light passes without suffering any eviation. It is usually represented by the letter O. (0) Given: f=~20em.h=4em,y=~ 10m From lens formula,t—2 = t 121 (a) Distance between the principal focus and the optical centre is known as the focal length of the lens. (0) Given, f= -30cm,v=~15em.h=6cn122 Focal length of concave lens f= -20.em Height of the object. h = 6cm Image distance, v= 15m Vit. x 3. a Fromlens formula, 2—2e3 ay 1 up as 0 =O we tet tet = us-cocm "201s “20 i Magnification ma a % Ailes =15en want eaO E10) 1-11-21 3-20, "10" 20" 20 "20°" ‘As focal length is positive, hence lens is convex lens. : vi 123 Foca ength of concave lens {=~ 25 cm Magnitiation ma aM Image distance, v= -20.em i Wien Bs Height ofthe object = 10cm 2 Rather a8 tem cco ee => Theheight of image is 6 em and negative sign shows | thatthe image ie real and inverted. 126.(a) Laws of refraction of light ()_ The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence. allie in the same plane. (i) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media. | This law is also known 2s Snell's law of refraction. sini, sy Fnconstant where i is the angle of incidence and ris the angle of refraction. This constant value i called refractive index ofthe second ‘medium with respect to the first when the light travels from first medium to second medium. ¥ ini vy = ange wi |. Teena Tse ig If nis the absolute refractive index of the medium, cis the velocity of light in vacuum and v is the speed of light in a given medium, then n= c/v. (©) Given that ng = 20,1ig= 15, vp= 2x 10" mis (0 ng=&, where cis the speed of light in vacuum (of ¢m15x2x10" 23x10" ms